09 - timber structures

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Timber Structures •Sawn Lumber •Glulam •Plywood

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  • Timber Structures

    Sawn LumberGlulamPlywood

  • Sawn LumberHighly variableClassified by grade Visually or Mechanically gradedGrade depends on number and location of defectsDefects shakes, checks, splits and knots

  • Sawn Lumber is available in lengths up to 20 to 25 with the following cross sectional dimensions:

  • GlulamComposed of strips of sawn lumber glued togetherCan form larger sections than can be obtained from treesCan optimize placement of wood

  • GlulamMember can be any length that can be shipped in the following cross-sections:

  • PlywoodMade from sheets of wood peeled from logsGlued together to from large panelsTypically 4 by 8Available in to 1 1/8 thicknessesUse American Plywood Association literature for strengths

  • Allowable Stress Design of TimberASD design still in use in timberService load stress allowable stressThe allowable stress depends on the species and grade. The following table gives allowable stress values in psi:

  • Allowable Stress Adjustment FactorsAdjustment Factors are used to modify the allowable stress for various use conditions.

    The following table lists the adjustment factors and their applicability:

  • Timber Beam Design Example p. 7 notesConsider a wood frame house with dimensions shown. The first floor will be supported by joists 16 c.c., which, in turn, will be supported on wood sills on basement walls at the exterior, and on spine beams on the interior. The spine beams, in turn, will be supported on columns placed 20 c.c. in order to leave maximum clear space in the basement. Service live load will be assumed as 40 psf, and service dead load, 15 psf. We will assume plywood structural flooring, and No. 2 Southern Pine for the joists and spine beam. The self weight of the joists and spine beams will be assumed to be included in the dead load.

  • Floor Plan

    [email protected] beam60-0 c.c.20-0 c.c.20-0 c.c.20-0 c.c.20-0 c.c.

  • Allowable Stress Values, psi

  • Adjustment FactorsCMCtCD = Load Duration Factor = 1.0 for maximum intensity live load for 10 years, p. 3 notes

  • Adjustment FactorsCL Beam Stability Factor for sawn lumber only, CL = 1.0 for the following conditions (d and b are nominal dimensions):d 2b no lateral support required (2x4)d 4b both ends held in position to prevent overturning (2x8) d 5b one edge of beam laterally supported for entire length. (2x10)d 6b compression edge laterally supported for entire length (2x12)d 7b both edges continously laterally supported (2x14)

    If these conditions are not met CL must be calculated (eq. p. 6 notes).

  • Adjustment FactorsCF - Size FactorCV Volume Factor Only applies to Glulam, p. 3 notesCfu Flat use Factor allowable stress factors are based on loading the narrow edge. Flat use factor modifies the allowable stress when the load is applied to the wide face. Typ.Flat use

  • Adjustment FactorsCr Repetitive use factor For sawn lumber whenever three or more beams in contact or not more than 24 c.c. share a load Cr = 1.15Cc Curvature factor applies only to glulamCf Form factor For circular or diamond shape cross-sectionsCH Shear Stress Factor Can increase allowable shear stress of beam if location and extent of defects is known

  • Detail of Beam Resting on SillCritical shear for design is a distance d from face of supportbasement wall2 x 6 wood sill2 x 12 joistdd20-0

  • Can consider composite section when calculating deflection if sub- floor is properly connected to joists

    2 x 12 joistplywood flange

  • Floor Plan

    [email protected] beam60-0 c.c.20-0 c.c.20-0 c.c.20-0 c.c.20-0 c.c.Spine beam showing loading from joists

  • Available Glulam

  • Allowable Stress Values, psi

  • Adjustment Factors

  • Cp = Column stability factorCD = 1.0 for continuous lateral supportCD 1.0 no intermediate lateral supportequation p. 6 notes

  • Southern Pine Span TablesWhat is the maximum span for Grade 2, 2 x 10 floor joists, spaced 16 c.c., carrying 40 psf live load?Choose a ceiling joist to carry a live load of 20 psf for a span of 15 ft. The joist will be spaced at 24 c.c.An existing floor system is composed of Grade 1, 2 x 12s, spaced 12 c.c. The joists span 14 . What is the maximum allowable live load based on the Southern Pine Span Tables?

  • Biaxial Bending of Beams ExampleChoose a W-shape beam for the factored loading shown using grade 36 steel. The simple beam span is 25 feet and it is continuously braced against instability. It is not necessary to check shear and deflection for this problem.

    3 k/ft2 k/ft345