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Discussion Draft

Version 0.1 November 10, 2017

Basics of Veda Swaras

and Vedic Recital-08

Vowel Sandhi

Vowel Sandhi

[email protected] of 94

Contents

1 Veda Basics – Vowel Sandhi Rules .................. ........................... 9

1.1 Introduction: ..................................... ......................................... 9

2 Sandhi Rules with ‘a’ and aa ...................... ................................ 10

2.1 Basic rules for combination of ‘a’ and ‘aa’: ...... .................... 10

2.2 When letter ‘a’ ( A, Ü, A) follows Sound ‘a’ ( A, Ü, A) ....... 11

2.3 When Letter ‘a’ ( A, Ü, A) follows the

sound ‘aa’ ( AÉ, Ý, B) .................................................................... 16

2.3.1 Exceptions observed when ‘a’ does not become an

avagraha when it follows the sound ‘aa’: ......... ........................ 20

2.4 When letter ‘a’ ( A, Ü, A) follows Sound ‘ae’ ( L, ã F) ....... 23

2.5 When letter ‘a’ ( A, Ü, A) follows Sound ‘O’ ( AÉå æ H¦) ....... 26

2.6 When letter ‘aa’ ( AÉ, Ý, B) follows

Sound ‘a’ ( A, Ü, A) ....................................................................... 29

2.7 Basic Rule when letter ‘aa’ ( AÉ, Ý, B)

follows the sound ‘aa’( AÉ, Ý, B) ................................................. 36

3

Vowel Sandhi

www.vedavms.i n of 94

3 Basic rules for combination of ‘e’ (C Þ C) and

‘ee’ (D ß C¦): ...................................................................................... 40

4 Basic rules for combination of ‘u’ E à D and

‘uu’ F á D¦: .................................................................................... 43

5 ‘ae’ L,ã, G is formed with a combination of ‘a’ A, Ü’ A and

aa’ AÉ Ý B with ‘e’ (C, Þ C) or ‘ee’ (D ,ß ,C¦) ............................. 45

6 ‘ai’ ( Lã, ä ,¤F) is formed with a combination ‘a’( A,Ü,A) and

‘aa’ (AÉ Ý B) with ‘ae’ (L ã G)/ ‘ai’ ( Lã ä ¤F) .............................. 48

7 ‘O’ (AÉå æ H¦) is formed with a combination ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) and

‘aa’(AÉ, Ý,B) with ‘u’( E,à, D) and ‘uu’ (F,á, D¦) ........................... 51

8 ‘au’ (AÉæ,å÷,H¦) is formed with a combination ‘a’( A,Ü,A) and

‘aa’ (AÉ,Ý, B) with ‘O’ ( AÉå,æ, Hx) or ‘au’ (AÉæ, å÷, H¦) ................. 54

Vowel Sandhi


9 ‘ar’ ( AUç, is formed with a combination ‘a’ (A,Ü, A) and

‘aa’(AÉ,Ý,B) with ‘Ru’( G,¼,E, and ‘Ruu’ ( H,Ï, u) ......................... 57

10 ‘al’ ( AsÉç, is formed with a combination ‘a’ (A,Ü, A) and

‘aa’(AÉ,Ý,B) with ‘lRu’( sÉ× ô¢¼ m£) and ‘lRuu’ (( sÉÚ ô¢Ï m§u) ........... 60

11 ‘e’ (C Þ C) and ‘ee’ (D ß C¦) changes to ‘y’ ( rÉç, ò¢, c§ )

followed by other Vowels .......................... ....................................... 61

12 ‘u’ ( E,à,D) and ‘uu’ (F,á, D¦) changes to ‘v’ ( uÉç, õ¢, e§§ )

combination of other vowels ....................... .................................... 66

13 ‘ae’ (L, ã F) changes to ‘a’( A) sound with combination of

Other vowels (except for a, A,Ü,A) or as ‘ay’ ( ArÉç,Üò¢,Ac§), ......... 71

14 ‘ai’, ( Lã ä ¤F) changes to ‘aa’ ( AÉ Ý B or ‘ay’( ArÉç,Üò¢,Ac§ )

with combination of any Vowel ..................... ................................... 76

15 ‘O’, (AÉå æ Hx) changes to ‘av’ ( AuÉç) or

‘a’ followed by vowels (Except A,Ü,A)........................................... 81

5

Vowel Sandhi


16 ‘au’, (AÉæ,å÷,H¦) changes to ‘aav’ ( AÉuÉç,Ýõ¢,Bp§ or ‘aa’

(AÉ,Ý,B) with combination of any Vowel ..................... ................. 83

17 ‘Ruu’ ( H Ï u) is formed with a combination of

‘Ru’( G¼ E) and ‘Ruu’ ( H Ï u) .......................................................... 86

18 ‘lRuu’ ( sÉÚ ô¢Ï m§u) is formed with a combination of

‘lRu’( sÉ× ô¢¼ m£) and ‘lRuu’ (( sÉÚ ô¢Ï m§u) ............................................ 87

19 Single Vowel letters do not combine ............... .......................... 88

20 Interjections donot combine ....................... ................................ 90

21 Dual Noun or Verb forms ending with

ee,Uu,ae donot combine ............................ ....................................... 91

22 Control Sheet for understanding of Rule: .......... ....................... 94

Vowel Sandhi


Version Notes – Version 0.1 dated November 10, 2017

1. The reference to Rules in PratishAkyam has been added.

2. Original Section 9 containing example of Sandhi a+au deleted as the

Padam was not taken correctly. Two Sandhi of a+au h ave been

provided under Section 8.

3. Old Section 19 deleted as not found relevant

7

Vowel Sandhi


Notes:

1. We have started referring to Books like PrAtiSAk hyam, (English

Translation and Comments by Mr. W.D Whitney), PAnin i's AshtAdhyAyI

published by Sindhu Charan Bose (originally by Indi an Press Benaras in

1891), translated in English by Shri Chandra Vasu.

2. We are also trying to understand the works of Vy Asa SIkshA and

PAnini SIkshA with available English translation.

3. Our Articles will keep undergoing periodical cha nges with reference

our learning and understanding. We request readers to check for new

versions uploaded in the vedavms.in website.

4. We note that PrAtiSAkhyA in his work (period mu ch earlier to PAnini)

has recorded the difference in application of gramm ar rules or

different opinions of other Saints/Sages before or during his time.

Some great Rishis whose rules or differing opinions quoted in

Taittriya PrathiSAkhya work are vAlmIki, ArtreyA, P auSkarasAdi,

PlAkSi, KaundinyA, GautamA, SaityAyana, SamkRutya, UkhyA,

KANDamAyanA, AgnivEShyA , PlAksAyanA, HaritA

,SAnkhAyanA,MimAmSA and few other Rishis.

5. Abbreviations for reference will be used as belo w:

PrAtiSAkhyA - PS

PAnini's AshtAdhyAyI – PA

VyAsa SIkshA – VSI

PAnini SIkshA - PSI

Vowel Sandhi


9

Vowel Sandhi


1 Veda Basics – Vowel Sandhi Rules

1.1 Introduction:

This article on Vowel Sandhi has been prepared with a view to gain better understanding of

Vedic texts which are normally recited in Krisha Yajur Veda and improve a learner’s recital.

We have tried to give examples from Krishna Yajur Veda Mantras, to make this article very

practical for the reader. Wherever the examples not found and often repeated, we have not

provided examples. Efforts are being taken to understand these rules and find them in the

Vedic texts. Please note that some of the rules in grammar may not be applied in Vedic texts

due to the swara and maatra values and/or applied differently when option exists with alternate

Grammar rules.

We find generally the usage of Vowels ‘Ruu’ (H,Ï, u), lRu(sÉ×, ô¢¼, m£) and lRuu (sÉÚ, ô¢Ï,

m££) are very very limited. Examples using these words are not easily found in the common

Suktams or Mantraas.

We are including only the basic rules which are found often in vedic verses to keep this article

reasonably easy to understand and relate ones Veda learning to the common rules.

Readers are requested to give their feedback, comments and suggestions for improving the

value of this article to our e-mail id – “[email protected]”

In Sanskrit, it is very difficult to place or pronounce two vowels together. So the Vowel Sandhi

rules have been framed to make the rendering/reading (both prose and poetry) easy through

well structured rules based on the sound forms and how they combine.

Vowel Sandhi


2 Sandhi Rules with ‘a’ and aa

PA 6.1.101 – When a simple vowel is followed by a homogeneous vowel, the

corresponding long vowel is the single substitute for both the preceding and the

subsequent or succeeding vowel. That is a,e,u with a combination of a,e,u .

2.1 Basic rules for combination of ‘a’ and ‘aa’:

‘aa’ or ‘A’ is formed with a combination of

‘a’ + ‘a’ = aa A+ A = AÉ Ü + Ü = Ý A+ A = B

‘a’ + ‘aa’ = ‘aa’ A+ AÉ= AÉ Ü + Ý = Ý A+ B= B

‘aa’ +’a’ = ‘aa’ AÉ + A= AÉ Ý+ Ü= Ý B+ A= B

‘aa’ + ‘aa’ = ‘aa AÉ+ AÉ = AÉ Ý+ Ý = Ý B+ B= B

If the rules relating to A, Ü, A and (AÉ, Ý, B) is followed everywhere, as it is

shown above, we will have the problem of maatra value, timing of recital or extensions while

reciting Vedas, Slokas and sometimes the meaning that is made out of recital can be not

correct or unwanted. So, specific rules have been laid out, in Sanskrit, with an option to adopt

the necessary application in Veda recital.

1. If Swaram acquisition, as per some defined principles, is affected then the ‘a’ or

’aa’does not become an avagraha (represented as Å ) but retains its original sound form

as ‘a’ or ‘aa’ only.

11

Vowel Sandhi


2. When the ‘a’ or ‘aa’ has a swaram, the vowel sandhi rule is applied selectively subject to

some advanced rules as per observations made in standard Suktams.

3. Experts/Scholars opine that the use of Avagraha is optional in Poetry and Veda. The

reference sections quoted from Panini’s work is from Book 6 Chapter 1.

2.2 When letter ‘a’ ( A, Ü, A) follows Sound ‘a’ ( A, Ü, A)

Rule: When the first letter with ‘a’ Sound is followed by the letter ‘a’, the letter is elongated to

the Dheerga letter ‘aa’ .; (AÉ, Ý, B) in the Sandhi.

Word with Sound ‘a’ followed by letter ‘a’ need not always combine unless there is a need to

give a desired sound effect/vibration and continuation to rendering with ease and smoothness.

This does not result in the overall maatra value of the sandhi.

If recited with the sound of ‘a’ (1 maatra) and the following ‘a’ as it is (again 1 maatra),

the maatra in time scale is two. If the Sandhi rule is applied and the resultant ‘aa’ sound is

produced, then the total maatra for that Dheerga letter shall be two.

Basic Words/Padams before Sandhi The Resultant Words/Padam after

Sandhi

pÉýSìÇ mÉþzrÉãqÉý A¤ÉÍpÉ rÉïeÉþ§ÉÉÈ

ð…4î¢3óñ¢ ð†Ÿ¢«òñ… Üþð¤…4ó¢

òü†î¢ó£: |

pÉýSìÇ mÉþzrÉãqÉÉý¤ÉÍpÉ rÉïeÉþ§ÉÉÈ

ð…4î¢3óñ¢ ð†Ÿ¢«òñ£…þð¤…4ó¢

òü†î¢ó£: |

Vowel Sandhi


h–öbI e—¥qõi– A±hy–ª

jR—öZxJ

h–öbI e—¥qõix–±hy–ª jR—öZxJ

AuÉ AkÉýUÉ¨ÉÉÿiÉç

Üõ Üî…4ó£î¢î£‡î¢ |

Ap Ac–kxÀx˜Z§

AuÉÉkÉýUÉ¨ÉÉÿiÉç

Üõ£î…4ó£î¢î£‡î¢ |

Apx c–kxÀx˜Z§

U£üþaÉýlkÉ-AlÉÑþÍsÉmiÉý A…¡Çûý

óè¢î† è…3ï¢î4-ÜÂ†ô¤ð¢î…

Üé¢3è3…ñ¢

k°— M–Ê- Ad¡—myeë– A§MI–

U£üþaÉýlkÉÉ-lÉÑþÍsÉmiÉÉý…¡Çûý

óè¢î† è…3ï¢î£4-Â†ô¤ð¢î£…é¢3è3…ñ¢

k°—M–Êx-d¡—myeëx–O§MI–

pÉ£üþ AlÉÑýMÇüÌmÉþlÉÇ SãýuÉÇý

ð4è¢î† ÜÂ…èñ¢ð¤†ùñ¢

h°— Ad¡–KIey—dI ¥b–pI–

pÉ£üÉþlÉÑýMÇüÌmÉþlÉÇ SãýuÉÇý

ð4è¢î£†Â…èñ¢ð¤†ùñ¢

h°x—d¡–KIey—dI ¥b–pI–

13

Vowel Sandhi


SýÌuÉ ´ÉþrÉxuÉý AliÉËUþ¤Éã

î¤…3õ¤ Ÿ¢ó†òú¢õ… Üï¢îó¤†«þ

by–py öq—jsû– AZ§ky—¥±

SýÌuÉ ´ÉþrÉ xuÉÉýliÉËUþ¤Éã

î¤…3õ¤ Ÿ¢ó†òú¢-õ£…ï¢îó¤†«þ

by–py öq—j sûx–Çky—¥±

ÌaÉËUýzÉ AcNûÉþ uÉSÉqÉÍxÉ

è¤3ó¤…Ÿ Üê¢ê£†2 õî£3ñú¤

Zûx– Myky–q APâx— pbxisy

ÌaÉËUýzÉÉcNûÉþ uÉSÉqÉÍxÉ

è¤3ó¤…Ÿ£ê¢ê£†2 õî£3ñú¤

Zûx– Myky–qxPâx— pbxisy

xÉWûxÉëý A¤ÉÉrÉþ qÉÏýRÒûwÉãÿ

úýú¢ó… Üþ£ò† ñ¦…´4«û‡

stös– A±xj— iz–X¡¥r˜

xÉWûxÉëÉý¤ÉÉrÉþ qÉÏýRÒûwÉãÿ

úýú¢ó£…þ£ò† ñ¦…´4«û‡

stösx–±xj— iz–X¡¥r˜

lÉqÉÈþ xÉÔýiÉÉrÉ-AWûþlirÉÉrÉý uÉlÉÉþlÉÉÇý

ïñ†ú¢ ú¨…î£ò-Üý†ï¢î¢ò£ò…

diJ— s¢–Zxj-At—Çõxj–

lÉqÉÈþ xÉÔýiÉÉrÉÉ-WûþlirÉÉrÉý uÉlÉÉþlÉÉÇý mÉiÉþrÉãý

ïñ†ú¢ ú …̈î£ò£-ý†ï¢î¢ò£ò…

diJ— s¢–Zxjx-t—Çõxj–

Vowel Sandhi


pdx—dxI pdx—dxI

lÉqÉÉãþ ÌlÉcÉãýUuÉãþ mÉËUcÉýUÉrÉ AUþhrÉÉlÉÉÇý

ï«ñ£† ï¤«ê…ó«õ† ðó¤ê…ó£ò-

Üó†í¢ò£ù£…ñ¢

¥ix— dy¥P–k¥p— ekyP–kxj-

Ak—YõxdxI–

lÉqÉÉãþ ÌlÉcÉãýUuÉãþ mÉËUcÉýUÉrÉÉUþhrÉÉlÉÉÇý

ï«ñ£† ï¤«ê…ó«õ† ðó¤ê…ó£ò£-

ó†í¢ò£ù£…ñ¢

d¥ix— dy¥P–k¥p— ekyP–kxjx-

k—YõxdxI–

lÉqÉþ AÉýzÉuÉãþ cÉ AÎeÉýUÉrÉþ cÉý

ïñ† Ý…Ÿ«õ† ê Üü¤…ó£ò† ê…

di— B–q¥p— P ARy–kxj— P–

lÉqÉþ AÉýzÉuÉãþ cÉÉÎeÉýUÉrÉþ cÉý

ïñ† Ý…Ÿ«õ† ê£ü¤…ó£ò† ê…

di— B–q¥p— PxRy–kxj— P–

lÉqÉýzsÉÉãYrÉÉþrÉ cÉ AuÉxuÉýlrÉÉþrÉ cÉý

ïñ…Ÿ¢«ô£è¢ò£†ò ê

Üõú£…ï¢ò£†ò ê

lÉqÉýzsÉÉãYrÉÉþrÉ cÉÉuÉxuÉýlrÉÉþrÉ cÉý

ïñ…Ÿ¢«ô£è¢ò£†ò

ê£õú£…ï¢ò£†ò ê

15

Vowel Sandhi


di –¥qøxKõx—j P Apsx–dõx—j P–

di –¥qøxKõx—j Pxpsx–dõx—j P–

lÉqÉþÈ mÉÉýrÉÉïþrÉ cÉ AuÉÉýrÉÉïþrÉ cÉý

ïñ: † ð£…ó¢ò£†ò ê Üõ£…ó¢ò£†ò

di— BZx–kõx—j P

Amx–bõx—j P–

lÉqÉþÈ mÉÉýrÉÉïþrÉ cÉÉuÉÉýrÉÉïþrÉ cÉý

ïñ: † ð£…ó¢ò£†ò ê£õ£…ó¢ò£†ò ê…

di— BZx–kõx—j

Pxmx–bõx—j P–

qÉÑZÉÉýÌSlSìþ¶Éý AÎalÉ¶Éþ

ºè£…2î¤3ï¢î¢3ó†Ÿ¢ê…

Üè¢3ù¤Ÿ¢ê†

i¡Lx–byöÉ—Ò– A²yÒ— |

qÉÑZÉÉýÌSlSìþ-¶ÉÉýÎalÉ¶Éþ

ºè£…2î¤3ï¢î¢3ó†Ÿ¢-ê£…è¢3ù¤Ÿ¢ê†

i¡Lx–byöÉ—-Òx–²yÒ— |

mÉëÉhÉþ AmÉÉlÉÉæ qÉ×ýirÉÉã qÉÉïþ mÉÉiÉýÇ

ð¢ó£í† Üð£ªù÷

mÉëÉhÉÉþmÉÉlÉÉæ qÉ×ýirÉÉã qÉÉïþ mÉÉiÉýÇ

ð¢ó£í£†ð£ªù÷ ñ¢¼…î¢«ò£ó¢-

Vowel Sandhi


ñ¢¼…î¢«ò£ó¢-ñ£†ð£î…ñ¢

öexY— Aexd¦ i£–¥Zõxª

ix— exZ–I

ñ£†ð£î…ñ¢

öexYx—exd¦ i£–¥Zõxª ix—

exZ–I

pÉãýwÉýeÉqÉãýuÉ AxqÉæþ MüUÉãÌiÉ |

«ð…4û…ü«ñ…õ Üú¢¬ñ†

è«ó£î¤

¥h–r–R¥i–p A¤¤sô— K¥kxZy

pÉãýwÉýeÉqÉãýuÉÉxqÉæþ MüUÉãÌiÉ |

«ð…4û…ü«ñ…õ£ú¢¬ñ† è«ó£î¤

¥h–r–R¥i–px¤¤sô— K¥kxZy

2.3 When Letter ‘a’ ( A, Ü, A) follows the sound ‘aa’ ( AÉ, Ý, B)

Rule 1: When Letter ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) follows the sound ‘aa’ ( AÉ, Ý, B) ,

‘a’ that follows ‘aa’ is represented through an Ava graha.

Example:

17

Vowel Sandhi


Mü¨ÉÉïþ + AÍxÉ = Mü¨ÉÉïþÅÍxÉ ,

mÉëýÌiÉý¸É+ AÍxÉ =mÉëýÌiÉý¸ÉÅÍxÉþ,

èó¢î¢î£+ Üú¤ =èó¢î¢î£†Åú¤

ð¢ó…î¤…û¢ì£+Üú¤ = ð¢ó…î¤…û¢ì£Å2ú¤

KªÀx+ Asy = KªÀx—„sy

öe–Zy–rçx+ Asy = öe–Zy–rçx„sy—

The sound of both Mü¨ÉÉïþ and mÉëýÌiÉý¸É is ‘aa’ (AÉ, Ý, B)

it is followed by ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) hence a Avagraha is formed after ‘aa’(AÉ, Ý, B).

Effect on Maatra: ‘a’ has one maatra and ‘aa’ has two maatra value in terms of time.

Due to the Sandhi, the rule results in a Maatra of 2.5, with Avagrah, the ‘a’ is truncated to

‘Å’ with only 0.5 maatra.This helps correct extension of rendering Vedas or reading slokas

with intended meaning and time scale.

Table of Examples

Vowel Sandhi


Basic Words/Padams before Sandhi The Resultant Words/

Padam after Sandhi

NûÉýrÉÉ AqÉ×iÉ

ê£…2ò£ Üñ¢¼î…ñ¢

jsõ— Qx–jx Ai£Z–I

NûÉýrÉÉÅqÉ×iÉ

ê£…2ò£Åñ¢¼î…ñ¢

jsõ— Qx–jx„i£Z–I

xÉÑýÌSlÉÉý-xÉÉ AxÉþÌSýÌ¹È

ú§…î¤3ù£…-ú£ Üú†î¤…3û¢®:

s¡–bydx–-sx As—by–ræyJ

xÉÑýÌSlÉÉý-xÉÉÅxÉþÌSýÌ¹È

ú§…î¤3ù£…-ú£Åú†î¤…3û¢®:

s¡–bydx–-sx„s—by–ræyJ

xÉÉ AÎalÉlÉÉþ zÉÉýliÉÉ

ú£ Üè¢3ù¤ù£† Ÿ£…ï¢î£

sx A²ydx— qx–Çx

xÉÉÅÎalÉlÉÉþ zÉÉýliÉÉ

ú£Åè¢3ù¤ù£† Ÿ£…ï¢î£

sx„²ydx— qx–Çx

±ÉæuÉïþËUýhÉÉ-AliÉËUþ¤É ±ÉæuÉïþËUýhÉÉ-ÅliÉËUþ¤É

19

Vowel Sandhi


î¢3ªò÷ó¢ õ†ó¤…í£-Üï¢îó¤†þñ¢

p—ky–Yx-AÇky—±I

î¢3ªò÷ó¢ õ†ó¤…í£-Åï¢îó¤†þñ¢

p—ky–Yx-„Çky—±I

iÉýlÉÔUbÉÉãýUÉ AmÉÉþmÉMüÉÍzÉlÉÏ

î…Ûó«è£…4ó£ Üð£†ðè£Ÿ¤ù¤

Z–d¢k¥Nx–kx Aex—Kxqydz

iÉýlÉÔUbÉÉãýUÉ ÅmÉÉþmÉMüÉÍzÉlÉÏ

î…Ûó«è£…4ó£ Åð£†ð è£Ÿ¤ù¤

Z–d¢k¥Nx–kx „ex—eKxqydz

iÉrÉÉý AxqÉÉlÉç ÌuÉýµÉiÉý

îò£… Üú¢ñ£ù¢ õ¤…Ÿ¢õî…

Zjx– Asôx© py–qûZ–

iÉrÉÉýÅxqÉÉlÉç ÌuÉýµÉiÉý

îò£…Åú¢ñ£ù¢ õ¤…Ÿ¢õî…

Zjx–„sôx© py–qûZ–

qÉÉ AqÉ×iÉÉÿiÉç

ñ£ Üñ¢¼î£‡î¢

ix Ai£Zx˜Z§

qÉÉÅqÉ×iÉÉÿiÉç

ñ£Åñ¢¼î£‡î¢

ix„i£Zx˜Z§

Vowel Sandhi


qÉÉþ AalÉã pÉÉýÌaÉlÉóè

ñ£þ Üè¢3«ù ð£…4è¤3ùóè†

¥jx ixþ A¥² hx–Mydóè

qÉÉÿÅalÉã pÉÉýÌaÉlÉóè

ñ£‡Åè¢3«ù ð£…4è¤3ùóè†

¥jx ix˜„¥² hx–Mydóè

Note: Dheerga swaritam is acquired due to the Conjunct Consonant (samyuktara

vyajyani) that follows the long letters with swaritam.

2.3.1 Exceptions observed when ‘a’ does not become an avagraha

when it follows the sound ‘aa’:

This is due to the Swarm and sound effect that is desired by the Rishi who composed or

propounded that Mantra. General observation is “Where two words give distinct logical

meaning which can flow smoothly as a sound with the respective swaram, they donot

combine”.

Some Examples from Standard Krishna Yajur Veda Sukt ams:

No Avagraham is used.

iÉxqÉÉý AU…¡ûþqÉÉqÉuÉÉ

îú¢ñ£… Üóé¢è† ñ£ñ«õ£…

Zsôx– AkO§M—ixi¥px–

21

Vowel Sandhi


pÉý¤ÉÇÆrÉÉ AýliÉËUþ¤Éã

ð…þñ¢ Æò£ Ü…ï¢îó¤†«þ

h–±I Æjx A–Çky—¥±

EmÉýýqÉÉ AþxrÉ ÌuÉýý¸ÉÈ

àð……ñ£ Ü†ú¢ò õ¤……û¢ì£

De––ix A—sõ py––rçxJ

mÉëÉxqÉÉý AÉzÉÉþ AzÉ××huÉ³Éç

ð¢ó£ú¢ñ£… ÝŸ£† ÜŸ¢¼í¢õù¢ù¢

öexsôx– Bqx— Aq£YûË§

lÉ ½þxrÉÉ AmÉýUÇcÉýlÉ

ï ý¢ò†ú¢ò£ Üð…óë¢ê…ù

Vowel Sandhi


d tõ—sõx Ae–kIP–d R–ksx–

AþTüýsÉÉ AþmÉÑýwmÉÉrÉÉ¶É

Ü†ð…2ô£ Ü†¹…û¢ð£ò£Ÿ¢ê† ¹…û¢ð¤í¦‡:

jx A—f–mx A—e¡–rðxjxÒ—

AÉãwÉþkÉÏUýxqÉÉ AþËUý¹ iÉÉþiÉrÉ

æû†î¦4ó…ú¢ñ£ Ü†ó¤…û¢ì î£†î«ò

Hxr—czk–sôx A—ky–ræ Zx—Z¥j

ÍzÉZÉÉ AýhÉÏrÉÉãÿSèkuÉÉï

õý¢ù¤† Ÿ¤è£2 Ü…í¦«ò£‡ó¢î¢3î¢4õ£

pÕy— qyLx A–Yz¥jx˜ªÆûx

pÉÔËUýSÉ AþxiÉÑý qÉ½ÿÇ

23

Vowel Sandhi


Ì4ó¤…î£3 Ü†ú¢¶… ñý¢ò‡ñ¢

ZË±—öZI h¢ky–bx A—së¡– itõ˜I

qÉÑýWÕûý̈ ÉÉïÈ mÉëãýwrÉÉþ ApÉuÉlÉç

º…ý¨…ó¢î£: ð¢«ó…û¢ò£† Üð4õù¢ù¢

i¡–t¢–ªÀxJ ¥öe–rõx— Ahp©

2.4 When letter ‘a’ ( A, Ü, A) follows Sound ‘ae’ ( L, ã F)

Rule: When the letter ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) follows letters with sound ‘ae’,

the ‘ae’ ( L, ã F) retains it form and sound but the ‘a’ (A, Ü, A)

which follows becomes an avagraha Å. Example:

eÉlÉãþ + AÍpÉSìÉãýWÇû = eÉlÉãþÅÍpÉSìÉãýWÇû

ü«ù† + Üð¤î¢3«ó£…ýñ¢ = ü«ù†Åð¤î¢3«ó£…ýñ¢

Vowel Sandhi


R¥d— + Ahy¥öbx–tI = R¥d—„hy¥öbx–tI

UÉý¹íãý + AÎxqÉlÉç = UÉý¹íãýÅÎxqÉlÉç

ó£…û¢ì¢«ó… +Üú¢ñ¤ù¢ = ó£…û¢ì¢«ó…Åú¢ñ¤ù

kx–¥öræ– + Asôy© = kx–¥öræ–„sôy©

This rule is observed in Chamakam at many places since ‘ me’ in Cha ‘me’ combines

with following ‘a’.

Table of Examples

Basic Words/Padams before Sandhi The Resultant Words/Padam after

Sandhi

SÏbÉÉïrÉÑýiuÉÇ cÉþ qÉã, AlÉÍqÉý§ÉÇ cÉý qÉã, ApÉþrÉÇ cÉ qÉã î¦3ó¢è£4»…î¢õë¢ê† «ñ, Üïñ¤…î¢óë¢ê…«ñ,Üð†4òë¢ê«ñ, bzªNxj¡–ZûI P— ¥i, Adiy–öZI P– ¥i,Ah—jI P ¥i,

SÏbÉÉïrÉÑýiuÉÇ cÉþ qÉã, ÅlÉÍqÉý§ÉÇ cÉý qÉã, ÅpÉþrÉÇ cÉ qÉã î¦3ó¢è£4»…î¢õë¢ê† «ñ, Åïñ¤…î¢óë¢ê… «ñ,Åð†4òë¢ê «ñ

bzªNxj¡–ZûI P— ¥i, „diy–öZI P– ¥i, „h—jI P ¥i,

mÉëmÉþ±ã AsÉý¤qÉÏ mÉëmÉþ±ã ÅsÉý¤qÉÏ

25

Vowel Sandhi


ð¢óð†î¢3«ò Üô…þ¢ñ¦ó¢«ñ†

öee—¥bõ Am–±§izª¥i—

ð¢óð†î¢3«ò Åô…þ¢ñ¦ó¢«ñ†

öee—¥bõ „m–±§izª¥i—

SãurÉÌSiÉãý-AÎalÉqÉþ³ÉÉýS

«î3õ¢òî¤3«î…-Üè¢ù¤

¥bpõby¥Z–-A²yi—Ëx–b

SãurÉÌSiÉãý-ÅÎalÉqÉþ³ÉÉýS

«î3õ¢òî¤3«î…-Åè¢ù¤-

¥bpõby¥Z–-„²yi—Ëx–b

ÌuÉurÉÉýÍkÉlÉã-A³ÉÉþlÉÉÇý

õ¤õ¢ò£…î¤4«ù-Üù¢ù†ù£…ñ¢

pypõx–cy¥d-AËx—dxI–

ÌuÉurÉÉýÍkÉlÉã-Å³ÉÉþlÉÉÇý

õ¤õ¢ò£…î¤4«ù-Åù¢ù†ù£…ñ¢

pypõx–cy¥d-„Ëx—dxI–

xÉWûxÉërÉÉãeÉýlÉã AuÉýkÉluÉÉþÌlÉ

úýú¢ó«ò£ü…«ù

Üõ…î4ù¢õ£†ù¤

stös¥jxR–¥d

xÉWûxÉërÉÉãeÉýlÉã ÅuÉýkÉluÉÉþÌlÉ

úýú¢ó«ò£ü…«ù

Åõ…î4ù¢õ£†ù¤

Vowel Sandhi


Ap–cdûx—dy stös¥jxR–¥d

„p–cdûx—dy

ÌuÉ±ýiÉã ArÉþlÉÉrÉ

õ¤î¢3ò…«î-Üò†ù£ò

pybõ–¥Z Aj—dxj

ÌuÉ±ýiÉãÅrÉþlÉÉrÉ

õ¤î¢3ò…«î-Åò†ù£ò

pybõ–¥Z„j—dxj

2.5 When letter ‘a’ ( A, Ü, A) follows Sound ‘O’ ( AÉå æ H¦)

Rule in Vowel Sandhi is “ Letter with sound ‘O’ (ओ, æ, Hx) remains unchanged

when followed by (अ Ü, A) but (अ, Ü, A) changes to Å (avagraha ).

Note: Please refer to the article/discussion note o n Visarga Sandhi rules for the vowel

sound ‘a’ followed by ‘a’.

Table of Examples: Words/Padams before Sandhi Word/Padam with Sandhi R ule

lÉqÉþÈ AÍxÉýqÉSèprÉÉãý ïñþÈ Üú¤…ñî¢3ð¢4«ò£ di—J Asy–ib§¥hõx–

lÉqÉÉãþÅÍxÉýqÉSèprÉÉãý ï«ñ£† Åú¤…ñî¢3ð¢4«ò£… d¥ix— „sy–ib§¥hõx–

27

Vowel Sandhi


lÉqÉÈ AxrÉþSèprÉÉãý ïñÈ Üú¢ò†î¢3ð¢4«ò£ diJ Asõ—b§¥hõx–

lÉqÉÉãÅxrÉþSèprÉÉãý ï«ñ£-Åú¢ò†î¢3ð¢4«ò£… d¥ix„sõ—b§¥hõx–

lÉqÉþÈ AmÉaÉÑýUqÉÉþhÉÉrÉ ïñþÈ Üð°…3óñ£†í£ò di—J AeM¡–kix—Yxj

lÉqÉÉãþÅmÉaÉÑýUqÉÉþhÉÉrÉ ï«ñ£†Åð°…3óñ£†í£ò d¥ix—„eM¡–kix—Yxj

rÉþÈ AmÉÉÇ mÉÑwmÉÇý ÆuÉåSþ òþÈ Üð£ñ¢ ¹û¢ð…ñ¢ Æ«õî†4

jþJ AexI e¡rðI– Æ¥pb— |

rÉÉåþÅmÉÉÇ mÉÑwmÉÇý ÆuÉåSþ | «ò£†Åð£ñ¢ ¹û¢ð…ñ¢ Æ«õî†4

¥jx—„exI e¡rðI– Æ¥pb— |

rÉþÈ AxqÉÉlÉç ²ãÌ¹ý òþÈ Üú¢ñ£ù¢ î¢3«õû¢® jþJ Asôx© ¥bûræy–

rÉÉãÿÅxqÉÉlÉç ²ãÌ¹ý «ò£‡-Åú¢ñ£ù¢ î¢3«õû¢® ¥jx˜„sôx© ¥bûræy–

rÉþÈ AWû-qÉþÎxqÉý oÉë¼ÉýWû-qÉþÎxqÉ òþÈ Üý-ñ†ú¢ñ¤… ð¢3óý¢ñ£…ý-ñ†ú¢ñ¤

rÉÉãþÅWû-qÉþÎxqÉý oÉë¼ÉýWû-qÉþÎxqÉ «ò£†Åý-ñ†ú¢ñ¤… ð¢3óý¢ñ£…ý-ñ†ú¢ñ¤ |

Vowel Sandhi


jþJ At-i—sôy– ögÖx–ti—sôy ¥jx—„t-i—sôy– ögÖx–t-i—sôy xÉÈ AÎxqÉýiÉÉÇ úÈ Üú¢ñ¤…î£ñ¢ sJ Asôy–ZxI

xÉÉãýÅÎxqÉýiÉÉÇ «ú£Å…ú¢ñ¤…î£ñ¢ ¥sx„–sôy–ZxI

uÉ×ý¤ÉÈ AjÉþ ÌoÉýsuÉþÈ õ¢¼þÈ Üî†2 ð¤…3ô¢õ†: p£–±J Aa— gy–mû—J |

uÉ×ý¤ÉÉãÅjÉþ ÌoÉýsuÉþÈ õ¢¼…«þ£Åî†2 ð¤…3ô¢õ†: | p£–¥±x„a— gy–mû—J |

WãûQÈ AuÉþ «ýìÈ Üõ† ¥tWJ Ap—

WãûQûÉãÅuÉþ «ý«ì£3Åõ† ¥t¥Wx„p— jxsyszrçxJ |

uÉÂþhÉÈ AÍkÉUÉýeÉÈ õ¼†íÈ Üî¤4 ó£…ü:

pk¡—YJ Acykx–RJ |

uÉÂþhÉÉãÅÍkÉUÉýeÉÈ

õ¼†«í£Åî¤4 ó£…ü:

pk¡—¥Yx„cykx–RJ |

29

Vowel Sandhi


2.6 When letter ‘aa’ ( AÉ, Ý, B) follows Sound ‘a’ ( A, Ü, A)

Rule: When the letter with sound ‘a’ is followed b y letter ‘aa’, the first letter with a

sound gets elongated to ‘aa’ (Dheergam) ( AÉ, Ý, B)

There are exceptions to the rule due to the effect of swara acquisition of the preceding

or following letters or swarm for the ‘a’ or ‘aa’.

Note: Some books have a convention of representing ÅÅ after the dheerga letter

resulting out of the Sandhi (the vriddhi). Please a lso refer to our Article on Avagraha.

Basic Words/Padams before

Sandhi

The Resultant Words/Padam

after Sandhi

lÉqÉÉãþ ÂýSìÉrÉþ- AÉiÉiÉÉýÌuÉlÉãý ¤Éã§ÉÉþhÉÉÇý

ï«ñ£† ¼…î¢3ó£ò†-Ýîî£…õ¤«ù

d¥ix— k¡–öbxj—-BZZx–py¥d–

lÉqÉÉãþ ÂýSìÉrÉÉþ-iÉiÉÉýÌuÉlÉãý ¤Éã§ÉÉþhÉÉÇý

ï«ñ£† ¼…î¢3ó£ò£†-îî£…õ¤«ù

d¥ix— k¡–öbxjx—-ZZx–py¥d–

lÉqÉþ EýŠæ-bÉÉãïþwÉÉrÉ AÉ¢üýlSrÉþiÉã

ïñ† à…ê¢¬êó¢-«è£†4û£ò-

lÉqÉþ EýŠæ-bÉÉãïþwÉÉrÉÉ ¢üýlSrÉþiÉã

ïñ† à…ê¢¬êó¢-«è£†4û£ò£

Vowel Sandhi


Ýè¢ó…ï¢î3ò†«î

di— D–¤¤¶ª-¥Nx—rxj

BöK–Éj—¥Z

è¢ó…ï¢î3ò†«î

di— D–¤¤¶ª-¥Nx—rxjx-

öK–Éj—¥Z

lÉqÉÉãþ SÒlSÒýprÉÉþrÉ cÉ AÉWûlÉýlrÉÉþrÉ cÉ

ï«ñ£† ¶3ï¢¶…3ð¢4ò£†ò ê

Ýýï…ù¢ò£†ò ê

d¥ix— b¡É¡–hõx—j P

Btd–dõx—j P

lÉqÉÉãþ SÒlSÒýprÉÉþrÉ cÉÉWûlÉýlrÉÉþrÉ cÉ

ï«ñ£† ¶3ï¢¶…3ð¢4ò£†ò

ê£ýï…ù¢ò£†ò ê

d¥ix— b¡É¡–hõx—j

Pxtd–dõx—j P

lÉqÉþ xiÉÏý¤hÉãwÉþuÉã cÉ AÉrÉÑýÍkÉlÉãþ cÉý

ïñ† ú¢î¦…þ¢«íû†«õ ê

Ý»…î¤4«ù† ê

di— sëz–±§¥Yr—¥p P

lÉqÉþ xiÉÏý¤hÉãwÉþuÉã cÉÉrÉÑýÍkÉlÉãþ cÉý

ïñ† ú¢î¦…þ¢«íû†«õ

ê£»…î¤4«ù† ê

di— sëz–±§¥Yr—¥p Pxj¡–

31

Vowel Sandhi


Bj¡–cy¥d— P cy¥d— P

lÉqÉþ DýÍkÉërÉÉþrÉ cÉ AÉiÉýmrÉÉþrÉ cÉý

ïñ† ß…î¢4ó¤ò£†ò ê Ýî…ð¢ò£†òê…

di— C¦–öcyjx—j P BZ–eõx—j P–

lÉqÉþ DýÍkÉërÉÉþrÉ cÉÉiÉýmrÉÉþrÉ cÉý

ïñ† ß…î¢4ó¤ò£†ò ê£î…ð¢ò£†ò ê…

di— C¦–öcyjx—j PxZ–eõx—j P–

lÉqÉþ AÉiÉÉýrÉÉïþrÉ cÉ AÉsÉÉý±ÉþrÉ cÉý

ïñ† Ýî£…ó¢ò£†ò ê

Ýô£…î¢3ò£†ò ê…

di— BZx–kõx—j P

Bmx–bõx—j

lÉqÉþ AÉiÉÉýrÉÉïþrÉ cÉÉsÉÉý±ÉþrÉ cÉý

ïñ† Ýî£…ó¢ò£†ò ê£ô£…î¢3ò£†ò

ê…

di— BZx–kõx—j Pxmx–bõx—j

ÆÌuÉýµÉ AÉiqÉÉþlÉÇ mÉýUÉrÉþhÉÇ ÆÌuÉýµÉÉiqÉÉþlÉÇ mÉýUÉrÉþhÉÇ

Vowel Sandhi


Æõ¤…Ÿ¢õ Ýî¢ñ£†ùñ¢

ð…ó£ò†íñ¢

Æpy–qû BÃx—dI e–kxj—YI

Æõ¤…Ÿ¢õ£î¢ñ£†ùñ¢ ð…ó£ò†íñ¢

Æpy–qûxÃx—dI e–kxj—YI

lÉÉqÉÉýiqÉ-AÉlÉýlSuÉþ mÉÔÂwÉ

ï£ñ£…î¢ñ Ýï…ï¢î3õ† Ì¼û

dxix–Ã Bd–IZp— e¢k¡r

lÉÉqÉÉýiqÉÉ-lÉýlSuÉþ mÉÔÂwÉ

ï£ñ£…î¢ñ£ ï…ï¢î3õ† Ì¼û

dxix–Ãxd–I Zp— e¢k¡r

Exceptions observed:

Examples of ‘aa’ not combining with previous ‘a’ so und.

iÉuÉþpÉëýqÉÉxÉþ AÉzÉÑýrÉÉ mÉþiÉÇýirÉlÉÑþ

îõ† ð¢4ó…ñ£ú† ÝŸ§…ò£ ð†î…ï¢î¢òÂ†

Zp— öh–ixs— Bq¡–jx e—ZI–

ÌmÉmÉëÏþwÉÌiÉýxuÉ AÉrÉÑþÌwÉ SÒUÉãýhÉã

33

Vowel Sandhi


ð¤ð¢ó¦†û î¤…ú¢õ Ý»†û¤ ¶3«ó£…«í

eyöez—r Zy–sû Bj¡—ry b¡¥kx–¥Y

iÉxrÉý xÉZÉÉý rÉxiÉþ AÉÌiÉýjrÉ…

îú¢ò… úè£…2 òú¢î† Ýî¤…î¢2ò

h—psy– Zsõ– sLx– jsë— BZy–aõ xiÉÉãqÉÉý-¶ÉlSÉóèþÍxÉ ÌlÉýÌuÉSÉãþqÉ AÉWÒûUãýiÉxqÉæþ

ú¢«î£ñ£…Ÿ¢-êï¢î£3óè†ú¤ ï¤…õ¤«î£†3ñ Ýý§«ó

ÒÉxóè—sy dy–py¥bx—i Bt¡¥k– Z¤¤sô—

qÉkÉÑýmÉë×cÉÉþ-qÉU…¡ûýqÉ AÉqÉÉÿ

ñ¶…4ð¢¢¼ê£†-ñóé¢è…ñ Ýñ£‡

ic¡–öe£Px—-ikO§M–i Bix˜

mÉÑýlÉliÉÑý ÌuÉµÉþ AÉýrÉuÉþÈ

Vowel Sandhi


¹…ùï¢¶… õ¤Ÿ¢õ† Ý…òõ†: |

e¡–dÇ¡– pyqû— B–jp—J

oÉë¼þ oÉëÉ¼ýhÉ AÉýiqÉlÉÉÿ

ð¢3óý¢ñ† ð¢3ó£ý¢ñ…í Ý…î¢ñù£‡ ||

ögÖ— ögxÖ–Y B–Ãdx˜

mÉýUýqÉã uÉ×ý¤É AÉrÉÑþkÉ ÌllÉýkÉÉrÉý

ð…ó…«ñ õ¢¼…þ Ý»†î4ï¢¢-

e–k–¥i p£–± Bj¡—cËy–cxj–

UjÉþÍqÉýuÉÉµÉÉþ uÉÉýÎeÉlÉý AÉuÉþWûliÉÑ

óî†2ñ¤…õ£Ÿ¢õ£† õ£…ü¤ù… Ýõ†ýï¢¶

ka—iy–pxqûx— px–Ryd– Bp—tÇ¡

35

Vowel Sandhi


mÉëýeÉÉÇ qÉÉ qÉãþ UÏËUwÉý AÉrÉÑþÂaÉë

ð¢ó…ü£ñ¢ ñ£ «ñ† ó¦ó¤û… Ý»†¼è¢3ó

öe–RxI ix ¥i— kzkyr– Bj¡—k¡öM

MüÉqÉãþlÉqÉãý MüÉqÉý AÉaÉÉÿiÉç

è£«ñ†ù «ñ… è£ñ… Ýè£‡3î¢

Kx¥i—d¥i– Kxi– BMx˜Z§

AkÉÉþlÉÉã AalÉý AÉuÉþWû UÉýrÉ

Üî£†4«ï£ Üè¢3ù… Ýõ†ý

Acx—¥dx A²– Bp—t

xÉÉãqÉÉãý UÉeÉÉþ qÉ×aÉzÉÏýwÉãïhÉý AÉaÉ³Éçþ

ó£ü£† ñ¢¼è3Ÿ¦…ó¢«ûí… Ýè3ù¢ù¢†–

Vowel Sandhi


kxRx— i£Mqz–ª¥rY– BMË§—

AlÉãþzÉ³ÉýxrÉãwÉþuÉ AÉýpÉÑUþxrÉ ÌlÉwÉý…¡ûÍjÉþÈ

Ü«ï†Ÿï¢-ï…ú¢«òû†õ Ý…¹4ó†ú¢ò

A¥d—qË–¥sõr—p B–h¡k—sõ

2.7 Basic Rule when letter ‘aa’ ( AÉ, Ý, B) follows the sound

‘aa’(AÉ, Ý, B)

Rule 1: When Letter ‘a’ AÉ, Ý, B follows the sound ‘aa’ AÉ, Ý, B ,

‘aa’ that follows ‘aa’ sound becomes or is represented through an Avagraha as ÅÅ. Example:

pÉÑuÉþlÉÉ + AÉÌuÉýuÉãzÉ = pÉÑuÉþlÉÉ ÅÅÌuÉýuÉãzÉ

¹4õ†ù£ + Ýõ¤…«õŸ = ¹4õ†ù£ ÅÅõ¤…«õŸ…

h¡p—dx + Bpy–¥pq = h¡p—dx „„py–¥pq–

37

Vowel Sandhi


lÉÉ has ‘aa’ AÉ, Ý, B vowel sound. This is followed by ‘aa’ (AÉ, Ý, B)

resulting in the Sandhi with avagraha.

Effect on Maatra: ‘aa’ has two maatra and ‘aa’ has two maatra value in terms of time.

Due to the Sandhi, the rule results in a Maatra of 3.0. With Avagrah, the ‘aa’ is truncated to

‘ÅÅ’ with only 1 maatra.

Table of Examples

Basic Words/Padams before

Sandhi

The Resultant Words/Padam

after Sandhi

oÉë¼Éþ AÉaÉýiÉ´ÉÏþ ÂýiÉiuÉrÉÉÿ

ð¢3óý¢ñ£†-Ýè…3î-ÿ†¼…îî¢õò£‡

ögÖx— BM–Zöqz— k¡–Z Zûjx˜

oÉë¼ÉþÅÅaÉýiÉ´ÉÏþ ÂýiÉiuÉrÉÉÿ

ð¢3óý¢ñ£†-ÅÅè…3î-ÿ†¼…î î¢õò£‡

ögÖx—„„M–Zöqz—

k¡–Z Zûjx˜

xÉÉ AÉÌSýirÉãlÉþ

ú£ Ýî¤…3î¢«òù† Ÿ£…ï¢î£

xÉÉÅÅÌSýirÉãlÉþ

ú£ÅÅî¤…3î¢«òù† Ÿ£…ï¢î£

Vowel Sandhi


sx Bby–¥Zõd— qx–Çx sx„„by–¥Zõd— qx–Çx

ÌuÉýiÉxiÉýrÉÉ AÉeÉÏïþMüÐrÉ

õ¤…îú¢î…ò£ Ýó¢ü¦†è¦«ò

py–Zsë–jx BªRz—Kz¥j

ÌuÉýiÉxiÉýrÉÉ ÅÅeÉÏïþMüÐrÉ,

õ¤…îú¢î…ò£ ÅÅó¢ü¦†è¦«ò

py–Zsë–jx „„ªRz—Kz¥j

SÉýiÉÉ mÉëþSÉýiÉÉ AÉlÉýlSÉå qÉÉåSþÈ

î£…3î£ ð¢ó†î£…3î£ Ýï…ù¢«î£3

«ñ£î†3:

bx–Zx öe—bx–Zx Bd–¥Éx

¥ixb—J öe¥ix–bJ

SÉýiÉÉ mÉëþSÉýiÉÉ ÅÅlÉýlSÉå qÉÉåSþÈ

î£…3î£ ð¢ó†î£…3î£ ÅÅï…ù¢«î£3

«ñ£î†3:

bx–Zx öe—bx–Zx„„d–¥Éx

¥ixb—J öe¥ix–bJ

xÉæwÉÉ AÉlÉlSxrÉ qÉÏqÉÉóèþxÉÉ

¬úû£-Ýùï¢î3ú¢ò ñ¦ñ£ó†è

xÉæwÉÉÅÅlÉlSxrÉ qÉÏqÉÉóèþxÉÉ

¬úû£-ÅÅùï¢î3ú¢ò ñ¦ñ£ó†è

39

Vowel Sandhi


¤¤srx BdÉsõ izixóè— ¤¤srx„„dÉsõ izixóè—

xÉ LMü ClSìþxrÉÉ AÉlÉýlSÈ

úãè Þï¢î¢3ó†ú¢ò£Ýù…ï¢î3È

s GK CöÉ—sõx Bd–ÉJ

xÉ LMü ClSìþxrÉÉÅÅlÉýlSÈ

ú ãè Þï¢î¢3ó†ú¢ò£ÅÅù…ï¢î3È

s GK CöÉ—sõx„„d–ÉJ

rÉÑþwqÉliÉýxiÉãlÉýiuÉÉ AÉrÉÑýwÉÉ-AÉrÉÑþwqÉliÉÇ

ú¢«îù…î¢õ£-Ý»…û£

Ý»†û¢ñï¢îé¢

¥sëd–Zûx Bj¡–rx-

Bj¡—rôÇI

rÉÑþwqÉliÉýxiÉãlÉýiuÉÉ ÅÅrÉÑýwÉÉÅÅrÉÑþwqÉliÉÇ

ú¢«îù…î¢õ£-

ÅÅ»…û£ÅÅ»†û¢ñï¢îé¢

¥sëd–Zûx „„j¡–rx„„j¡—rôÇI

Vowel Sandhi


3 Basic rules for combination of ‘e’ (C Þ C) and ‘ee’ (D ß C¦):

‘ee’ sound is produced by the combination of the following:

C + C = D Þ + Þ = ß C + C = C¦

C + D = D Þ + ß = ß C + C¦= C¦

D + C = D ß + Þ = ß C¦+ C = C¦

’ D + D = D ß + ß = ß C¦+ C¦= C¦

Examples:

Words or Padam before Sandhi Words or Padam after Sandhi

qÉÌrÉþ mÉëýeÉÉÇ qÉÌrÉ ClSìþ CÎlSìýrÉÇ SþkÉÉiÉÑý

ñò¤† ð¢ó…ü£ñ¢ ñò¤ Þï¢î¢3ó†

Þï¢î¢3ó¤…òï¢

ijy— öe–RxI ijy— CöÉ— CöÉy–

qÉÌrÉþ mÉëýeÉÉÇ qÉrÉÏlSìþ CÎlSìýrÉÇ SþkÉÉiÉÑý

ñò¤† ð¢ó…ü£ñ¢ ñò¦ï¢î¢3ó†

Þï¢î¢3ó¤…òï¢

ijy— öe–RxI ijzöÉ— CöÉy–jI

41

Vowel Sandhi


jI b—cxZ¡– b—cxZ¡–

lÉ rÉÉýÌiÉ ClSìÉãý ÌuÉµÉþxrÉ

ï ò£…î¤ Þï¢î¢3«ó£… õ¤Ÿ¢õ†ú¢ò

d jx–Zy C¥öÉx– pyqû—sõ

lÉ rÉÉýiÉÏlSìÉãý ÌuÉµÉþxrÉ

ï ò£…î¦ï¢î¢3«ó£… õ¤Ÿ¢õ†ú¢ò

q–k¥bx– d jx–Zz¥öÉx– pyqû—sõ

xÉÉqÉëÉÿerÉãlÉÉý ÍpÉÌwÉÇþcÉÉýÌqÉ-ClSìþxrÉiuÉÉý

ú£ñ¢ó£‡ü¢«òù£…ð¤4û¤†ë¢ê£…ñ¤

Þï¢î¢3ó†-ú¢òî¢õ£…

sxöix˜¥Rõdx– hyryI—Px–iy

CöÉ—sõZûx–

xÉÉqÉëÉÿerÉãlÉÉý ÍpÉÌwÉÇþcÉÉý-qÉÏlSìþxrÉiuÉÉý

ú£ñ¢ó£‡ü¢«òù£… ð¤4û¤†ë¢ê£…-

ñ¦ï¢î¢3ó†-ú¢òî¢õ£…

sxöix˜¥Rõdx– hyryI—Px–-izöÉ—

sõZûx–

DýqÉýWûý CÌiÉþ DqÉWãû

ßñý… Þî¤† ßñ«ý

DýqÉýWûý CiÉÏþqÉWãû

ßñý… Þî¦†ñ«ý

Vowel Sandhi


C¦–i–t– CZy— C¦i¥t C¦–i–t– CZz—i¥t

CýwÉÑýÍkÉ: CÌiÉþ CwÉÑ - ÍkÉÈ

Þ…û§…î¤: Þî¤† Þû§ --- î¤4:

C–r¡–cy: CZy— Cr¡ - cyJ

CýwÉÑýÍkÉËUiÉÏþwÉÑ - ÍkÉÈ

Þ…û§…î¤ ó¤î¦†û§ --- î¤4:

C–r¡–cykyZz—r¡ - cyJ

M×üýüÍkÉ CÌiÉþ M×üÍkÉ

è¢¼…î¤4 Þî¤† è¢¼î¤4

K£–cy CZy— K£cy

M×üýkÉÏÌiÉþ M×üÍkÉ

è¢¼…î¦4î¤† è¢¼î¤4

K£–czZy— K£cy

43

Vowel Sandhi


4 Basic rules for combination of ‘u’ E à D and ‘uu’ F á D¦:

‘uu’ (F á D¦) sound is produced by the combination of the following:

E + E = F à + à = á D + D = D¦

E + F = F à + á = á D + D¦= D¦

F + E = F á + à = á D¦+ D = D¦

F + F = F á + á = á D¦+ D¦= D¦

Examples:


xÉÑ E£Çü

ú§ àè¢îñ¢

s¡ D°I

xÉÔ£Çü

ú¨è¢îñ¢

s¢°I

Vowel Sandhi


ÌSý¤ÉÑ EmÉSþkÉÉÌiÉ

î¤…3þ§ àðî†3î£4î¤

by–±¡ Deb—cxZy |

ÌSý¤ÉÔmÉSþkÉÉÌiÉ

î¤…3þ¨ð î†3î£4î¤

by–±¢eb—cxZy |

qÉÉãÌ¨Éþ̧ liÉý-qÉlÉÑ EÌ¨Éþ¸liÉÑý

«ñ£î¢î¤†û¢ì2ï¢î…-ñÂ

àî¢î¤†û¢ì2ï¢¶

¥ixÀy—rçÇ–-id¡ DÀy—rçÇ¡– ixix–ò–

qÉÉãÌ¨Éþ¸liÉý-qÉlÉÔÌ¨Éþ¸liÉÑý

«ñ£î¢î¤†û¢ì2ï¢î…-

ñÛî¢î¤†û¢ì2ï¢¶

¥ixÀy—rçÇ–-id¢Ày—rçÇ¡– ixix–ò–

45

Vowel Sandhi


5 ‘ae’ L,ã, G is formed with a combination of ‘a’ A, Ü’ A

and aa’ AÉ Ý B with ‘e’ (C, Þ C) or ‘ee’ (D ,ß ,C¦) A + C = L , Ü + Þ= ã, A+ C= G

A + D = L, Ü + ß= ã, A+ C¦= G

AÉ + C = L, Ý+ Þ= ã, B+ C= G

AÉ+ D = L Ý+ ß= ã B+ C¦= G

PS 10-3 & 4 Now for cases in which an a-vowel stand s first When an i-vowel follows, the product is ‘ae’ Examples:


xÉ ÍzÉuÉýÈ xÉ WûËUýÈ xÉ ClSìýÈ

ú Ÿ¤õ…ú¢ ú ýó¤…ú¢

ú Þï¢î¢3ó…ú¢

xÉ ÍzÉuÉýÈ xÉ WûËUýÈ xÉãlSìýÈ

ú Ÿ¤õ…ú¢ ú ýó¤…ú¢

«úï¢î¢3ó…ú¢

Vowel Sandhi


s qyp–J s tky–J s CöÉ–J s qyp–J s tky–J ¥söÉ–J

cÉ CÌiÉþ cÉ (Rudra Kramam)

ê Þî¤† ê

P CZy— P

cÉãÌiÉþ cÉ

«êî¤† ê

¥PZy— P

mÉUqÉý C¸Ï ÌuÉýUÉeÉÉÿ

ðóñ… Þû¢¯2 õ¤…ó£ü£‡

eki– Crçz py–kxRx˜

mÉUqÉãý¸Ï ÌuÉýUÉeÉÉÿ

ðó«ñ…û¢¯2 õ¤…ó£ü£‡

ek¥i–rçz py–kxRx˜ lÉqÉþ xiÉÏý¤hÉ CwÉþuÉã cÉÉrÉÑýÍkÉlÉãþ cÉý

ïñ† ú¢î¦…þ¢í Þû†«õ

ê£»…î¤4«ù† ê…

di— sëz–±§Y Cr—¥p

Pxj¡–cy¥d

lÉqÉþ xiÉÏý¤hÉãwÉþuÉã cÉÉrÉÑýÍkÉlÉãþ cÉý

ïñ† ú¢î¦…þ¢«íû†«õ

ê£»…î¤4«ù† ê…

di— sëz–±§¥Yr—¥p

Pxj¡–cy¥d

47

Vowel Sandhi


AxÉýSè oÉë¼ CÌiÉý uÉãSý cÉãiÉç

Üú…î¢3 ð¢3óý¢ñ Þî¤… «õî…3

«êî¢

As–b§ ögÖ CZy– ¥pb–¥PZ§

AxÉýSè oÉë¼ãÌiÉý uÉãSý cÉãiÉç

Üú…î¢3 ð¢3óý¢«ñî¤… «õî…3

«êî¢

As–b§ ög¥ÖZy– ¥pb– ¥PZ§

Vowel Sandhi


6 ‘ai’ ( Lã, ä ,¤F) is formed with a combination ‘a’( A,Ü,A) and ‘aa’ ( AÉ Ý B) with ‘ae’ (L ã G)/ ‘ai’ ( Lã ä ¤F)

PS 10-6 When ae or ai follows, an ‘a’ vowel sound, the prod uct is ai

Examples:


xÉ LwÉÉ aÉhÉãþzÉ ÌuÉý±É

ú ãû£ è3«í†Ÿ õ¤…î¢3ò£

s Grx M¥Y—qpy–bõx

xÉæwÉÉ aÉhÉãþzÉ ÌuÉý±É

¬úû£ è3«í†Ÿ õ¤…î¢3ò£

¤¤srx M¥Y—qpy–bõx

qÉ×ýirÉÑUý-qÉ×iÉþ³Éý AÉaÉþluÉ LuÉ-xuÉýiÉÉã

ñ¢¼î†ù¢ù… Ýè†ù¢õ ãõ-

ú¢õ…«î£

i£–Zõ¡k–-i£Z—Ë– BM—d

Gp-sû–¥Zx

qÉ×ýirÉÑUý-qÉ×iÉþ³Éý AÉaÉþluÉæuÉ-xuÉýiÉÉã

ñ¢¼î†ù¢ù… Ýè†ù¢¬õõ-

ú¢õ…«î£

i£–Zõ¡k–-i£Z—Ë– BM—¤¤dûp-

sû–¥Zx

49

Vowel Sandhi


xÉýirÉÇ kÉqÉïþ¶Éý LiÉÉÌlÉþ qÉÉý qÉÉ WûÉþÍxÉwÉÑÈ

ú…î¢òï¢¢ î4ó¢ñ†Ÿ¢ê… ãî£ù¤…

s–ZõI cªi—Ò– GZxdy—

xÉýirÉÇ kÉqÉïþ¶ÉæýiÉÉÌlÉþ qÉÉý qÉÉ WûÉþÍxÉwÉÑÈ ||

ú…î¢òï¢¢ î4ó¢ñ†Ÿ¢¬ê… î£ù¤…

s–ZõI cªi—¤¤Ò–Zxdy—

oÉë¼ý LuÉ pÉÔýiÉÉlÉÉýÇ erÉã¸ýÇ

ð¢3óý¢ñ… ãõ Ì…4î£ù£…ñ¢

ü¢«òû¢ì…ñ¢

ögÖ– Gp h¢–Zxdx–I ¥Rõrç–I

oÉë¼æýuÉ pÉÔýiÉÉlÉÉýÇ erÉã ý̧Ç

ð¢3óý¢¬ñ…õ Ì…4î£ù£…ñ¢

ü¢«òû¢ì…ñ¢

ög¤¤Ö–p h¢–Zxdx–I ¥Rõrç–I

iÉxrÉ LwÉ LuÉ zÉÉUÏþU AÉýiqÉÉ

îú¢ò ãû ãõ Ÿ£ó¦†óÝ…î¢ñ£

Zsõ Gr Gp qxkz—k

B–Ãx

iÉxrÉæwÉ LuÉ zÉÉUÏþU AÉýiqÉÉ

îú¢¬òû ãõ Ÿ£ó¦†óÝ…î¢ñ£

Z¤¤sõr Gp qxkz—k

B–Ãx

iÉxrýÉ LwÉÉ pÉuÉþÌiÉ | iÉxrÉæýwÉÉ pÉuÉþÌiÉ |

Vowel Sandhi


îú¢ò… ãû£ ð4õ†î¤ |

Zsõ– Grx hp—Zy

îú¢¬ò…û£ ð4õ†î¤ |

Z¤¤sõ–rx hp—Zy

iÉãlÉþ LwÉ mÉÔýhÉïÈ

«îù† ãû Ì…ó¢í:

¥Zd— Gr e¢–ªYJ

iÉãlÉæþwÉ mÉÔýhÉïÈ

«î¬ù†û Ì…ó¢í:

¥Z¤¤d—r e¢–ªYJ

MüiÉýqÉÈ xuÉþrÉýÇpÉÑ oÉë¼ý LiÉSqÉ×þiÉ

èî…ñú¢ ú¢õ†ò…ñ¢¹4 ð¢3óý¢ñ…

ãîî3ñ¢¼†î

KZ–iJ sû—j–Ih¡ ögÖ–

GZbi£—Z G–r

MüiÉýqÉÈ xuÉþrÉýÇpÉÑ oÉë¼æý iÉSqÉ×þiÉ

èî…ñú¢ ú¢õ†ò…ñ¢¹4

ð¢3óý¢¬ñ… îî3ñ¢¼†î

KZ–iJ sû—j–Ih¡ ög¤¤Ö–

Zbi£—Z G–r

51

Vowel Sandhi


7 ‘O’ (AÉå æ H¦) is formed with a combination ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) and ‘aa’(AÉ, Ý,B) with ‘u’( E,à, D) and ‘uu’ (F,á, D¦)

PS 10-5 When an u vowel follows, vowel sound ‘a’ th e product is O

Examples:


qÉWûÉ lÉÉUÉrÉhÉ EmÉÌlÉwÉiÉç

ñý£ ï£ó£òí àðï¤ûî¢

itx dxkxjY DedyrZ§

qÉWûÉ lÉÉUÉrÉhÉÉãmÉÌlÉwÉiÉç

ñý£ ï£ó£ò«í£ðï¤ûî¢

itx dxkxj¥YxedyrZ§

AuÉ E¨ÉýUÉ¨ÉÉÿiÉç

Üõ àî¢î…ó£î¢î£‡î¢

Ap DÀ–kxÀx˜Z§

AuÉÉã¨ÉýUÉ¨ÉÉÿiÉç

Ü«õ£î¢î…ó£î¢î£‡î¢

A¥pxÀ–kxÀx˜Z§

AuÉþ cÉ FýkuÉÉï¨ÉÉÿiÉç |

Üõ† ê… áó¢î¢4õ£î¢î£‡î¢

AuÉþ cÉÉãýkuÉÉï¨ÉÉÿiÉç |

Üõ† «ê£…ó¢î¢4õ£î¢î£‡î¢

Vowel Sandhi


Ap— P– D¦ªcûxÀx˜Z§ Ap— ¥Px–ªcûxÀx˜Z§

ÌuÉerÉ EÌiÉþwÉÉ

õ¤ü¢ò àî¤†û£ ð¢¼3ý…î£

pyRõ DZy—rx g£t–Zx

ÌuÉerÉÉãÌiÉþwÉÉ

õ¤ü¢«ò£î¤†û£ ð¢¼3ý…î£

py¥RõxZy—rx g£t–Zx

rÉÉÈ mÉ×þÍjÉýuÉÏÇ mÉrÉþxÉý ElSÎliÉþ

ò£: ð¢¼†î¤…2õ¦ñ¢

ðò†ú… àï¢î3ï¢î¤†

jxJ e£—ay–pzI ej—s– DÉÇy—

rÉÉÈ mÉ×þÍjÉýuÉÏÇ mÉrÉþxÉÉãýlSÎliÉþ

ò£: ð¢¼†î¤…2õ¦ñ¢

ðò†«ú£…ï¢î3ï¢î¤†

jxJ e£—ay–pzI ej—¥sx–ÉÇy—

ÌuÉcÉ¢üqÉÉýhÉ-x§ÉãýkÉ EÂþaÉÉýrÉÈ ||

Æõ¤êè¢óñ£…íú¢-

î¢«ó…î4 à¼†-è£…3ò:

pyPöKix–Y-¥ösë–c Dk¡—Mx–jJ

ÌuÉcÉ¢üqÉÉýhÉ-x§ÉãýkÉÉãÂþ-aÉÉýrÉÈ ||

Æõ¤êè¢óñ£…íú¢-

î¢«ó…«î£4¼†-è£…3ò:

pyPöKix–Y-¥ösë–¥cxk¡—Mx–jJ

53

Vowel Sandhi


pÉaÉþuÉliÉ-xxrÉÉqÉý EiÉ mÉëÌmÉýiuÉ

ð4è†3õï¢îú¢-ú¢ò£ñ… àî

hM—pÇ-sþõxi– DZ öeey–Zû

pÉaÉþuÉliÉ-xxrÉÉqÉÉãýiÉ mÉëÌmÉýiuÉ

ð4è†3õï¢îú¢-ú¢ò£«ñ£…î

hM—pÇ-sþõx¥ix–Z öeey–Zû

LwÉÉ uÉãþS EmÉýÌlÉwÉiÉç

ãû£ «õ†î3 àð…ï¤ûî¢

Grx ¥p—b De–dyrZ§

LwÉÉ uÉãþSÉãmÉýÌlÉwÉiÉç

ãû£ «õ†«î£3ð…ï¤ûî¢

Grx ¥p—¥bxe–dyrZ§

rÉã mÉëÉýhÉÇ oÉë¼ý EmÉÉxÉþiÉã |

«ò ð¢ó£…íñ¢ ð¢3óý¢ñ…

àð£ú†«î

¥j öex–YI ögÖ– Dexs—¥Z |

rÉã mÉëÉýhÉÇ oÉë¼ÉãýmÉÉxÉþiÉã |

«ò ð¢ó£…íñ¢

ð¢3óý¢«ñ£…ð£ú†«î

¥j öex–YI ög¥Öx–exs—¥Z |

Vowel Sandhi


8 ‘au’ (AÉæ,å÷,H¦) is formed with a combination ‘a’( A,Ü,A) and ‘aa’ ( AÉ,Ý, B) with ‘O’ ( AÉå,æ, Hx)

or ‘au’ (AÉæ, å÷, H¦) PS 10 -7 When O or au follows, ‘a’ vowel sound the product is au.


pÉÑuÉýliÉrÉãþ uÉÉËUuÉxM×üýiÉÉrÉ AÉåwÉþkÉÏlÉÉÇý

¹4õ…ï¢î«ò† õ£ó¤õú¢è¢¼…î£ò-

æû†î¦4ù£…ñ¢

pxkypsÜ£–Zxj Hxr—czdxI–

eZ—¥j– d¥ix–

pÉÑuÉýliÉrÉãþ uÉÉËUuÉxM×üýiÉÉ-rÉÉæwÉþkÉÏlÉÉÇý

¹4õ…ï¢î«ò† õ£ó¤õú¢è¢¼…î£-

ªò÷û†î¦4ù£…ñ¢

pxkypsÜ£–Zx-j¦r—czdxI–

eZ—¥j– d¥ix–

GýiÉkÉÉþqÉÉýÅÎalÉ-aÉïþlkÉýuÉïxiÉxrÉ-

AÉåwÉþkÉrÉÉã

¼…îî£†4ñ£…Åè¢3ù¤ó¢-è†3ï¢î…4ó¢õ

GýiÉkÉÉþqÉÉýÅÎalÉ-aÉïþlkÉýuÉï-

xiÉxrÉÉæwÉþkÉrÉÉã

¼…îî£†4ñ£…Åè¢3ù¤ó¢-è†3ï¢î…4ó¢õú¢

55

Vowel Sandhi


ú¢-îú¢ò æû†î4«ò£ -

E–Zcx—ix–„²yª-

M—Ê–ªpsësõ Hxr—c¥jx

îú¢ªò÷û†î4«ò£

E–Zcx—ix–„²yª-M—Ê–ªpsë-

sõ¦r—c¥jx -

ClSìÉþrÉý iuÉÉ AÉãeÉþxuÉiÉý AÉãeÉþxuÉliÉò

Þï¢î¢3ó£†ò… î¢õ£ æü†ú¢õî…

æü†ú¢õï¢îò ÿí£ñ¤

CöÉx—j– Zûx HxR—sûZ– HxR—

sûÇò öqzYxiy

ClSìÉþrÉý iuÉÉæeÉþxuÉiÉý AÉãeÉþxuÉliÉò

Þï¢î¢3ó£†ò… î¢ªõ÷ü†ú¢õî…

æü†ú¢õï¢îò ÿí£ñ¤

CöÉx—j– Zû¦R—sûZ– HxR—

sûÇò öqzYxiy

CýluÉýMüÉprÉýxxuÉÉWûÉ AÉãwÉþkÉÏprÉýxxuÉÉWûÉÿ

Þ…ù¢õ…è£ð¢4ò…ú¢-ú¢õ£ý£

æû†î¦4ð¢4ò…

C–dû–Kxhõ– sþûxtx Hxr—czhõ–

CýluÉýMüÉprÉý xxuÉÉWûÉæwÉþkÉÏprÉý xxuÉÉWûÉÿ

Þ…ù¢õ…è£ð¢4ò…ú¢-

ú¢õ£ªý÷û†î¦4ð¢4ò…

C–dû–Kxhõ– sþûxt¦r—czhõ–

Vowel Sandhi


TS 2.1.5.1

ÌoÉsÉÿqÉç + AmÉ + AÉæýhÉÉãïýiÉç

ப�3ல‡� + அப + ஔ …ேணா…

gym˜I+Ae + H¦–ª¥Yx–Z§

ÌoÉsÉýqÉmÉÉæÿhÉÉãïýýiÉç

ப�3ல…மெபௗ‡ேணா…

gym–ie¦˜ª¥Yx–Z§

TB 2.6.5.1

WûýuÉÏóèÌwÉþ + mÉë + AÉæý¤ÉÏýÈ

ஹ…வ �óèஷி† + �ர + ஔ…��…:

t–pzóèry— + öe + H¦–±z–J

WýuÉÏóèÌwÉý mÉëÉæ¤ÉÏýÈ

ஹ…வ �óèஷி … �ெரௗ��…:

t–pzóèry– öe¦±z–J

57

Vowel Sandhi


9 ‘ar’ (AUç, is formed with a combination ‘a’ (A,Ü, A) and

‘aa’(AÉ,Ý,B) with ‘Ru’( G,¼,E, and ‘Ruu’ ( H,Ï, u) PS 10- 8 When ‘Ru’ follows, vowel ‘a, or ‘aa’ the product is ar. PS 10-9 If a preposition precedes, the product is ‘Ar). PA Book 5. Chapter 11-Rule 91. The Vriddhi (long letter) is the single substitute

when the ‘a’ or A of a preposition is followed by the short ‘Ru’ of a verb

Examples:

Words or Padam before Sa ndhi Words or Padam after Sandhi

xÉýmiÉ GwÉþrÉÈ-xÉýmiÉkÉÉqÉþ ÌmÉëýrÉÉÍhÉþ

ú…ð¢î ¼û†ò…ú¢-úð¢îî£4ñ†

s–eë Er—jJ-s–eëcxi— öey–jxYy

xÉýmiÉwÉïþrÉÈ-xÉýmiÉkÉÉqÉþ ÌmÉëýrÉÉÍhÉþ

ú…ð¢îó¢û†ò…ú¢-úð¢îî£4ñ†

s–eëªr—jJ-s–eëcxi— öey–jxYy

ÌuÉïýµÉMüþqÉÉïý qÉlÉÉãþ aÉlkÉýuÉïxiÉxrÉþ GMüç

xÉÉýqÉÉlrÉþ

õ¤…Ÿ¢õè†ó¢ñ£… ñ«ù£†

è3ï¢î…4ó¢õú¢-îú¢ò† ¼è¢-

ÌuÉïýµÉMüþqÉÉïý qÉlÉÉãþ aÉlkÉýuÉïxiÉxrÉþZÉïç

xÉÉýqÉÉlrÉþ

õ¤…Ÿ¢õè†ó¢ñ£… ñ«ù£†

è3ï¢î…4ó¢õú¢-îú¢ò†ó¢è¢2-

Vowel Sandhi


ú£…ñ£ù¢ò†

i¥dx— MÊ–ªp-sësõ— EK§§ sx–ixdõ—

ú£…ñ£ù¢ò†

i¥dx— MÊ–ªp-sësõ—ªL§ sx–ixdõ—

AÉrÉýlÉç iÉmÉýxÉ GwÉþrÉýÈ xÉÑuÉýUluÉþ-

ÌuÉlSýlÉç iÉmÉþxÉÉ

Ýò…ï¢ îð…ú ¼û†òýú¢

ú§õ…óù¢-õ†õ¤ï¢î…3ù¢

Bj–© Ze–s Er—jýJ s¡p–kdû—pyÉ–©

AÉrÉýlÉç iÉmÉýxÉwÉïþrÉýÈ xÉÑuÉýUluÉþ-ÌuÉlSýlÉç

iÉmÉþxÉÉ

Ýò…ï¢ îð…úó¢û†òýú¢

ú§õ…óù¢-õ†õ¤ï¢î…3ù¢

Bj–© Ze–sªr—jýJ s¡p–kdû—pyÉ–©

TS 1.5.9.6 (example for preposition)

iÉqÉç + EmÉ + GýcNûûýÌiÉý |

த� + உப + � …�ச…2தி…

ZI + De + E–Pâ–Zy– |

iÉqÉÑmÉÉÿcNïûýÌiÉ

த�பா‡�ச…2தி

Zi¡ex˜ªPâ–Zy

59

Vowel Sandhi


Example from PA by Author

mÉë+ GýcNûûýÌiÉý |

�ர+ � …�ச…2தி…

öe +E–Pâ–Zy–

mÉëÉcNïûýÌiÉ

�ரா�ச…2தி

öex˜ªPâ–Zy

Vowel Sandhi


10 ‘al’ (AsÉç, is formed with a combination ‘a’ (A,Ü, A) and ‘aa’( AÉ,Ý,B) with ‘lRu’( sÉ× ô¢¼ m£)

and ‘lRuu’ (( sÉÚ ô¢Ï m§u)

No examples have been found from standard Vedic suktams or Pada Paatam.

61

Vowel Sandhi


11 ‘e’ (C Þ C) and ‘ee’ (D ß C¦) changes to

‘y’ ( rÉç, ò¢, c§ ) followed by other Vowels PS 10-15 ‘e’ vowel and ‘u’ vowel become ‘y’ and ‘v’ re spectively

PA Book 5 Ch 1- 77 – the Semi-vowels ‘y’,’v’,’r’.’l’ are substitutes of the

corresponding vowel ‘e’,’u’.R. lRu when followed by a Vowel

Example with Explanation:

aÉhÉmÉÌiÉ AjÉuÉï-zÉÏwÉÉïqÉç = aÉhÉmÉirÉjÉuÉï-zÉÏwÉÉãïqÉç

è3íðî¤ Üî2ó¢õ-Ÿ¦ó¢ûñ¢ = è3íðî¢òî2ó¢õ-Ÿ¦óûñ¢¢¢

MYeZy Aaªp-qzªri§ = MYeZõaªp-qzªri§

The ‘e’ sound in ‘ÌiÉ’ î¤ Zy becomes ‘y’ rÉç , ò¢, c§ leaving the base letter ‘ÌiÉ’

î¤ Zy with ‘t’ iÉç, î¢, Z§. Now this rÉç , ò¢, c§ combines with following ‘a’ to

become ya, rÉ, ò, c. The resultant letter is ‘tya’ irÉ, î¢ò, Zõ after vowel

sandhi.

Vowel Sandhi



CýÌiþÉ EmÉýÌlÉwÉþiÉç ||

Þî¤† àð…ï¤û†î¢

CZ—y De–dyr—Z§

CirÉÑþmÉýÌlÉwÉþiÉç ||

Þî¢»†ð…ï¤û†î¢

CZõ¡—e–dyr—Z§

uÉæýµÉýSãýuÉÏ mÉÑþlÉýiÉÏ SãýuÉÏ AÉaÉÉÿiÉç

«î…3õ¦ ¹†ù…î¦ «î…3õ¦ Ýè£‡3î¢

¤¤p–qû–¥b–pz e¡—d–Zz

¥b–pz BMx˜Z§

uÉæýµÉýSãýuÉÏ mÉÑþlÉýiÉÏ SãýurÉÉaÉÉÿiÉç

«î…3õ¦ ¹†ù…î¦ «î…3õ¢ò£è£‡3î¢

¤¤p–qû–¥b–pz e¡—d–Zz

¥b–põxMx˜Z§

iÉlqÉlÉ CÌiþÉ EmÉÉxÉÏýiÉ |

îù¢ñù Þî¤† àð£ú¦…î

ZÍd CZ—y Dexsz–Z

iÉlqÉlÉ CirÉÑþmÉÉxÉÏýiÉ |

îù¢ñù Þî¢»†ð£ú¦…î

ZÍd CZõ¡—exsz–Z

xÉuÉï ÍqÉÌiþÉ AÉMüÉýzÉã | xÉuÉï ÍqÉþirÉÉMüÉýzÉã |

63

Vowel Sandhi


úó¢õ Þî¤† Ýè£…«Ÿ

sªp-iyZ—y BKx–¥q

úó¢õ ñ¤†î¢ò£è£…«Ÿ

sªp-iy—ZõxKx–¥q

mÉëþrÉÌliÉý AÍpÉ-xÉÇ ÆÌuÉþzÉýliÉÏÌiÉ

þð¢óò†ï¢î¤ý Üð¤4-úñ¢Æõ¤†Ÿ…ï¢î¦î¤†

öe—jÇy– Ahy-sIÆpy—q–ÇzZy—

mÉëþrÉlirÉýÍpÉ-xÉÇ ÆÌuÉþzÉýliÉÏÌiÉ þ|

ð¢óò†ï¢î¢ò…ð¤4-úñ¢Æõ¤†Ÿ…ï¢î¦î¤†

öe—jÇõ–hy-sIÆpy—q–ÇzZy—

AÉý¢üýlSrÉþiÉý CÌiþÉ - AÉý¢üýlSrÉþiÉã

Ý…è¢ó…ï¢îò†î… Þî¤† ---

Ýè¢ó…ï¢îò†«î

B–öK–Éj—Z– CZ—y -

BöK–Éj—¥Z

AÉý¢üýlSrÉþiÉý CirÉÉÿ - ¢üýlSrÉþiÉã

Ý…è¢ó…ï¢îò†î… Þî¢ò£‡ ---

è¢ó…ï¢îò†«î

B–öK–Éj—Z– CZõx˜-öK–Éj—¥Z

LwÉ ÌW LuÉÉlÉþlSrÉÉýÌiÉ | LwÉ ½ãuÉÉlÉþlSrÉÉýÌiÉ |

Vowel Sandhi


ãû ý¤ ãõ£ù†ï¢¢î3ò£…î¤

Gr ty Gpxd—Éjx–Zy |

ãû ý¢«òõ£ù†ï¢¢î3ò£…î¤

Gr ¥tõpxd—Éjx–Zy | mÉÉÌW FeÉïþÇ iÉ×ýiÉÏrÉþrÉÉ |

ð£…ý¤ áó¢ü†ñ¢ î¢¼…î¦ò†ò£ |

ex–ty D¦ªR—I Z£–Zzj—jx |

mÉÉý½ÔeÉïþÇ iÉ×ýiÉÏrÉþrÉÉ |

ð£…ý¢Îó¢ü†ñ¢ î¢¼…î¦ò†ò£ |

ex–tõ¢ªR—I Z£–Zzj—jx |

xxÉæwÉÉ §ÉýrÉÏ LuÉþ ÌuÉý±É iÉþmÉÌiÉý rÉ

Æ¢«ô£…èú¢ ¬úû£ î¢ó…ò¦ ãõ†

Æ¥mx–-¤¤sþrx öZ–jz Gp—

xxÉæwÉÉ §ÉýrrÉãuÉþ ÌuÉý±É iÉþmÉÌiÉý rÉ

Æ¢«ô£…èú¢ ¬úû£ î¢ó…ò¢«òõ†

Æ¥mx–-¤¤sþrx öZ–¥Ðp— py–bõx

CÌiÉ GiÉÑ qÉþhQûsÉÉýÌlÉ |

Þî¤ ¼¶ ñ†í¢ì3ô£…ù¤

CZ—y EZ¡ i—¾mx–dy

CirÉ×iÉÑ qÉþhQûsÉÉýÌlÉ |

Þî¢ò¢¼¶ ñ†í¢ì3ô£…ù¤

CZõ£Z¡ i—¾mx–dy

65

Vowel Sandhi


LåýlSìýuÉÉýrÉýuÉ CÌiÉþ LålSì - uÉÉýrÉýuÉÈ

ä…ï¢î¢ó…3õ£…ò…õ Þî¤þ äï¢î¢ó

3--

õ£…ò…õ:

¤F–öÉx–² CZ—y ¤FöÉA²J

LåýlSìýuÉÉýrÉýuÉ CirÉæÿlSì - uÉÉýrÉýuÉÈ

ä…ï¢î¢ó…3õ£…ò…õ Þî¢¬ò‡ï¢î¢ó

3--

õ£…ò…õ:

¤F–öÉx–² C¤¤Zõ˜öÉ- A²J

Vowel Sandhi


12 ‘u’ (E,à,D) and ‘uu’ (F,á, D¦) changes to

‘v’ ( uÉç, õ¢, e§§ ) combination of other vowels

PS 10-15 ‘e’ vowel and ‘u’ vowel become ‘y’ and ‘v’ re spectively

PA Book 5 Ch 1- 77 – the Semi-vowels ‘y’,’v’,’r’.’l’ are substitutes of the

corresponding vowel ‘e’,’u’.R. lRu when followed by a Vowel


xÉÑ + AÎxiÉ = xuÉÎxiÉ

ú§ + Üú¢î¤ = ú¢õú¢î¤

s¡ + Asëy = sûsëy

The ‘u’ sound in ‘xÉÑ’ ú§ s¡ becomes ‘V’ uÉç, õ¢ , e§ leaving the base letter

‘xÉÑ’ ú§ s¡ with ‘s’ xÉç, ú¢, s§§. Now this uÉç, õ¢ , e§§ combines with

following ‘a’ to become va, uÉ, õ , e.

The resultant letter is ‘sva’ xuÉ, ú¢õ, sû after vowel sandhi.

67

Vowel Sandhi



cÉiÉþxÉëý AÉzÉÉýÈ mÉëcÉþUliÉÑ… AalÉrÉþÈ

êî†ú¢ó… ÝŸ£…: ð¢óê†óï¢¶…-

Üè¢3ùò†:

PZ—ös– Bqx–J öeP—kÇ¡–

A²j—J

cÉiÉþxÉëý AÉzÉÉýÈ mÉëcÉþUliuÉýalÉrÉþÈ

êî†ú¢ó… ÝŸ£…: ð¢óê†óï¢î¢õ…-

è¢3ùò†:

PZ—ös– Bqx–J öeP—kÇû-–

²j—J

Í´ÉrÉþÇ SkÉÉýiÉÑ -™þhÉÏrÉqÉÉlÉÇ |

Ÿ¢ó¤ò†ï¢ î3î£…4¶ -

ý¢¼†í¦òñ£ùñ¢

öqyj—I bcx–Z¡-

t£—YzjixdI

Í´ÉrÉþÇ SkÉÉýiuÉ-™þhÉÏrÉqÉÉlÉÇ |

Ÿ¢ó¤ò†ï¢ î3î£…4î¢õ-

ý¢¼†í¦òñ£ùñ¢

öqyj—I bcx–Zû-

t£—YzjixdI

uÉÂþhÉÈ mÉÑýlÉÉiÉÑ AþbÉqÉwÉïýhÉÈ uÉÂþhÉÈ mÉÑýlÉÉiuÉþbÉqÉwÉïýhÉÈ

Vowel Sandhi


õ¼†í: ¹…ù£¶

Ü†è4ñó¢û…í:

e¡–dxZ¡– pk¡—YJ e¡–dxZ¡

At—iªr–YJ

õ¼†í: ¹…ù£î¢õ†è4ñó¢û…í:

e¡–dxZ¡– pk¡—YJ e¡–dxZû—

Niªr–YJ

qÉÉSèkuÉÏÿlÉï-xxÉýliÉÑ AÉåwÉþkÉÏÈ

ñ£î¢3î¢4õ¦‡ó¢-ïú¢-ú…ï¢¶

æû†î¦4:

ixÆûz˜ª dsþ–Ç¡ Hxrcz—J |

qÉÉSèkuÉÏÿlÉï-xxÉýliuÉÉãwÉþkÉÏÈ

ñ£î¢3î¢4õ¦‡ó¢-ïú¢-

ú…ï¢î¢«õ£û†î¦4:

ixÆûz˜ª dsþ–¥Çûxr—czJ |

pÉýSìÉ iÉãþ mÉÔwÉÍ³ÉýWû UÉýÌiÉUç AýxiÉÑ CÌiþÉ

þð…4î¢3ó£ «î† Ìûù¢ù¤…ý

ó£…î¤ó¢ Ü…ú¢¶ Þî¤†

h–öbx ¥Z— e¢rËy–t kx–Zyk§–

pÉýSìÉ iÉãþ mÉÔwÉÍ³ÉýWû UÉýÌiÉUýÎxiuÉÌiÉþ

ð…4î¢3ó£ «î† Ìûù¢ù¤…ý

ó£…î¤ó…ú¢î¢õ¤î¤†

69

Vowel Sandhi


A–së¡ CZ—y h–öbx ¥Z— e¢rËy–t kx–Zyk–

sëûyZy—

AÉpÉÉåaÉÉ: iÉÑ LuÉþ xÉÇrÉýÆÎliÉ |

Ý«ð£4è£3ú¢¶ ãõ†

úñ¢Æòï¢î¤

B¥hxMxsë¡ Gp— sIÆj–Çy

AÉpÉÉåaÉÉxiuÉåuÉþ xÉÇrÉýÆÎliÉ |

Ý«ð£4è£3ú¢î¢«õõ†

úñ¢Æòï¢î¤

B¥hxMx¥sëûp— sIÆj–Çy |

rÉjÉ GiÉÑ LuÉ -uÉÉalÉå-UÍcÉïuÉïhÉïþ

òî2 ¼¶ ãõ-õ£è¢3«ùóó¢-

ê¤ó¢õó¢í

ja EZ¡ Gp -px¥²k-

ªPyªpªY

rÉjÉ¨uÉåï-uÉÉalÉå-UÍcÉïuÉïhÉïþ

òî2ó¢î¢«õ-õ£è¢3«ùóó¢-

ê¤ó¢õó¢í

jaª¥Àû-px¥²kªPyª-

pªY

Vowel Sandhi


AxiÉÑ CÌiþÉ AxiÉÑ

Ü…ú¢¢¶ Þî¤† Ü…ú¢¢¶

A–së¡ CZ—y Asë¡

AýÎxiuÉirÉþxiÉÑ

Ü…ú¢î¢õ¤î¢ò†ú¢¶

A–sëûyZõ—së¡

71

Vowel Sandhi


13 ‘ae’ (L, ã F) changes to ‘a’( A) sound with combination

of Other vowels (except for a, A,Ü,A) or as ‘ay’

(ArÉç,Üò¢,Ac§), PA Book 5 Chapter 1 - 78 – For vowels, ‘ae’, ai. O, au are respectively substituted with ‘ay, Ay, av, Av when vowel follows.

In Veda verses, it takes the option of ‘a’ and not ‘ay’


lÉqÉþxiÉã ÂSì qÉýlrÉuÉþã EýiÉÉãiÉýã CwÉþuÉãý lÉqÉþÈ becomes

lÉqÉþxiÉã ÂSì qÉýlrÉuÉþ EýiÉÉãiÉý CwÉþuÉãý lÉqÉþÈ

ïñ†ú¢«î ¼î¢3ó ñ…ù¢ò«õ† à…«î£«î… Þû†«õ… ïñ: becomes

ïñ†ú¢«î ¼î¢3ó ñ…ù¢òõ† à…«î£î… Þû†«õ… ïñ: †

di—¥së k¡öb i–dõ¥p— D–¥Zx¥Z– Cr—¥p– diJ— becomes

di—¥së k¡öb i–dõp— D–¥ZxZ– Cr—¥p– diJ—

The ‘ae’ sound consists of ‘a’ plus ‘e’ (refer to Section 5).

Vowel Sandhi


The ‘e’ (C, Þ C) sound leaves that letter and it becomes the letter with ‘a’

A,Ü,A sound . In the above example, ‘ae’ sound is followed by vowels ‘e’ C,

Þ C and ‘u’ E,à,D.

This rule is not applicable when followed by ‘a’ (A,Ü,A) since ‘a’ A,Ü,A

becomes an Avagraha. (refer Section 2.4)

Words or Padam before Sandhi Rule Words or Padam after Sandhi

xÉÑýmÉjÉÇþ cÉ qÉã Gý®Ç cÉþ qÉãý, GÎ®þ¶É qÉã ú§…ðî†2ë¢ê «ñ, ¼…î¢3î4ë¢¢ê† «ñ…, ¼î¢3î¤†4Ÿ¢ê «ñ,

s¡–eaI— P ¥i, E–ÆI P— ¥i–, EÆy—Ò ¥i,

xÉÑýmÉjÉÇþ cÉ qÉ Gý®Ç cÉþ qÉý,GÎ®þ¶É qÉã

ú§…ðî†2ë¢ê ñ,¼…î¢3î4ë¢¢ê† ñ…, ¼î¢3î¤†4Ÿ¢ê «ñ,

s¡–eaI— P i, E–ÆI P— i–, EÆy—Ò ¥i,

eÉæ§ÉÇþ cÉ qÉãý, AÉæÎ°þkrÉÇ cÉ qÉã

¬üî¢ó†ë¢ê «ñ…,

eÉæ§ÉÇþ cÉ qÉý,AÉæÎ°þkrÉÇ cÉ qÉã

¬üî¢ó†ë¢ê ñ…,

73

Vowel Sandhi


å÷î¢3ð¤†4î¢4òë¢ê «ñ,

¤¤RöZI—P ¥i–, H¦b§hy—bõI P ¥i

å÷î¢3ð¤†4î¢4òë¢ê «ñ,

¤¤RöZI— P i–, H¦b§hy—bõI P ¥i

uÉÏýÂkÉþ¶É qÉãý, AÉãwÉþkÉrÉ¶É qÉã,

õ¦…¼î†4Ÿ¢ê «ñ…,

æû†î4òŸ¢ê «ñ,

pz–k¡c—Ò¥i– Hxr—cjÒ ¥i,

uÉÏýÂkÉþ¶É qÉý, AÉãwÉþkÉrÉ¶É qÉã,

õ¦…¼î†4Ÿ¢ê ñ…,

æû†î4òŸ¢ê «ñ,

pz–k¡c—Ò i–, Hxr—cjÒ ¥i,

qÉã, ÅliÉrÉÉïýqÉ¶Éþ qÉã, LålSìuÉÉrÉýuÉ¶Éþ qÉã, qÉæ§ÉÉuÉÂýhÉ¶Éþ qÉã,AÉÍµÉýlÉ¶Éþ qÉã «ñ Åï¢îó¢ò£…ñŸ¢ê† «ñ, äï¢î¢3óõ£ò…õŸ¢ê† «ñ, ¬ñî¢ó£-õ¼…íŸ¢ê† «ñ,

ÝŸ¢õ¤…ùŸ¢ê† «ñ,

qÉã, ÅliÉrÉÉïýqÉ¶Éþ qÉ, LålSìuÉÉrÉýuÉ¶Éþ

qÉã, qÉæ§ÉÉuÉÂýhÉ¶Éþ qÉ,AÉÍµÉýlÉ¶Éþ qÉã

«ñ Åï¢îó¢ò£…ñŸ¢ê† ñ, äï¢î¢3óõ£ò…õŸ¢ê† «ñ, ¬ñî¢ó£-õ¼…íŸ¢ê† ñ,

ÝŸ¢õ¤…ùŸ¢ê† «ñ,

¥i, „Çkõx–iÒ— i,

Vowel Sandhi


¥i, „Çkõx–iÒ— ¥i, ¤FöÉpxj–pÒ— ¥i, ¤¤iöZxpk¡–YÒ— ¥i,

Bqûy–dÒ— ¥i,

¤FöÉpxj–pÒ— ¥i, ¤¤iöZxpk¡–YÒ— i,

Bqûy–dÒ— ¥i,

uÉæµÉÉlÉýU¶Éþ qÉã GiÉÑaÉëýWûÉ¶Éþ qÉã, ÅÌiÉaÉëÉý½Éÿ¶É qÉã, LålSìÉýalÉ¶Éþ qÉã ¬õŸ¢õ£ï…óŸ¢ê† «ñ,

¼¶è¢3ó…ý£Ÿ¢ê† «ñ, Åî¤è¢3ó£…ý¢ò£‡Ÿ¢ê «ñ, äï¢î¢3ó£…è¢3ùŸ¢ê† «ñ,

¤¤pqûxd–kÒ— ¥i,

EZ¡öM–txÒ— ¥i, „ZyöMx–tõx˜Ò ¥i, ¤FöÉx–²Ò— ¥i,

uÉæµÉÉlÉýU¶Éþ qÉ GiÉÑaÉëýWûÉ¶Éþ qÉã,

ÅÌiÉaÉëÉý½Éÿ¶É qÉ, LålSìÉýalÉ¶Éþ qÉã

¬õŸ¢õ£ï…óŸ¢ê† ñ, ¼¶è¢3ó…ý£Ÿ¢ê† «ñ, Åî¤è¢3ó£…ý¢ò£‡Ÿ¢ê ñ, äï¢î¢3ó£…è¢3ùŸ¢ê† «ñ,

¤¤pqûxd–kÒ— i,

EZ¡öM–txÒ— ¥i, „ZyöMx–tõx˜Ò i, ¤FöÉx–²Ò— ¥i,

75

Vowel Sandhi


Note: ‘a’ in athikraahyaascha has become avagraha since it is ‘a’ , all other vowels follow the base ‘a’ sound of that letter. Please note in Vedic rendering, mostly the ‘ae’ bef ore vowel changes to ‘a’ when we referred some areas of Samhita Pada Paatam and Rudr a Kramam.

Change to ‘ ay’ ArÉç,Üò¢,Ac§) has not been observed.

Vowel Sandhi


14 ‘ai’, (Lã ä ¤F) changes to ‘aa’ ( AÉ Ý B

or ‘ay’( ArÉç,Üò¢,Ac§ ) with combination of any Vowel

PS 6-14 ‘ai’ becomes ay before other vowels PA Book 5 – Chapter 1- 78 – For vowels, ‘ae’, ai. O, au are respectively

substituted with ‘ay, Ay, av, Av when vowel follows

In vedic verses, ‘ai’ becomes ‘A’ rather than ‘ay’


AÉmÉÉåý uÉæ AýalÉåUÉýrÉÉiÉþlÉÇ becomes AÉmÉÉåý uÉÉ AýalÉåUÉýrÉÉiÉþlÉÇ

Ý«ð£… ¬õ Ü…è¢3«ù-ó£…ò£î†ùñ¢ becomes

Ý«ð£… õ£ Ü…è¢3«ù-ó£…ò£î†ùñ¢

B¥ex– ¤¤p A–¥²kx–jxZ—dI becomes

B¥ex– px A–¥²kx–jxZ—dI

‘Vai’ in the above example with ‘ai’ sound becomes the ‘aa’ sound and becomes

‘vaa’.

Notes:

Words like ‘asmai, tasmai, etai become asmaa, tasmaa, etaa before a word starting with

Vowel.

Change to ‘Ay’ sound is rarely found. In Vedic text, a sample study of Pada Paadam reveals

‘ai’ sound converts to ‘aa’ sound rather than ‘ay’.

77

Vowel Sandhi



AÉmÉÉåý uÉæ AýqÉÑwrÉý-iÉmÉþiÉ AÉýrÉiÉþlÉÇ

Ý«ð£… ¬õ Ü…ºû¢ò…-îð†î

Ý…òî†ùñ¢

B¥ex– ¤¤p A–i¡rõ–-Ze—Z

B–jZ—dI

AÉmÉÉåýuÉÉ AýqÉÑwrÉý-iÉmÉþiÉ AÉýrÉiÉþlÉÇ

Ý«ð£…õ£ Ü…ºû¢ò…-îð†î

Ý…òî†ùñ¢

B¥ex–px A–i¡rõ–-Ze—Z

B–jZ—dI

U¤ÉþxÉãý WûliÉý uÉæ Eþ

óþ†«ú… ýï¢î… ¬õ à†

k±—¥s– tÇ– ¤¤p D—

U¤ÉþxÉãý WûliÉý uÉÉ Eþ

óþ†«ú… ýï¢î… õ£ à†

k±—¥s– tÇ– px D—

xÉuÉãïþwÉÑý uÉæ LýwÉÑ sÉÉãýMãüwÉÑþ

úó¢«õ†û§… ¬õ ã…û§

«ô£…«èû§†

xÉuÉãïþwÉÑý uÉÉ LýwÉÑ sÉÉãýMãüwÉÑþ

úó¢«õ†û§… õ£ ã…û§

«ô£…«èû§†

Vowel Sandhi


sª¥p—r¡– ¤¤p G–r¡

¥mx–¥Kr¡

sª¥p—r¡– px G–r¡

¥mx–¥Kr¡

xÉÇÆýuÉýjxÉýUxrÉý uÉæ LýwÉÉ mÉëþÌiÉýqÉÉ

úñ¢Æõî¢2ú…óú¢ò… ¬õ ã…û£

ð¢ó†î¤…ñ£

sI–Æp–a§s–ksõ– ¤¤p G–rx

öe—Zy–ix

xÉÇÆýuÉýjxÉýUxrÉý uÉÉ LýwÉÉ mÉëþÌiÉýqÉÉ

úñ¢Æõî¢2ú…óú¢ò… õ£ ã…û£

ð¢ó†î¤…ñ£

sI–Æp–a§s–ksõ– px G–rx öe—

Zy–ix

iÉqÉýWûqÉýxqÉæ AÉþqÉÑwrÉÉrÉýhÉÉrÉþ

îñ…ýñ…ú¢¬ñ

Ý†ºû¢ò£ò…í£ò†

Zi–ti–¤¤sô B—i¡rõxj–Yxj—

iÉqÉýWûqÉýxqÉÉ AÉþqÉÑwrÉÉrÉýhÉÉrÉþ

îñ…ýñ…ú¢ñ£

Ý†ºû¢ò£ò…í£ò†

Zi–ti–sôx B—i¡rõxj–Yxj—

79

Vowel Sandhi


mÉ×ýÍjÉýurÉæ AÉãwÉþkÉrÉÈ

ð¢¼…î¤…2õ¢¬ò æû†î4òÈ

e£–ay–¤¤põ Hxr—cjJ

mÉ×ýÍjÉýurÉÉ AÉãwÉþkÉrÉÈ

ð¢¼…î¤…2õ¢ò£ æû†î4òÈ

e£–ay–põx Hxr—cjJ

AÉmÉÉãý uÉæ CýSóè xÉuÉïýÇ ÆÌuÉµÉÉþ

Ý«ð£… ¬õ Þ…î3óè úó¢õ…ñ¢

Æõ¤Ÿ¢õ£†

B¥ex– ¤¤p C–bóè sªp–I

Æpyqûx—

AÉmÉÉãý uÉÉ CýSóè xÉuÉïýÇ ÆÌuÉµÉÉþ

Ý«ð£… õ£ Þ…î3óè úó¢õ…ñ¢

Æõ¤Ÿ¢õ£†

B¥ex– px C–bóè sªp–I

Æpyqûx—

xÉÑýaÉÇ qÉãýwÉÉrÉþ qÉãýwrÉæþ AuÉÉÿÇoÉ ÂýSìqÉþÌS

ú§…è3ñ¢ «ñ…û£ò† «ñ…û¢¬ò†

Üõ£‡ñ¢ð3 ¼…î¢3óñ†î¤3

xÉÑýaÉÇ qÉãýwÉÉrÉþ qÉãýwrÉÉþ AuÉÉÿÇoÉ ÂýSìqÉþÌS

ú§…è3ñ¢ «ñ…û£ò† «ñ…û¢ò£†

Üõ£‡ñ¢ð3 ¼…î¢3óñ†î¤3

Vowel Sandhi


s¡–MI ¥i–rxj— ¥i–¤¤rõ—

Apx˜Ig k¡–öbi—by

s¡–MI ¥i–rxj— ¥i–rõx—

Apx˜Ig k¡–öbi—by

81

Vowel Sandhi


15 ‘O’, (AÉå æ Hx) changes to ‘av’ ( AuÉç) or ‘a’ followed by

vowels (Except A,Ü,A) PA Book 5 -1 78 – For vowels, ‘ae’, ai. O, au are r espectively substituted

with ‘ay, Ay, av, Av when vowel follows. Note: This example is not easily available from Ved a Mantras as most of the ‘O’ sound results out of Visarga. We have given examples from grammar books and articles. Only one example was available through search in Pa da Paatam .

mÉÉã+AlÉ: =mÉuÉlÉ: , «ð£+Üù: =ðõù:, ¥ex+Ad: =epd: (mÉç + AuÉç) + AlÉ:, ð¢+ Üõ¢+ Üù: , e§+ Ap§+ Ad: The O (AÉå, æ, Hx) sound in PO becomes ‘av’ (AuÉç,Üõ¢,Ap§ leaving ‘p’ mÉç ð¢ e§. The ‘a’ A, Ü A of this ‘av’ combines with ‘p’ to become ‘pa’, mÉ, ð, e and

v combines with a to become va. uÉ, õ, p.


TS 2.4.12.3

ÌuÉwhÉÉãÿ + LÌiÉþ(AÉ) + CýÌWûý (LýÌWûý) வ� ேணா‡+ ஏதி†(ஆ) + இ…ஹி… (ஏஹி) py¥rêx˜+GZy—+C–ty– (Gty–)

ÌuÉwhÉýuÉãÌWû

வ� ண…ேவஹி

pyrê–¥ptz–

Vowel Sandhi


pÉÉlÉÉã + CSqÉç ð£4«ù£ + Þîñ¢ hx¥dx + Cbi§

pÉÉlÉÌuÉSqÉç

ð£4ùõ¤îñ¢

hxdpybi§

ÌuÉwhÉÉã+LiÉiÉç õ¤û¢«í£+ãîî¢ py¥rêx+GZZ§

ÌuÉwhÉuÉãiÉiÉç õ¤û¢í«õîî¢ pyrê¥pZZ§

83

Vowel Sandhi


16 ‘au’, (AÉæ,å÷,H¦) changes to ‘aav’

(AÉuÉç,Ýõ¢,Bp§ with combination of any Vowel PA Book 5 -1 78 – For vowels, ‘ae’, ai. O, au are r espectively substituted

with ‘ay, Ay, av, Av when vowel follows.


AÉãÇ xÉýWû lÉæþ AuÉiÉÑ becomes AÉãÇ xÉýWû lÉÉþuÉuÉiÉÑ

æñ¢ ú…ý ªï÷† Üõ¶ becomes æñ¢ ú…ý ï£†õõ¶

HxI s–t d¦— A pZ¡ becomes HxI s–t dx—ppZ¡

The ‘au’ ‘lÉæ,þ ªï÷, d¦ becomes’ lÉç+AÉuÉç, ï¢ +Ýõ¢, d§§+Be§§.

This results in the base letter becoming lÉÉ, ï£. dx.

Now this uÉç, õ¢ , e§§ combines with following ‘a’ to become va, uÉ, õ , e.

The resultant letter is ‘Na- va’ lÉÉþ-uÉ, ï£†-õ, dx—-p after vowel sandhi.

Note: It becomes ‘aa’ in exceptional circumstances if ‘v’ sound is elided .

Vowel Sandhi



mÉëhÉÏþiÉÉæý CÌiþÉ mÉë - lÉÏýiÉÉæý

ð¢óí¦†ªî÷ Þî¤… ð¢ó---ï¦…ªî÷…

öeYz—Z¦– CZ—y öe - dz–Z¦–

mÉëhÉÏþiÉÉýÌuÉÌiÉý mÉë - lÉÏýiÉÉæý

ð¢óí¦†î£…õ¤î¤… ð¢ó --- ï¦…ªî÷…

öeYz—Zx–pyZy– öe - dz–Z¦– >

rÉ¶ÉÉ xÉÉæþ AÉÌSýirÉã |

òŸ¢ê£ ªú÷†- Ýî¤…3î¢«ò

jÒx s¦ Bby¥Zõ

rÉ¶ÉÉxÉÉþ-uÉÉÌSýirÉã |

òŸ¢ê£ ú£†- õ£î¤…3î¢«ò

jÒx sx pxby¥Zõ

SÒýaÉÉïÍhÉý ÌuÉµÉÉþ lÉÉæý LuÉý ÍxÉlkÉÑþÇ

¶…3ó¢è£3í¤… õ¤Ÿ¢õ£† ªï÷…

ãõ… ú¤ï¢¶†4ï¢¢

pyqûx— d¦– Gp– syÊ¡—I b¡ky–ZxZõ–²yJ

SÒýaÉÉïÍhÉý ÌuÉµÉÉþ lÉÉýuÉãuÉý ÍxÉlkÉÑþÇ

¶…3ó¢è£3í¤… õ¤Ÿ¢õ£† ï£…«õõ…

ú¤ï¢¶†4ï¢¢

pyqûx— dx–¥pp– syÊ¡—I b¡ky–ZxZõ–²yJ

85

Vowel Sandhi


qÉãýkÉÉÇ qÉãþ AýÍµÉlÉÉæþ EýpÉÉ-uÉÉkÉþ¨ÉÉÇý

«ñ…î£4ñ¢ «ñ† Ü…Ÿ¢õ¤ªï÷†

à…ð£4-õ£î†4î¢î£…ñ¢

¥i–cxI ¥i— A–qûyd¦—

D–hxpxc—ÀxI–

qÉãýkÉÉÇ qÉãþ AýÍµÉlÉÉþ uÉÑýpÉÉ-uÉÉkÉþ¨ÉÉÇý

«ñ…î£4ñ¢ «ñ†

Ü…Ÿ¢õ¤ù£†¾…ð£4-õ£î†4î¢î£…ñ¢

¥i–cxI ¥i— A–qûydx—p¡–hx-

pxc—ÀxI–

¶ÉÉËUþ¹-lÉãÍqÉ¶É xÉãlÉÉÌlÉ aÉëÉqÉýhrÉÉþæ EýuÉïzÉÏþ cÉ

«úù£ù¤ è¢ó£3ñ…í¢ªò÷†

à…ó¢õŸ¦† ê

¥diyÒ ¥sdxdy

öMxi–Yj¦— D–ªpqz— P

¶ÉÉËUþ¹-lÉãÍqÉ¶É xÉãlÉÉÌlÉ aÉëÉqÉýhrÉÉþ uÉÑýuÉïzÉÏþ cÉ

«úù£ù¤

è¢ó£3ñ…í¢ò£†¾…ó¢õŸ¦† ê

¥diyÒ ¥sdxdy öMxi–Yõx—

p¡–ªpqz— P

Vowel Sandhi


17 ‘Ruu’ ( H Ï u) is formed with a combination of

‘Ru’(G¼ E) and ‘Ruu’ ( H Ï u)

This combination is similar to formation of ‘aa’ with a and aa.

The rule is

G+ G = H ¼+¼= Ï, E+ E= u

G+ H = H ¼+ Ï= Ï E+ u = u

H + G = H Ï +¼ = Ï u + E = u

H + H = H Ï + Ï = Ï u + u = u

Note: No examples found from well-known Sukthams or mantras.

87

Vowel Sandhi


18 ‘lRuu’ ( sÉÚ ô¢Ï m§u) is formed with a combination of

‘lRu’( sÉ× ô¢¼ m£) and ‘lRuu’ (( sÉÚ ô¢Ï m§u)

sÉ× + sÉ× = sÉÚ ô¢¼+ ô¢¼= ô¢Ï m£ + m£ = m§u sÉ×+ sÉÚ = sÉÚ ô¢¼+ ô¢Ï= ô¢Ï m£ + m§u = m§u sÉÚ + sÉ× = sÉÚ ô¢Ï + ô¢¼ =ô¢Ï m§u + m£ = m§u sÉÚ+ sÉÚ = sÉÚ ô¢Ï + ô¢Ï = ô¢Ï m§u+ m§u = m§u

This combination of letters or words has not been found in normal Veda mantras.

Vowel Sandhi


19 Single Vowel letters do not combine

Rule: When a single vowel letter stands for a speci fic meaning and sound,

they donot combine with other words/letters.


rÉÉò¶Éþ ÌuÉý©rÉÉóè Eþ cÉý lÉ mÉëþÌuÉý©

õ¤…î¢3ñò£óè à† ê… ï ð¢ó†õ¤…î¢3ñ

py–b§ijxóè D— P– d öe—py–b§i

rÉÉò¶Éþ ÌuÉý©rÉÉóè Eþ cÉý lÉ mÉëþÌuÉý©

õ¤…î¢3ñò£óè à† ê… ï ð¢ó†õ¤…î¢3ñ

py–b§ijxóè D— P– d öe—py–b§i

uÉãþSý rÉiÉþ AÉ oÉýpÉÔuÉþ

«õ†î…3 òî† Ý ð…3Ì4õ†

¥p—b– jZ— B g–h¢p

uÉãþSý rÉiÉþ AÉ oÉýpÉÔuÉþ

«õ†î…3 òî† Ý ð…3Ì4õ†

¥p—b– jZ— B g–h¢p

ÌMüòÎxuÉý²lÉÇý Mü Eý xÉ uÉ×ý¤É

è¤ò ú¢õ¤…î¢3õù…é¢è à… ú

õ¢¼…þ

ÌMüòÎxuÉý²lÉÇý Mü Eý xÉ uÉ×ý¤É

è¤ò ú¢õ¤…î¢3õù…é¢è à… ú

õ¢¼…þ

89

Vowel Sandhi


Kyòsûy–bûdI– K D– s p£–± Kyòsûy–bûdI– K D– s p£–±

Vowel Sandhi


20 Interjections donot combine

Rule: Interjections and exclamations like हे, अहो do not combine.








AýMæïüUuÉþ®ïrÉý-³ÉWûþrÉãý WûliÉý uÉÉ Eþ

ï ý†«ò… ýï¢î… õ£ à†

Ët—¥j– tÇ– px D—

AýMæïüUuÉþ®ïrÉý-³ÉWûþrÉãý WûliÉý uÉÉ Eþ

ï ý†«ò… ýï¢î… õ£ à†

Ët—¥j– tÇ– px D—

91

Vowel Sandhi


21 Dual Noun or Verb forms ending with ee,Uu,ae donot combine

Rule : Dual Noun or Verb froms ending with letters ee, (D ß C¦)

uu, (F,á, D¦) and ae ( L, ã F) do not combine.

In Classical Grammar, these words are termed as Pragrihya. These words are specifically

mentioned with an iti in Pada Paatam. In classical grammar a number o f words ending ‘O’

are also defined as Pragrihya, that may or may not indicate dual noun or verb.

No sandhi will be formed. It retains original form.

Example Dual nouns forms like etou, emou, Emou comes after letters sounding ee, uu or ae,

they donot combine.

SqmÉþiÉÏ LýuÉ pÉþuÉiÉÈ, î3ñ¢ð†î¦ ã…õ ð†4õîÈ, bIe—Zz G–p h—pZJ

The ‘Ae’ L ã G that comes after ‘ee’ sounding letter teeiÉÏ, î¦, Zz does not get

combined. Here Dampati is dual form indicating husband and wife.

Some other commone examples given in the grammar books/sites are:


WûUÏ + LiÉÉæ = WûUÏ LiÉÉæ ýó¦ + ãªî÷ = ýó¦ ãªî÷

Sound ‘ee’ is WûUÏ (dual) followed by

Vowel Sandhi


tkz + GZ¦ = tkz GZ¦ vowel ‘ae’. LiÉÉæ is dual form

TS 1.2.13.2

MüýsmÉrÉþliÉÏ FýkuÉïÇ க…&பய†(த� ஊ… 4வ�

K–mðj—Çz D¦–ªcûI

MüýsmÉrÉþliÉÏ FýkuÉïÇ

க…&பய†(த� ஊ… 4வ�

K–mðj—Çz D¦–ªcûI

TS 4.7.15.6

¤Éã§ÉþxrÉ mÉ¦ÉÏý AÍkÉþ ே� ர†+ய ப ன �… அதி†4

¥±öZ—sõ eÙz– Acy—

¤Éã§ÉþxrÉ mÉ¦ÉÏý AÍkÉþ ே� ர†+ய ப ன �… அதி†4

¥±öZ—sõ eÙz– Acy—

ÌuÉwhÉÔ +LqÉÉæ = ÌuÉwhÉÔ LqÉÉæ õ¤û¢È +ãªñ÷ = õ¤û¢È ãªñ÷ pyrê¢ +Gi¦ = pyrê¢ Gi¦

Sound ‘uu’ is followed by vowel ‘ae’

ÌuÉwhÉÔ is dual LqÉÉæ is also dual

TS 4.4.11.1

uÉÉUç.ÌwÉþMüÉuÉ×ýiÉÔ CýwÉ

U sound followed by ‘i’

uÉÉUç.ÌwÉþMüÉuÉ×ýiÉÔ CýwÉ

93

Vowel Sandhi


வா.ஷி†கா.� …/ இ…ஷ

pxªry—Kxp£–Z¢ C–r

வா.ஷி†கா.� …/ இ…ஷ

pxªry—Kxp£–Z¢ C–r

TS 1.5.2.3

mÉýzÉuÉþ LýiÉã AÉWÒûþiÉÏý ப…ஶவ† ஏ…ேத ஆஹு†த� e–qp— G–¥Z Bt¡—Zz–

‘ae’ sound followed by ‘A’

mÉýzÉuÉþ LýiÉã AÉWÒûþiÉÏý

ப…ஶவ† ஏ …ேத ஆஹு †த�

e–qp— G–¥Z Bt¡—Zz– TS 1.7.13.5

AýxqÉã AÉýUÉÎŠýSè²ãwÉþÈ அ…+ேம ஆ…ரா�சி… 3 3ேவஷ†: A–¥sô B–kx¶y–b§-¥bûr—J

AýxqÉã AÉýUÉÎŠýSè²ãwÉþÈ

அ…+ேம ஆ…ரா�சி… 3 3ேவஷ†: A–¥sô B–kx¶y–b§-¥bûr—J

Vowel Sandhi


22 Control Sheet for understanding of Rule:

First

Letter

Following Letters

a ‘aa E,ee U,uu Ae ai O Au Ru,

RU

Lru,

LRU

‘a’ aa aa Ae O ai ai au au ar al

aa aa/Å aa/ÅÅ Ae O ai ai au au aar aal

e.ee y y ee* y* y* y y y r l

U,uu v v v* uu* v* v v v v l

ae Å a a* a* a* a a a a a

ai ay or

aa

aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa

O Å av av av av av av av av av

au aav /

aa

aav /

aa

aav /

aa

aav /

aa

aav /

aa

aav /

aa

aav /

aa

aav /

aa

aav /

aa

aav /

aa

Ru RU r r r r r r r r RU r

Lru,

LRU

l l l l l l l l l lRU

The sign * denotes that nouns and verbs of dual forms of ee,uu and ae donot combine.

Please remember exceptions and special rules. Please note that there are also other

conditions for exempted vowel sounds based on advanced grammar rules.

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