08/11/2011 building downwash formulas for level concentrations and plume rise · 2011-11-08 ·...

08/11/2011

Harmo 14, Kos, Greece

Simple building downwash formulas for ground‐level concentrations and plume rise

Guido Cosemans

08/11/2011 2© 2011, VITO NV

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’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’ ’ ’ ’’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’’

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1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

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Impact building downwash on GLC‐profile: BH=150mm, Hs=225 mm, stack midway of roof

No building

Long and cubic building

Wide and very wide building

Distance (mm)

Non

-D c

once

ntra

tion

08/11/2011 3© 2011, VITO NV

Existing models fail to reproduce near‐source peak concentrations (NERI)

Measured

Aermod

OML

Studiedag IFDM-PC 08/11/2011 4© 2010, VITO NV

Thompson data set 1/3

US-EPA meteorological windtunnel

This wind-tunnel has a test section that is 3.7 m wide, 2.1 m high and 18.3 m long

• Measurements of ground-level centreline concentration profiles for 350 combinations of building shape, stack height and stack location relative to the building

• Non-buoyant plume

• Neutral atmospheric stability conditions

Studiedag IFDM-PC 08/11/2011 5© 2010, VITO NV

Thompson data set 2/3

» 350 combinations, with approx. 45 000 ground-level concentrations measured

» Building types:» (Side cube = 150 mm)

08/11/2011 6© 2011, VITO NV

Data used

08/11/2011 7© 2011, VITO NV

Gaussian equation for building downwash

The GLC-profiles measured by Thompson can be reproduced by:

where: u(z), σy(x) and σz(x) are as for an isolated stack

H* and x* refer to a receptor dependent virtual plume origin.

This image cannot currently be displayed.

2

*)(*

21exp

*)(*)(*)(),(

xH

xxHuQHxC

zzyS

08/11/2011 8© 2011, VITO NV

1-A: the measured vertical wind speed profile

» u(z) = 2.2 (z/10)0.136

» u(z)=0.35 ln[(z‐2.62)/0.015]

» free‐flow wind speed is 4 m/s at z=800» at z = 75 wind speed is 3 m/s.

0200400600800

100012001400

1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

z (mm)

wind speed (m/s)

X=9000X=1500X=0,Y=‐914X=0,Y=914X=0,Y=0

6

60

600

1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

z (mm)

wind speed (m/s)

X=9000X=1500X=0,Y=‐914X=0,Y=914X=0,Y=0

08/11/2011 9© 2011, VITO NV

Dispersion parameters for isolated stack (Scale: 1 mm-1 m)

• σy(x)=( 0.418 - 0.0001(4.5H +500)) x0.796

• σz(x)= (0.382 + 0.0001(4.5H-0.0005(H-150)²)) x0.711

These σ’s are comparable to the σ’s in the field (Bultynck-Malet, FlemishRegulatory IFDM-model)

between slightly stable till neutral atmospheric conditions.

08/11/2011 10© 2011, VITO NV

Reproduction GLC‐profiles for isolated stacks

08/11/2011 11© 2011, VITO NV

also: XCmax= 15 Hs

XCmax= 18 [Hs+ΔHBD(XCmax)]= 18 Hfinal

08/11/2011 12© 2011, VITO NV

receptor dependent virtual plume origin

» Complete description of formulas can be found in extended abstract (formulas 5 and 6)

08/11/2011 13© 2011, VITO NV

Change x and Hs in the Gaussian plume equation into x*(x) and h*(x) so that the blue curve is transformed into the red curve…

08/11/2011 14© 2011, VITO NV

1/4: Higher maximum by lower virtual stack height

08/11/2011 15© 2011, VITO NV

2/4 : Steeper slope by gradual change of virtual stack height over the interval 0 – X_Cmax

08/11/2011 16© 2011, VITO NV

3/4: Changing the steepness before and after XCmax by increasing the distance between receptor and virtual origin

08/11/2011 17© 2011, VITO NV

4/4: Upwind displacement

08/11/2011 18© 2011, VITO NV

C_max*1000 for 75 mm stack, long building

08/11/2011 19© 2011, VITO NV

»

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273

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324

341

358

375

non‐dim. con

centratio

n * 1000

GLC‐profile index number (plus padding)

max. ground‐level concentration (*1000) with and without building

without buildingwith building

08/11/2011 20© 2011, VITO NV

Coeficients of F(Xs) are fitted over Hs

‐> for each building type, we now have functions (Xs,Hx) that give the required values of

» H*(x)» Before(x)» After(x)» Displacement

(where x is distance source‐receptor).

08/11/2011 24© 2011, VITO NV

Long building, Xs=300, Hs = 150, 225, 300 & 375 mm

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 900010-2

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08/11/2011 26© 2011, VITO NV

To the field …

Correction of plume riseDependency of Δh on the wind speed

=> extended abstract (formulas 8 and 9)

08/11/2011 27© 2011, VITO NV

Results: Central moving 14‐day averaged As‐concentrations: monitoring site in the wake of a building with sources (HB23)

08/11/2011 28© 2011, VITO NV

Results: Central moving 14‐day averaged As‐concentrations: monitoring site not in the building wake (HB17)

08/11/2011 30© 2011, VITO NV

Conclusions

» We presented a new approach to » building downwash modelling.

» The resulting model reproduces the Thompson wind tunnel data set very well.

» Adaptations were made to apply the model on industrial emissions.

08/11/2011 building downwash formulas for level concentrations and plume rise · 2011-11-08 ·...

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