090731 design of reinforced plastic pips 1004 rev.02
TRANSCRIPT
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2 ISSUED FOR INFORMATION 31/07/09 GG LS
1 ISSUED FOR INFORMATION 05/05/09 GG LS
0 ISSUED FOR INFORMATION 10/04/09 GG LS
REV.NO REASON FOR ISSUE DATE OFISSUE
PREPARED BY APPROVED BY APPR. BYCLIENT
ORIGINATOR: CLIENTPROJECT NO.: SDRL CODE:
- -
SUPPLIER PROJECTNUMBER:
SUPPLIER DOCUMENTNUMBER:
09/004 09/004-CI-0001
CLIENT: DOCUMENT TITLE:
DESIGN OF REINFORCED PLASTIC PIPES according BS7159 & AWWA M45
LT
LT
LT
CHECKEDBY
COOLING WATER PIPING
BANDIRMA CCPP - TURKEY
PAGE :
FIBERPIPE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Design Basis2. Item List3. Tested Modulus of Elasticity for Filament Wound Pipes 4. Resin Characteristics5. Minimum Mechanical Properties of Reinforced Laminate Layers 6. Unit Thickness7. General
7.1 Factors for Design 7.2 Conditions for Design 7.3 Fluid Characteristics7.4 Resin Characteristics7.5 Glass Characteristics7.6 Construction of Chemical Barrier7.7 Construction of Top Coat
8. Pipe8.1 Pipe Input Data8.2 Pipe Output Data8.3 Construction of Mechanical Reinforcement
8.48.5 Design Calculation for Pipe subjected to Vacuum8.6 Design Calculation for Pipe with Specified Stiffness8.7 Buried Pipe
9. Butt Joint9.19.2 Butt Joint Output Data9.3 Construction of Mechanical Reinforcement9.4 Design Calculation9.5 Mechanical Properties
10. Flange10.110.2 Flange Output Data10.3 Calculation Parameters10.4 Operating conditions10.5 Bolting up conditions10.6 Results
11. Elbow11.1 Elbow Input Data11.2 Elbow Output Data11.3 Construction of Mechanical Reinforcement11.411.5 Mechanical Properties11.6 Design Calculation for Elbows subjected to Vacuum11.7 Design Calculation for Elbows with Specified Stiffness
12. Tee12.1 Tee Input Data12.2 Tee Output Data12.3 Construction of Mechanical Reinforcement12.4 Design Calculation for Tee subjected to Internal Pressure 12.5 Mechanical Properties12.6 Compensation Design
Design Calculation for Pipes subjected to Internal Pressure and Bending Moments
Design Calculation for Elbows subjected to Internal Pressure and Bending Moments
Butt Joint Input Data
Flange Input Data
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13. Reducer13.1 Reducer Input Data13.2 Reducer Output Data13.3 Construction of Mechanical Reinforcement13.413.5 Mechanical Properties13.6 Design Calculation for Reducer subjected to Vacuum13.7 Design Calculation for Reducer with Specified Stiffness
14. Cap14.1 Cap Input Data14.2 Cap Output Data14.3 Construction of Mechanical Reinforcement14.414.5 Mechanical Properties14.6 Design Calculation for Caps subjected to Vacuum
Design Calculation for Reducer subjected to Internal Pressure
Design Calculation for Caps subjected to Internal Pressure
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1. Design Basis
The design of pipes and fittings is basec on rules according to BS7159 and BS6464.This standards includes a method of calculation for an appropriate laminate construction based on the allowable unit loading and unit modulus for the type of composite concerned.
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2. Item List
ITEM N° T2400 T2000 T1600 T500 T400 T350 T300 T250 T200 T150 T100 T80 T600 T300
NDNominal Diameter [mm] 2400 2000 1600 500 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 80 600 300
p Design Pressure [bar] 6,2 6,2 6,2 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5
pW Operating pressure [bar] 4,3 4,3 4,3 5,5 5,5 5,5 5,5 5,5 5,5 5,5 5,5 5,5 5,5 5,5
TMaximum Design
Temperature[°C] 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60
pe Design Vacuum [bar] 0,4 0,9 0,4 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,4 0,4
ρc Content Specific Gravity [kg/dm3] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
tl Liner Thickness [mm] 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65
ttc Top Coat Thickness [mm] 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2
Proposed resinReinforcement
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
Choosen resinReinforcement
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicvinyleser LT
isopthalicvinyleser LT
isopthalicvinyleser LT
isopthalicvinyleser LT
isopthalicvinyleser LT
isopthalicvinyleser LT
Proposed resin linerisopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
Choosen resin linerisopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicvinyleser LT
isopthalicvinyleser LT
isopthalicvinyleser LT
isopthalicvinyleser LT
isopthalicvinyleser LT
isopthalicvinyleser LT
εd Allowable Design strain[mm/mm
]0,002 0,002 0,002 0,002 0,002 0,002 0,002 0,002 0,002 0,002 0,002 0,002 0,002 0,002
σRShort Term Failure Stress [Mpa] 240 240 240 240 240 240 240 240 240 240 240 240 240 240
εR Short Term Failure Strain[mm/mm
]0,013 0,013 0,013 0,013 0,013 0,013 0,013 0,013 0,013 0,013 0,013 0,013 0,013 0,013
SFST Short Term Safety Factor 6,3 6,3 6,3 6,3 6,3 6,3 6,3 6,3 6,3 6,3 6,3 6,3 6,3 6,3
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3. Tested Modulus of Elasticity for Filament Wound Pipes
Winding angle ° 55 # 65 70 75
ELAM ta N/mm2 12500 9000 - - -
ELAM tc N/mm2 24000 27000 # - -
G12 N/mm2 10730 10730 ww - -
v12 0,3 0,3 - - -
v21 0,55 0,5 - - -
4. Resin Characteristics
isopthalicpolyester
vinylester MTvinylester MHT vinylester HT
HDT ° 105 125 145 180
Relative density kg/dm3 1,12 1,15 1,15 1,15
5. Minimum Mechanical Properties of Reinforced Laminate Layers (Table 2 BS6464:1984)
Ultimate tensile unit strenght u
(see B.3 of BS6464:1984)
Unit modulus X(see B.4 of
BS6464:1984)
Lap shear
strenght(see B.5
of BS6464:
Specific gravityPoisson's Modulus
Poisson's Modulus
N/mm
(width per kg/m2
glass)
N/mm
(width per kg/m2 glass)N/mm2 kg/dm3 v12 v21
Chopped Strand Mat 200 15898 5 1,5 0,3 0,3Woven Roving 250 17278 5 1,7 0,3 0,3Continuous Rovings 500 28000 5 1,9 0,3 0,01
Unidirectional Roving 1,7 0,3 0,01Mortar 3500 1,12 0,3 0,3
6. Unit Thickness(fig.2 BS6464:1984)
CSM Percentage Glass Content by Mass mgcsm 35 %WR & UR Percentage Glass Content by Mass mgwr 56 %CR Percentage Glass Content by Mass mgcs 75 %
CSM Thickness tcsm 2,05 mm per
kg/m2 glass
WR & UR Thickness twr 1,10 mm per
kg/m2 glass
CR Thickness tcr 0,69 mm per
kg/m2 glass
( )( )RCSM
CSM
dmg
mg−+=
100
56,2
1
( )( )RWR
WR
dmg
mg−+= 100
56,2
1
( )( )RCR
CR
dmg
mg−+= 100
56,2
1
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T2400 T2000 T1600 T500 T400 T350 T300 T250 T200 T150
7. General
7.1. Factors for Design (par. 14.4.1 BS6464:1984)
Design Factor K =3k1k2k3k4k5 6,3 6,3 6,3 6,3 6,3 6,3 6,3 6,3 6 6
Factor relating to Method of Manufacture k1 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5Factor Relating to Long Term Behaviour k2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2Factor relating to Temperature k3 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0Factor relating to Cyclic Loading k4 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1Factor relating to Curing Procedure k5 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1Resin Strain Failure εR mm/mm 0,035 0,035 0,035 0,035 0,035 0,035 0,035 0,035 0,035 0,035Allowable Resin Strain ε =min(εRx0,1;0,0020) mm/mm 0,0020 0,0020 0,0020 0,0020 0,0020 0,0020 0,0020 0,0020 0,0020 0,0020
Chopped Strand Mat Allowable Strain εCSM =uCSM/(XCSMK) mm/mm 0,0020 0,0020 0,0020 0,0020 0,0020 0,0020 0,0020 0,0020 0,0020 0,0020
Woven Roving Allowable Strain εWR =uWR/(XWRK) mm/mm 0,0023 0,0023 0,0023 0,0023 0,0023 0,0023 0,0023 0,0023 0,0023 0,0023Continuous Roving εCS =uCR/(XCRK) mm/mm 0,0028 0,0028 0,0028 0,0028 0,0028 0,0028 0,0028 0,0028 0,0028 0,0028Allowable Design Strain εd =min(ε;εCSM;εWR;εCR) mm/mm 0,002 0,002 0,002 0,002 0,002 0,002 0,002 0,002 0,0020 0,0020
7.2. Conditions for Design
Design Temperature T °C 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60Design Pressure p MPa 0,62 0,62 0,62 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75Operating Pressure pW MPa 0,43 0,43 0,43 0,55 0,55 0,55 0,55 0,55 0,55 0,55Design Vacuum pe MPa 0,04 0,09 0,04 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,06Number of cycles expected in lifetime N cycles 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000Wind ConditionsWind Speed VS m/s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Wind Dynamic Pressure qs =0,613VS
2 Pa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Seismic ConditionsEquivalent Acceleration as g 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00
7.3. Fluid Characteristics
Fluid water water water water water water water water water waterSpecific Gravity ρc kg/dm3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
7.4. Resin Characteristics
Liner Resinisopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicvinyleser LT
isopthalicvinyleser LT
HDT Liner Resin °C 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105Relative Density of Liner Resin dl 1,12 1,12 1,12 1,12 1,12 1,12 1,12 1,12 1,12 1,12
Mechanical Reinforcement Resinisopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicpolyester
isopthalicvinyleser LT
isopthalicvinyleser LT
HDT Mechanical Reinforcement Resin °C 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105
Relative Density of Mechanical Reinforcement Resin
dmr1,12 1,12 1,12 1,12 1,12 1,12 1,12 1,12 1,12 1,12
7.5. Glass Characteristics
Surface Veil - - - - - - - - - -Chopped Strand Mat (CSM) - - - - - - - - - -
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T2400 T2000 T1600 T500 T400 T350 T300 T250 T200 T150
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Roving (CR) - - - - - - - - - -Woven Roving (WR) - - - - - - - - - -Unidirectional Roving (UR) - - - - - - - - - -
7.6. Construction of Chemical Barrier
Adivised Chemical Barrier[C veil tissue /
800 kg/m2 [C veil tissue /
800 kg/m2 CSM][C veil tissue /
800 kg/m2 CSM][C veil tissue /
800 kg/m2 CSM][C veil tissue /
800 kg/m2 CSM][C veil tissue /
800 kg/m2 CSM][C veil tissue /
800 kg/m2 CSM][C veil tissue /
800 kg/m2 CSM][C veil tissue /
800 kg/m2 CSM][C veil tissue /
800 kg/m2 CSM]Thickness mm 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65
7.7. Construction of Top Coat
Used Top Coat Barrier [C veil tissue] [C veil tissue] [C veil tissue] [C veil tissue] [C veil tissue] [C veil tissue] [C veil tissue] [C veil tissue] [C veil tissue] [C veil tissue] Thickness mm 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2
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7. General
7.1. Factors for Design (par. 14.4.1 BS6464:1984)
Design Factor K =3k1k2k3k4k5
Factor relating to Method of Manufacture k1
Factor Relating to Long Term Behaviour k2
Factor relating to Temperature k3
Factor relating to Cyclic Loading k4
Factor relating to Curing Procedure k5
Resin Strain Failure εR
Allowable Resin Strain ε =min(εRx0,1;0,0020)
Chopped Strand Mat Allowable Strain εCSM =uCSM/(XCSMK)
Woven Roving Allowable Strain εWR =uWR/(XWRK)Continuous Roving εCS =uCR/(XCRK)Allowable Design Strain εd =min(ε;εCSM;εWR;εCR)
7.2. Conditions for Design
Design Temperature TDesign Pressure pOperating Pressure pW
Design Vacuum pe
Number of cycles expected in lifetime NWind ConditionsWind Speed VS
Wind Dynamic Pressure qs =0,613VS2
Seismic ConditionsEquivalent Acceleration as
7.3. Fluid Characteristics
FluidSpecific Gravity ρc
7.4. Resin Characteristics
Liner Resin
HDT Liner ResinRelative Density of Liner Resin dl
Mechanical Reinforcement Resin
HDT Mechanical Reinforcement Resin
Relative Density of Mechanical Reinforcement Resin
dmr
7.5. Glass Characteristics
Surface VeilChopped Strand Mat (CSM)
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T100 T80 T600 T300
6 6 6 6
1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5
1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2
1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0
1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1
1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1
0,035 0,035 0,035 0,0350,0020 0,0020 0,0020 0,0020
0,0020 0,0020 0,0020 0,0020
0,0023 0,0023 0,0023 0,00230,0028 0,0028 0,0028 0,0028
0,0020 0,0020 0,0020 0,0020
60 60 60 600,75 0,75 0,75 0,75
0,55 0,55 0,55 0,55
0,06 0,06 0,04 0,041000 1000 1000 1000
33 33 33 33
680 680 680 680
0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00
water water water water1 1 1 1
isopthalicvinyleser LT
isopthalicvinyleser LT
isopthalicvinyleser LT
isopthalicvinyleser LT
105 105 105 1051,12 1,12 1,12 1,12
isopthalicvinyleser LT
isopthalicvinyleser LT
isopthalicvinyleser LT
isopthalicvinyleser LT
105 105 105 105
1,12 1,12 1,12 1,12
- - - -- - - -
09-004_CI0001-02 .xls 9/42
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Roving (CR)Woven Roving (WR)Unidirectional Roving (UR)
7.6. Construction of Chemical Barrier
Adivised Chemical BarrierThickness
7.7. Construction of Top Coat
Used Top Coat BarrierThickness
T100 T80 T600 T300
- - - -- - - -- - - -
[C veil tissue / 800 kg/m2 CSM]
[C veil tissue / 800 kg/m2 CSM]
[C veil tissue / 800 kg/m2 CSM]
[C veil tissue / 800 kg/m2 CSM]
1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65
[C veil tissue] [C veil tissue] [C veil tissue] [C veil tissue] 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2
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T2400 T2000 T1600 T500 T400 T350 T300 T250 T200 T150 T100
8. Pipe
8.1 Pipe Input Data
Geometrical Input
Configuration Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal
Type of Support BuriedSimply
SupportedSimply
SupportedBuried Buried Buried Buried Buried Buried Buried Buried
Nominal Bore ND mm 2400 2000 1600 500 400 350 300 250 200 150 100
Distance between Joints mm 11200 11200 11200 11200 11200 11200 11200 11200 11200 11200 11200
Maximum Distance between Supports to limite deflection to 1/300 of the span Lmax mm 0 15430 13117 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Maximum Deflection f mm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00
Assumed Distance between Supports / Pipe Lenght L mm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Minimum Width of Support mm 268 245 219 122 110 102 95 87 77 67 55
Coefficient of thermal expansion 1/°C 1,8E-05 1,8E-05 1,8E-05 1,8E-05 1,8E-05 1,8E-05 1,8E-05 1,8E-05 1,8E-05 1,8E-05 1,8E-05
Internal Loads
Design Pressure p N/mm2 0,62 0,62 0,62 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75
Design Vacuum pe N/mm2 0,04 0,09 0,04 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,06
Operating pressure pW N/mm2 0,43 0,43 0,43 0,55 0,55 0,55 0,55 0,55 0,55 0,55 0,55
8.2 Pipe Output Data
Pipe Thickness
Pipe Mechanical Reinforcement Thickness tr mm 19,3 16,9 13,3 7,0 7,0 5,6 5,6 4,2 4,2 2,8 2,8
Internal Liner Thickness tl mm 1,7 1,7 1,7 1,7 1,7 1,7 1,7 1,7 1,7 1,7 1,7
Top Coat Thickness ttc mm 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2
Pipe Total Thickness tt =tr+tl+ttc mm 21,1 18,8 15,1 8,8 8,8 7,4 7,4 6,0 6,0 4,6 4,6
Pipe Diameters
Pipe Structural Diameter D =ND+2tl mm 2403,3 2003,3 1603,3 503,3 403,3 353,3 303,3 253,3 203,3 153,3 103,3
Pipe Outside Diameter Do =ND+2tt mm 2442,2 2037,6 1630,3 517,6 417,6 364,8 314,8 262,1 212,1 159,3 109,3
Mean Pipe Diameter Dm =ND+tt mm 2421,1 2018,8 1615,1 508,8 408,8 357,4 307,4 256,0 206,0 154,6 104,6
Pipe Specific Gravity
Pipe mechanical reinforcement specific gravity SGP =SGiti/tr kg/dm31,9 1,9 1,9 1,9 1,9 1,9 1,9 1,9 1,9 1,9 1,9
WeightsStiffener Ring Weight WSR O+d3+d4)(2A2ρ2+2A3ρ3+Akg/m 72,9 81,1 38,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Pipe Mechanical Reinforcement Weight WR =πDtrρr kg/m 276,2 202,6 127,1 20,9 16,8 11,8 10,1 6,3 5,1 2,5 1,7
Pipe Mechanical Reinforcement + Stiffeners Rings Weight WR+SR =WSR+WR kg/m 349,0 283,6 165,5 20,9 16,8 11,8 10,1 6,3 5,1 2,5 1,7
Pipe Liner Weight WL =πNDtlρl kg/m 18,7 15,6 12,4 3,9 3,1 2,7 2,3 1,9 1,6 1,2 0,8
Pipe Top Coat Weight WTC =π(DO-2ttc)ttcρtc kg/m 1,7 1,4 1,1 0,4 0,3 0,3 0,2 0,2 0,1 0,1 0,1
Pipe Total Weight WT =WR+SR+WL+WTC kg/m 369,4 300,6 179,1 25,2 20,2 14,7 12,6 8,4 6,8 3,8 2,6
Weight of Contents WC =((πND2)tlρl)/4 kg/m 4523,9 3141,6 2010,6 196,3 125,7 96,2 70,7 49,1 31,4 17,7 7,9
8.3 Construction of Mechanical Reinforcement
Continuous Cross Roving Grammature g/m2 2051 2051 2051 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024
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T2400 T2000 T1600 T500 T400 T350 T300 T250 T200 T150 T100
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Continuous Cross Roving Angle θ 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55
Longitudinal Unit Modulus XLAMa N/mm 8603 8603 8603 8603 8603 8603 8603 8603 8603 8603 8603
Circumferential Unit Modulus XLAMc N/mm 16518 16518 16518 16518 16518 16518 16518 16518 16518 16518 16518
Poisson Modulus for Continuous Cross Roving vac 0,30 0,30 0,30 0,30 0,30 0,30 0,30 0,30 0,30 0,30 0,30
Poisson Modulus for Continuous Cross Roving vca 0,55 0,55 0,55 0,55 0,55 0,55 0,55 0,55 0,55 0,55 0,55
CSM-Chopped Strand Mat
UR-Unidirectional Roving
WR-Woven Roving
CPR-Continuous Parallel Roving
CCR-Continuous Cross Roving
CPR Grammature g/m2 840 0 840 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CPR Layers n° 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CPR Thickness t mm 2,3 0,0 0,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
CPR Neutral Axis z mm 8,47 0,00 6,35 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00
CPR Momet of Inertia I mm3 215,2967625 0 25,51469998 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CRR Grammature g/m2 2051 2051 2051 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024
CRR Layers n° 12 12 9 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2
CRR Thickness t mm 16,9 16,939 12,7 7,0 7,0 5,6 5,6 4,2 4,2 2,8 2,8
CRR Neutral Axis z mm -1,16 0,00 -0,29 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00
CRR Momet of Inertia I mm3 405,0296953 405,0296953 170,8719027 28,15708446 28,15708446 14,41642724 14,41642724 6,081930243 6,081930243 1,802053405 1,802053405
Total Mechanical Reinforcement thickness t mm 19,3 16,9 13,3 7,0 7,0 5,6 5,6 4,2 4,2 2,8 2,8
Mechanical Reinforcement Neutral Axis z mm -1,1563 0,0000 -0,2891 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000
OK!>2 mm OK!>2 mm OK!>2 mm OK!>2 mm OK!>2 mm OK!>2 mm OK!>2 mm OK!>2 mm OK!>2 mm OK!>2 mm OK!>2 mm
Mechanical Reinforcement Laminate Sequence
[ / / /4xcpr840/12xccr2051/ / / / / / ]
[ / / / /12xccr2051/ /
/ / / / ]
[ / / /1xcpr840/9xccr2051/ / / / / /
]
[ / / / /5xccr2024/ / /
/ / / ]
[ / / / /5xccr2024/ / /
/ / / ]
[ / / / /4xccr2024/ / /
/ / / ]
[ / / / /4xccr2024/ / /
/ / / ]
[ / / / /3xccr2024/ / /
/ / / ]
[ / / / /3xccr2024/ / /
/ / / ]
[ / / / /2xccr2024/ / /
/ / / ]
[ / / / /2xccr2024/ / /
/ / / ]
8.4 Design Calculation for Pipes subjected to Internal Pressure and Bending Moments
Loads on pipeAxial Unit Load(pressure) Qap =Dp/4 N/mm 373 311 249 94 76 66 57 47 38 29 19
Axial Unit Load(moments) Qam =MD/(πD2)+Ft/(πD) N/mm 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Axial Unit Load (pressure and bending moments) Qa =Qap+Qam N/mm 373 311 249 94 76 66 57 47 38 29 19
Circumferential Unit Load (pressure) Qcp =Dp/2 N/mm 745,0 621,0 497,0 188,7 151,2 132,5 113,7 95,0 76,2 57,5 38,7
Circumferential Unit Load (deflection) Qcm N/mm 298,1 0,0 0,0 130,8 120,3 89,1 77,6 74,1 68,2 51,1 50,0
Circumferential Unit Load (pressure and deflection) Qc =Qcp+Qcm N/mm 1043,1 621,0 497,0 319,5 271,5 221,6 191,4 169,0 144,4 108,6 88,8
Shear N/mm 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Compressive Load Qac =FC/(πND) N/mm 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Buckling
Permissibile Axial Compressive Load to prevent buckling Qp =0,6trXLAMa/(SF*ND) N/mm 256 260 194 176 220 161 188 127 158 94 141
Permissibile Bending Load to prevent buckling Qm =1,3QP N/mm 332 338 252 229 286 209 244 165 206 122 183
Permissibile Shear Load to prevent buckling Qs=1,169trXLAMa(tr/ND5)1/
4(ND/L)1/2/SF N/mm 2389293716 2248501179 1489774314 861020966 1017879192 680993031 764456468 458803304 542386719 270276176 366333142
Safety Factor for Buckling SF 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
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Interaction Criterion for Buckling=abs(Qac/Qp)+abs(Qam
/Qm)+(S/Qs)2 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00
OK!<1 OK!<1 OK!<1 OK!<1 OK!<1 OK!<1 OK!<1 OK!<1 OK!<1 OK!<1 OK!<1
Mechanical PropertiesLongitudinal Unit Modulus XLAMa =(Ximini)a N/mm 219832 211738 160827 87063 87063 69650 69650 52238 52238 34825 34825
OK! OK! OK! OK! OK! OK! OK! OK! OK! OK! OK!
Circumferential Unit Modulus XLAMc =(Ximini)c N/mm 500618 406538 328423 167161 167161 133729 133729 100296 100296 66864 66864
Longitudinal Tensile Modulus of the Laminate ELAMta =XLAMa/tr N/mm2 11419 12500 12108 12500 12500 12500 12500 12500 12500 12500 12500
Circumferential Tensile Modulus of the Laminate ELAMtc =XLAMc/tr N/mm2 26004 24000 24726 24000 24000 24000 24000 24000 24000 24000 24000
Longitudinal Flexural Modulus of the Laminate ELAMfa =(EiIi/ΣIi)a N/mm2 9376 12500 11331 12500 12500 12500 12500 12500 12500 12500 12500
Circumferential Flexural Modulus of the Laminate ELAMfc =(EiIi/ΣIi)c N/mm2 29790 24000 26167 24000 24000 24000 24000 24000 24000 24000 24000
Laminate Design Longitudinal Unit Loading ULAMa =XLAMaεd N/mm 439,2 423,1 321,3 174,0 174,0 139,2 139,2 104,4 104,4 69,6 69,6
OK!>Qa OK!>Qa OK!>Qa OK!>Qa OK!>Qa OK!>Qa OK!>Qa OK!>Qa OK!>Qa OK!>Qa OK!>Qa
Laminate Design Circumferential Unit Loading ULAMc =XLAMcεd N/mm 1000,2 812,3 656,2 334,0 334,0 267,2 267,2 200,4 200,4 133,6 133,6
OK!>Qc OK!>Qc OK!>Qc OK!>Qc OK!>Qc OK!>Qc OK!>Qc OK!>Qc OK!>Qc OK!>Qc OK!>Qc
Axial Stress Capacity σca =ULAMa / tr N/mm2 23 25 24 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
Axial Stress (pressure) σap =(pWD/4) / tr N/mm2 13 13 13 10 8 9 7 8 7 8 5
59% 51% 54% 40% 32% 35% 30% 33% 27% 30% 20%
Axial Stress (moments) σam =Qastr N/mm2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Residual Axial Stress (thermal effects) σar =σca-σap-σam N/mm2 9 12 11 15 17 16 17 17 18 17 20
41% 49% 46% 60% 68% 65% 70% 67% 73% 70% 80%
Circumferential Stress Capacity σcc =ULAMc / tr N/mm2 52 48 49 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48
Circumferential Stress (pressure) σcp =(pWD/2) / tr N/mm2 27 25 26 20 16 17 15 17 13 15 10
52% 53% 53% 41% 33% 36% 31% 35% 28% 32% 21%
Circumferential Stress (deflection) σcm N/mm2 15,5 0,0 0,0 18,8 17,3 16,0 13,9 17,7 16,3 18,3 18,0
30% 0% 0% 39% 36% 33% 29% 37% 34% 38% 37%
Residual Circumferential Stress σcr =σcc-σcp-σcm N/mm2 9,6 22,5 23,5 9,3 14,8 14,5 19,0 13,6 18,3 14,5 19,8
19% 47% 47% 19% 31% 30% 40% 28% 38% 30% 41%
Poisson Modulus vac =(miniXivi/nimiXi)ac 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,30 0,30 0,30
Poisson Modulus vca =(miniXivi/nimiXi)ca 0,45 0,55 0,51 0,55 0,55 0,55 0,55 0,55 0,550 0,550 0,550
Axial Strain (pressure) εap =σap/ELAMta-vcaσcp/ELAMtc mm/mm 0,00071 0,00043 0,00054 0,00034 0,00027 0,00030 0,00026 0,00028 0,00023 0,00026 0,00017
Axial Strain (moments) εam =σam/ELAMfa-vcaσcm/ELAMfc mm/mm -0,00023 0,00000 0,00000 -0,00043 -0,00040 -0,00037 -0,00032 -0,00041 -0,00037 -0,00042 -0,00041
Circumferential Strain (pressure) εcp =σcp/ELAMtc-vacσap/ELAMta mm/mm 0,00068 0,00075 0,00073 0,00059 0,00047 0,00052 0,00044 0,00049 0,00040 0,00045 0,00030
Circumferential Strain (deflection) εcm =σcm/ELAMfc-vacσam/ELAMfamm/mm 0,00052 0,00000 0,00000 0,00078 0,00072 0,00067 0,00058 0,00074 0,00068 0,00076 0,00075
8.5 Design Calculation for Pipe subjected to Vacuum
Pipe without Stiffening Rings
Safety Factor SF 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5
Minimum Wall Thickness tm=(ND+2tr)(SFpet/2ELAMt
c)0,33 mm 30,3 35,5 21,1 7,8 6,3 5,5 4,7 3,9 3,2 2,4 1,6
Buckling, increase t or
use ribs
Buckling, increase t or
use ribs
Buckling, increase t or
use ribs
Buckling, increase t or
use ribsOK! OK! OK! OK! OK! OK! OK!
Minimum Stiffeness S =ELAMfc(tm3/12)/(ND+tr)
3 Pa 4808 10574 4801 7353 7501 7437 7551 7471 7651 7551 8063
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Pipe with Stiffening Rings - Fixed Distance between Rings
Maximum Distance between Stiffening Rings Jmax=(250Xlamc/(SFpet))(td/(ND+2tmm 8779 3433 6059 4396 6081 4271 5341 3439 4748 2671 4713
Choosen Distance between Stiffening Rings J mm 2240 2000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Outside Sructural Diameter Do =ND+2tr mm 2439 2034 1627 514 414 361 311 258 208 156 106
Minimum Wall Thickness tm=Do(0,4SFpetJ/(ElamtcDo))^0,4mm 11,15 13,65 8,53 3,85 3,38 3,12 2,85 2,55 2,24 1,88 1,50
OK!<tr OK!<tr OK!<tr OK!<tr OK!<tr OK!<tr OK!<tr OK!<tr OK!<tr OK!<tr OK!<tr
Shell with Stiffening Rings - Fixed Laminated Thickness
Stiffness factor of the Stiffening Ring EI =0,18(ND+2tt)JDs2pet mm4 1,48735E+11 1,76369E+11 39610468650 883154784,4 458371862,6 305289894,3 194251990,7 111603590,9 58077682,13 24281498,84 7558891,9
OK!<EiIi OK!<EiIi OK!<EiIiIncrease t,
ridesign rib or approach ribs
Increase t, ridesign rib or approach ribs
Increase t, ridesign rib or approach ribs
Increase t, ridesign rib or approach ribs
Increase t, ridesign rib or approach ribs
Increase t, ridesign rib or approach ribs
Increase t, ridesign rib or approach ribs
Increase t, ridesign rib or approach ribs
Diameter of Neutral Axis of Stiffening Ring Ds =ND+2y mm 2471,6 2079,2 1652,8 507,0 407,0 355,6 305,6 254,2 204,2 152,8 102,8
Construction of Stiffening Ring
Section 4 Hoop Modulus of Elasticity Ei N/mm2 40683 40683 40683 40683,24324 40683,24324 40683,24324 40683,24324 40683,24324 40683,24324 40683,24324 40683,24324
Dimension (see fig.) bi mm 250 250 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Dimension (see fig.) di mm 44 52 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Section Area Ai =bidi mm2 11000 13000 7750 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Section Neutral Axis yi mm 41 43 29 6,965029762 6,965029762 5,57202381 5,57202381 4,179017857 4,179017857 2,786011905 2,786011905
Section Moment of Inertia Ii =bidi3/12+Ai(y-yi)
2 mm4 2,102E+06 3,074E+06 6,653E+05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Section Stiffness Factor EiIi Nmm 8,550E+10 1,250E+11 2,706E+10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
EiAi N 4,475E+08 5,289E+08 3,153E+08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
EiAiyi Nmm 1,846E+10 2,271E+10 9,075E+09 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Rib Hoop Modulus of Elasticity Ei N/mm2
Dimension (see fig.) bi mm
Dimension (see fig.) di mm
Section Area Ai =bidi mm2
Section Neutral Axis yi mm 36 40 26 3,482514881 3,482514881 2,786011905 2,786011905 2,089508929 2,089508929 1,393005952 1,393005952
Section Moment of Inertia Ii =bidi3/12+Ai(y-yi)
2 mm4 4,341E+06 5,416E+06 1,257E+06 1263,462758 1133,897814 485,0266707 450,2006712 149,8824552 134,5999625 28,13754195 23,17900709
Section Stiffness Factor EiIi Nmm 1,522E+11 1,813E+11 4,256E+10 30323106,2 27213547,54 11640640,1 10804816,11 3597178,924 3230399,099 675301,0069 556296,1702
EiAi N 5,407E+08 5,855E+08 3,536E+08 7500824,081 6731633,342 4499167,698 4176117,398 2471694,735 2219672,864 1044029,349 860045,406
EiAiyi Nmm 1,936E+10 2,319E+10 9,329E+09 26121731,48 23443013,29 12534734,77 11634712,79 5164628,217 4638026,268 1454339,098 1198048,37
Fig.1 - General Stiffening Rib Configuration
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8.6 Design Calculation for Pipe with Specified Stiffness
Pipe without Stiffening Rings
Pipe without Stiffening Rings Stiffness S =ELAMfc(tt3/12)/Dm
3 Pa 1251 1185 1217 5186 10026 7696 12126 8889 17148 12126 39827
Pipe without Stiffening Rings Stiffness Factor EI =ELAMfc(tt3/12) Nmm 17712951 9720713 5109905 675770 675770 345994 345994 145966 145966 43249 43249
Stiffening Rings
Stiffening Ring Stiffness SR =EiIi/(Ds3BR) Pa 24441 51814 26169 5186 10026 7696 12126 8889 17148 12126 39827
Stiffening Ring Cooperating Lenght BR =b1+2b2+1,73d3+b4 mm 413 389 360 45 40 34 31 25 22 16 13
Distance between Stiffening Rings J mm 2240 2000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Pipe with Stiffening Rings
Pipe with Stiffening Rings Mean Stiffness S =S(J-BR)/J+SRBR/J Pa 5522 11037 5711 5186 10026 7696 12126 8889 17148 12126 39827
Pipe with Stiffening Rings Stiffness Factor EI =SDm3 Nmm 78181345 90561620 23981211 675770 675770 345994 345994 145966 145966 43249 43249
Neutrl Axis of pipe with Stiffening Rings z mm 18 22 14 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 1
OK! Rib close to External
Rib is too high, Increase
Rib is too high, Increase
OK! Rib close to External
OK! Rib close to External
OK! Rib close to External
OK! Rib close to External
OK! Rib close to External
OK! Rib close to External
OK! Rib close to External
OK! Rib close to External
8.7 Buried Pipe
(according AWWA M45)
Geometrical Input
Height of Solil above Top of the Pipe H mm 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200
Height of Water above top of Pipe HW mm 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200
Minimum Trench Width BdMIN =1,25Do+305 mm 3358 2852 2343 952 827 761 699 633 570 504 442
Trench Width Bd mm 3500 4000 4000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Specific Weight of the Soil SGS kg/dm31,8 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,9 1,9 1,9
Specific Weight of the Water SGW kg/dm31 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Special Installation Case None None None None None None None None None None None
Native Soil see table 5-6 pag.51
Type of Soil Cohesive Cohesive Cohesive Cohesive Cohesive Cohesive Cohesive Cohesive Cohesive Cohesive Cohesive
Granular Soil Standard Penetration Resistance blows/ft >0-1 >0-1 >0-1 >0-1 >0-1 >0-1 >0-1 >0-1 >0-1 >0-1 >0-1
Unconfined Compression Strenght UCS kg/cm2 >1-2 >1-2 >1-2 >1-2 >1-2 >1-2 >1-2 >1-2 >1-2 >1-2 >1-2
Native Modulus of Soil Reaction E'n N/mm220,68 20,68 20,68 20,68 20,68 20,68 20,68 20,68 20,68 20,68 20,68
Soil Description Stiff Stiff Stiff Stiff Stiff Stiff Stiff Stiff Stiff Stiff Stiff
Foundation Bedding see table 5-5 pag.49
Soil Classification Group Name SM SM SM SM SM SM SM SM SM SM SM
Soil Type Silty sand, fines>12%
Silty sand, fines>12%
Silty sand, fines>12%
Silty sand, fines>12%
Silty sand, fines>12%
Silty sand, fines>12%
Silty sand, fines>12%
Silty sand, fines>12%
Silty sand, fines>12%
Silty sand, fines>12%
Silty sand, fines>12%
Pipe Zone Embedment Soil Stiffness Category SC3 SC3 SC3 SC3 SC3 SC3 SC3 SC3 SC3 SC3 SC3
Equivalent Bedding Angle ° 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180
Proctor >95% >95% >95% >95% >95% >95% >95% >95% >95% >95% >95%
Bedding Coefficient (Degree of Support Provided by the Soil) KX 0,083 0,083 0,083 0,083 0,083 0,083 0,083 0,083 0,083 0,083 0,083
Pipe Zone Embedment see table 5-5 pag.49
Soil Classification Group Name SM SM SM SM SM SM SM SM SM SM SM
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Soil TypeSilty sand, fines>12%
Silty sand, fines>12%
Silty sand, fines>12%
Silty sand, fines>12%
Silty sand, fines>12%
Silty sand, fines>12%
Silty sand, fines>12%
Silty sand, fines>12%
Silty sand, fines>12%
Silty sand, fines>12%
Silty sand, fines>12%
Pipe Zone Embedment Soil Stiffness Category SC3 SC3 SC3 SC3 SC3 SC3 SC3 SC3 SC3 SC3 SC3
Proctor 85% 85% 85% 85% 85% 85-95% 85-95% 85-95% 85-95% 85-95% 85-95%
Backfill soil modulus E'b see table 5-4 pag.48 N/mm26,9 2,8 2,8 6,9 6,9 6,9 6,9 6,9 6,9 6,9 6,9
Modulus of Soil Reaction E' =ScE'b N/mm26,9 4,8 4,8 6,9 6,9 6,9 6,9 6,9 6,9 6,9 6,9
External Loads
Vertical Soil Load on Pipe WC =H*SGS N/mm20,022 0,022 0,022 0,022 0,022 0,022 0,022 0,022 0,023 0,023 0,023
Live Load on Pipe WL N/mm20,01 0,02 0,01 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00
Axles Number na 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Wheels per Axle nw 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Distance between axles La mm 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500
Distance between wheels in an axle Lw mm 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000
Pipe Cover depth H mm 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200
Trench width Bd mm 3500 4000 4000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Backfill Soil Slip Angle sigma 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35
Acting Transversal Lenght X mm 1680 1680 1680 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Acting Axles naa 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Acting Wheels per Axle nwa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Total Acting Wheels Nwa 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Total Acting Area Awa mm25344821 5344821 5344821 2824074 2824074 2824074 2824074 2824074 2824074 2824074 2824074
Maximum Live Load on Pipe WL N/mm20,01 0,02 0,01 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00
Total Acting Force Pt N 62311 103544 74928 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wheel Acting Force Pw N 31155 51772 37464 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
tons 3 5 4 0 0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Axle Acting Force Pa tons 6 10 7 0 0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
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Fig.2 - General truck Configuration and Distribution of Live Loads on Pipe
09-004_CI0001-02 .xls 17/42
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Pipe Deflection
Deflection Lag Factor to compensate for the time-consolidation rate of the soil DL 2 2 2 2 2 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5
Installation Conditions Ka 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75
Initial Conditions Da mm/mm 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000
Vertical Deflection Dy/Dm mm/mm 0,013 0,017 0,018 0,010 0,009 0,007 0,007 0,007 0,006 0,007 0,005
OK! Less than 5%
OK! Less than 5%
OK! Less than 5%
OK! Less than 5%
OK! Less than 5%
OK! Less than 5%
OK! Less than 5%
OK! Less than 5%
OK! Less than 5%
OK! Less than 5%
OK! Less than 5%
Strain due to Deflection
Shape Factor relate Pipe Deflection to Bending Strain Df see table 5-1 pag.42 5,5 4,5 5,5 5,5 4,5 5,5 4,5 5,5 4,5 4,5 4,5
Rerounding coefficient rC (1-pW)/3 0,86 0,86 0,86 0,82 0,82 0,82 0,82 0,82 0,82 0,82 0,82
Strain εcm =Dfrc(Dy/Dm)(tt/Dm) mm/mm 0,00052 0,00061 0,00080 0,00078 0,00072 0,00067 0,00058 0,00074 0,00068 0,00076 0,00075
Stress σcs =εcmELAMfc N/mm2 15,5 14,6 20,8 18,8 17,3 16,0 13,9 17,7 16,3 18,3 18,0
Allowable Buckling pressure see par. 5.7.5 pag.52
Water Buoyancy Factor RW 0,67 0,67 0,67 0,67 0,67 0,67 0,67 0,67 0,67 0,67 0,67
Empirical Coefficient of Elastic Support B' 0,24 0,24 0,24 0,24 0,24 0,24 0,24 0,24 0,24 0,24 0,24
Design Factor FS 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5
Allowable Buckling Pressure qa N/mm2 30,43 22,24 13,51 0,15 0,29 0,22 0,35 0,26 0,49 0,35 1,14
Number of Lobes formed at Buckling n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
K 1,4 1,6 2,5 785,5 1216,8 1591,8 2151,7 3102,3 4790,7 8504,2 18573,5
Typical Pipe Installation Conditions N/mm2 0,07 0,12 0,07 0,09 0,09 0,09 0,09 0,09 0,09 0,09 0,09
OK! Less than qa
OK! Less than0 qa
OK! Less than qa
OK! Less than qa
OK! Less than qa
OK! Less than qa
OK! Less than qa
OK! Less than qa
OK! Less than qa
OK! Less than qa
OK! Less than qa
Live Load Conditions N/mm2 0,04 0,05 0,04 0,03 0,03 0,03 0,03 0,03 0,03 0,03 0,03OK! Less than
qaOK! Less than
qaOK! Less than
qaOK! Less than
qaOK! Less than qa
OK! Less than qa
OK! Less than qa
OK! Less than qa
OK! Less than qa
OK! Less than qa
OK! Less than qa
Buoyancy
Uplift Force FUP =(πDo2/4)SGW N/mm 46,8 32,6 20,9 2,1 1,4 1,0 0,8 0,5 0,4 0,2 0,1
Soil Weight above the Pipe WS =DOSGSRWH N/mm 35,3 29,5 23,6 7,5 6,0 5,3 4,6 3,8 3,2 2,4 1,7
Water Weight inside the Pipe WW =(ND2/4)ρC N/mm 45,2 31,4 20,1 2,0 1,3 1,0 0,7 0,5 0,3 0,2 0,1
Pipe Weight WP N/mm 3,7 3,0 1,8 0,3 0,2 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,0 0,0
Safety Factor SF 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5
WP+WW+WS N/mm 84,3 63,9 45,5 9,7 7,5 6,4 5,4 4,4 3,6 2,6 1,8
OK! No Buoyancy of Fill in Pipe
OK! No Buoyancy of Fill in Pipe
OK! No Buoyancy of Fill in Pipe
OK! No Buoyancy of Fill in Pipe
OK! No Buoyancy of Fill in Pipe
OK! No Buoyancy of Fill in Pipe
OK! No Buoyancy of Fill in Pipe
OK! No Buoyancy of Fill in Pipe
OK! No Buoyancy of Fill in Pipe
OK! No Buoyancy of Fill in Pipe
OK! No Buoyancy of Fill in Pipe
WP+WS N/mm 39,0 32,5 25,4 7,7 6,2 5,4 4,7 3,9 3,3 2,5 1,7
OK! No Buoyancy of Empty Pipe
OK! No Buoyancy of Empty Pipe
OK! No Buoyancy of Empty Pipe
OK! No Buoyancy of Empty Pipe
OK! No Buoyancy of Empty Pipe
OK! No Buoyancy of Empty Pipe
OK! No Buoyancy of Empty Pipe
OK! No Buoyancy of Empty Pipe
OK! No Buoyancy of Empty Pipe
OK! No Buoyancy of Empty Pipe
OK! No Buoyancy of Empty Pipe
ama
mXLCL DDEkEI
DkWWD+
++
=3
3
)2/('061.0
)2/()(
09-004_CI0001-02 .xls 18/42
8. Pipe
8.1 Pipe Input Data
Geometrical Input
Configuration
Type of Support
Nominal Bore ND
Distance between Joints
Maximum Distance between Supports to limite deflection to 1/300 of the span Lmax
Maximum Deflection f
Assumed Distance between Supports / Pipe Lenght L
Minimum Width of Support
Coefficient of thermal expansion
Internal Loads
Design Pressure p
Design Vacuum pe
Operating pressure pW
8.2 Pipe Output Data
Pipe Thickness
Pipe Mechanical Reinforcement Thickness tr
Internal Liner Thickness tl
Top Coat Thickness ttc
Pipe Total Thickness tt =tr+tl+ttc
Pipe Diameters
Pipe Structural Diameter D =ND+2tl
Pipe Outside Diameter Do =ND+2tt
Mean Pipe Diameter Dm =ND+tt
Pipe Specific Gravity
Pipe mechanical reinforcement specific gravity SGP =SGiti/tr
WeightsStiffener Ring Weight WSR O+d3+d4)(2A2ρ2+2A3ρ3+A
Pipe Mechanical Reinforcement Weight WR =πDtrρr
Pipe Mechanical Reinforcement + Stiffeners Rings Weight WR+SR =WSR+WR
Pipe Liner Weight WL =πNDtlρl
Pipe Top Coat Weight WTC =π(DO-2ttc)ttcρtc
Pipe Total Weight WT =WR+SR+WL+WTC
Weight of Contents WC =((πND2)tlρl)/4
8.3 Construction of Mechanical Reinforcement
Continuous Cross Roving Grammature
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T80 T600 T300
Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal
Buried Encastrè Encastrè
80 600 300
11200 11200 11200
0 13131 7701
0,00 0,00 0,00
0 0 0
49 134 95
1,8E-05 1,8E-05 2,5E-05
0,75 0,75 0,75
0,06 0,04 0,04
0,55 0,55 0,55
2,8 7,5 3,4
1,7 1,7 1,7
0,2 0,2 0,2
4,6 9,4 5,2
83 603 303
89 619 310
85 609 305
1,9 1,9 1,9
0,0 0,0 0,0
1 27 6
1 27 6
1 5 2
0,1 0 0
2,1 32 9
5,0 283 71
2024 2024 2024
09-004_CI0001-02 .xls 19/42
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VETRORESINA ENGINIA GROUP
Continuous Cross Roving Angle θ
Longitudinal Unit Modulus XLAMa
Circumferential Unit Modulus XLAMc
Poisson Modulus for Continuous Cross Roving vac
Poisson Modulus for Continuous Cross Roving vca
CSM-Chopped Strand Mat
UR-Unidirectional Roving
WR-Woven Roving
CPR-Continuous Parallel Roving
CCR-Continuous Cross Roving
CPR Grammature
CPR Layers
CPR Thickness t
CPR Neutral Axis z
CPR Momet of Inertia I
CRR Grammature
CRR Layers
CRR Thickness t
CRR Neutral Axis z
CRR Momet of Inertia I
Total Mechanical Reinforcement thickness t
Mechanical Reinforcement Neutral Axis z
Mechanical Reinforcement Laminate Sequence
8.4 Design Calculation for Pipes subjected to Internal Pressure and Bending Moments
Loads on pipeAxial Unit Load(pressure) Qap =Dp/4
Axial Unit Load(moments) Qam =MD/(πD2)+Ft/(πD)
Axial Unit Load (pressure and bending moments) Qa =Qap+Qam
Circumferential Unit Load (pressure) Qcp =Dp/2
Circumferential Unit Load (deflection) Qcm
Circumferential Unit Load (pressure and deflection) Qc =Qcp+Qcm
Shear
Compressive Load Qac =FC/(πND)
Buckling
Permissibile Axial Compressive Load to prevent buckling Qp =0,6trXLAMa/(SF*ND)
Permissibile Bending Load to prevent buckling Qm =1,3QP
Permissibile Shear Load to prevent buckling Qs=1,169trXLAMa(tr/ND5)1/
4(ND/L)1/2/SFSafety Factor for Buckling SF
T80 T600 T300
55 55 55
8603 8603 8603
16518 16518 16518
0,30 0,30 0,30
0,55 0,55 0,55
0 829 829
0 1 1
0,0 0,6 0,6
0,00 3,48 1,39
0 8,11521343 1,62252061
2024 2024 2024
2 5 2
2,8 7,0 2,8
0,00 -0,29 -0,29
1,802053405 28,1570845 1,80205341
2,8 7,5 3,4
0,0000 -0,2853 -0,2853
OK!>2 mm OK!>2 mm OK!>2 mm[ / / /
/2xccr2024/ / / / / / ]
[ / / /1xcpr829/5xccr2024/ / / /
/ / ]
[ / / /1xcpr829/2xccr2024/ / / /
/ / ]
16 113 57
0,0 0,0 0,0
16 113 57
31,2 226,2 113,7
46,7 0,0 0,0
77,9 226,2 113,7
0,0 0,0 0,0
0,0 0,0 0,0
176 162 60
229 211 78
433070619 847654763 214482086
4 4 4
09-004_CI0001-02 .xls 20/42
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VETRORESINA ENGINIA GROUP
Interaction Criterion for Buckling=abs(Qac/Qp)+abs(Qam
/Qm)+(S/Qs)2
Mechanical PropertiesLongitudinal Unit Modulus XLAMa =(Ximini)a
Circumferential Unit Modulus XLAMc =(Ximini)c
Longitudinal Tensile Modulus of the Laminate ELAMta =XLAMa/tr
Circumferential Tensile Modulus of the Laminate ELAMtc =XLAMc/tr
Longitudinal Flexural Modulus of the Laminate ELAMfa =(EiIi/ΣIi)a
Circumferential Flexural Modulus of the Laminate ELAMfc =(EiIi/ΣIi)c
Laminate Design Longitudinal Unit Loading ULAMa =XLAMaεd
Laminate Design Circumferential Unit Loading ULAMc =XLAMcεd
Axial Stress Capacity σca =ULAMa / tr
Axial Stress (pressure) σap =(pWD/4) / tr
Axial Stress (moments) σam =Qastr
Residual Axial Stress (thermal effects) σar =σca-σap-σam
Circumferential Stress Capacity σcc =ULAMc / tr
Circumferential Stress (pressure) σcp =(pWD/2) / tr
Circumferential Stress (deflection) σcm
Residual Circumferential Stress σcr =σcc-σcp-σcm
Poisson Modulus vac =(miniXivi/nimiXi)ac
Poisson Modulus vca =(miniXivi/nimiXi)ca
Axial Strain (pressure) εap =σap/ELAMta-vcaσcp/ELAMtc
Axial Strain (moments) εam =σam/ELAMfa-vcaσcm/ELAMfc
Circumferential Strain (pressure) εcp =σcp/ELAMtc-vacσap/ELAMta
Circumferential Strain (deflection) εcm =σcm/ELAMfc-vacσam/ELAMfa
8.5 Design Calculation for Pipe subjected to Vacuum
Pipe without Stiffening Rings
Safety Factor SF
Minimum Wall Thickness tm=(ND+2tr)(SFpet/2ELAMt
c)0,33
Minimum Stiffeness S =ELAMfc(tm3/12)/(ND+tr)
3
T80 T600 T300
0,00 0,00 0,00
OK!<1 OK!<1 OK!<1
34825 89060 36822
OK! OK! OK!
66864 190373 90076
12500 11819 10970
24000 25263 26836
12500 10486 8236
24000 27733 31904
69,6 177,9 73,6
OK!>Qa OK!>Qa OK!>Qa
133,6 380,4 180,0
OK!>Qc OK!>Qc OK!>Qc
25 24 22
4 11 12
16% 47% 57%
0 0 0
0% 0% 0%
21 13 9
84% 53% 43%
48 50 54
8 22 25
17% 44% 46%
16,8 0,0 0,0
35% 0% 0%
23,0 28,5 28,8
48% 56% 54%
0,30 0,30 0,30
0,550 0,484 0,410
0,00014 0,00051 0,00075
-0,00038 0,00000 0,00000
0,00024 0,00059 0,00059
0,00070 0,00000 0,00000
2,5 2,5 2,5
1,3 7,9 3,7
OK!Buckling,
increase t or use ribs
Buckling, increase t or
use ribs
8381 5026 5002
09-004_CI0001-02 .xls 21/42
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Pipe with Stiffening Rings - Fixed Distance between Rings
Maximum Distance between Stiffening Rings Jmax=(250Xlamc/(SFpet))(td/(ND+2t
Choosen Distance between Stiffening Rings J
Outside Sructural Diameter Do =ND+2tr
Minimum Wall Thickness tm=Do(0,4SFpetJ/(ElamtcDo))^0,4
Shell with Stiffening Rings - Fixed Laminated Thickness
Stiffness factor of the Stiffening Ring EI =0,18(ND+2tt)JDs2pet
Diameter of Neutral Axis of Stiffening Ring Ds =ND+2y
Construction of Stiffening Ring
Section 4 Hoop Modulus of Elasticity Ei
Dimension (see fig.) bi
Dimension (see fig.) di
Section Area Ai =bidi
Section Neutral Axis yi
Section Moment of Inertia Ii =bidi3/12+Ai(y-yi)
2
Section Stiffness Factor EiIiEiAi
EiAiyi
Rib Hoop Modulus of Elasticity Ei
Dimension (see fig.) bi
Dimension (see fig.) di
Section Area Ai =bidi
Section Neutral Axis yi
Section Moment of Inertia Ii =bidi3/12+Ai(y-yi)
2
Section Stiffness Factor EiIiEiAi
EiAiyi
Fig.1 - General Stiffening Rib Configuration
T80 T600 T300
6459 6325 2527
1000 1000 1000
86 615 307
1,31 3,60 2,32
OK!<tr OK!<tr OK!<tr
3974541,01 1032574994 128378402
Increase t, ridesign rib or approach ribs
Increase t, ridesign rib or approach
ribs
Increase t, ridesign rib or approach
ribs
82,8 607,5 303,4
40683 40683 40683
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
3 8 3
0,000E+00 0,000E+00 0,000E+00
0,000E+00 0,000E+00 0,000E+00
0,000E+00 0,000E+00 0,000E+00
0,000E+00 0,000E+00 0,000E+00
1 4 2
2,087E+01 1,821E+03 7,584E+01
5,008E+05 5,049E+07 2,420E+06
7,743E+05 1,067E+07 2,577E+06
1,079E+06 4,020E+07 4,325E+06
09-004_CI0001-02 .xls 22/42
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VETRORESINA ENGINIA GROUP
8.6 Design Calculation for Pipe with Specified Stiffness
Pipe without Stiffening Rings
Pipe without Stiffening Rings Stiffness S =ELAMfc(tt3/12)/Dm
3
Pipe without Stiffening Rings Stiffness Factor EI =ELAMfc(tt3/12)
Stiffening Rings
Stiffening Ring Stiffness SR =EiIi/(Ds3BR)
Stiffening Ring Cooperating Lenght BR =b1+2b2+1,73d3+b4
Distance between Stiffening Rings J
Pipe with Stiffening Rings
Pipe with Stiffening Rings Mean Stiffness S =S(J-BR)/J+SRBR/J
Pipe with Stiffening Rings Stiffness Factor EI =SDm3
Neutrl Axis of pipe with Stiffening Rings z
8.7 Buried Pipe
(according AWWA M45)
Geometrical Input
Height of Solil above Top of the Pipe H
Height of Water above top of Pipe HW
Minimum Trench Width BdMIN =1,25Do+305
Trench Width Bd
Specific Weight of the Soil SGS
Specific Weight of the Water SGW
Special Installation Case
Native Soil see table 5-6 pag.51
Type of Soil
Granular Soil Standard Penetration Resistance
Unconfined Compression Strenght UCS
Native Modulus of Soil Reaction E'n
Soil Description
Foundation Bedding see table 5-5 pag.49
Soil Classification Group Name
Soil Type
Pipe Zone Embedment Soil Stiffness Category
Equivalent Bedding Angle
Proctor
Bedding Coefficient (Degree of Support Provided by the Soil) KX
Pipe Zone Embedment see table 5-5 pag.49
Soil Classification Group Name
T80 T600 T300
76227 4410 3602
43249 988916 100543
76227 4410 3602
12 51 24
1000 1000 1000
76227 4410 3602
43249 988916 100543
1 3 1
OK! Rib close to External
OK! Rib close to External Surface of PipeOK! Rib close to External Surface of Pipe
1300 1300 1300
1300 1300 1300
417 1078 693
1000 1500 1000
1,9 1,9 1,9
1 1 1
None Embankment Embankment
Cohesive Cohesive Cohesive
>0-1 30-50 30-50
>1-2 >1-2 >1-2
20,68 20,68 20,68
Stiff Stiff Stiff
SM GW GW
Silty sand, fines>12%Well graded gravel, fines <5%Well graded gravel, fines <5%
SC3 SC2 SC2
180 180 180
>95% >95% >95%
0,083 0,083 0,083
SM GW GW
09-004_CI0001-02 .xls 23/42
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Soil Type
Pipe Zone Embedment Soil Stiffness Category
Proctor
Backfill soil modulus E'b see table 5-4 pag.48
Modulus of Soil Reaction E' =ScE'b
External Loads
Vertical Soil Load on Pipe WC =H*SGS
Live Load on Pipe WL
Axles Number na
Wheels per Axle nw
Distance between axles La
Distance between wheels in an axle Lw
Pipe Cover depth H
Trench width Bd
Backfill Soil Slip Angle sigma
Acting Transversal Lenght X
Acting Axles naa
Acting Wheels per Axle nwa
Total Acting Wheels Nwa
Total Acting Area Awa
Maximum Live Load on Pipe WL
Total Acting Force Pt
Wheel Acting Force Pw
Axle Acting Force Pa
T80 T600 T300
Silty sand, fines>12%Well graded gravel, fines <5%Well graded gravel, fines <5%
SC3 SC2 SC2
85-95% 85-95% 85-95%
6,9 13,8 13,8
6,9 20,7 20,7
0,025 0,025 0,025
0,00 0,10 0,10
3 3 3
2 2 2
1500 1500 1500
2000 2000 2000
1300 1300 1300
1000 1500 1000
35 35 35
1000 1500 1000
1 2 1
1 1 1
1 2 1
3314364 6045174 3314364
0,00 0,10 0,10
0 604517 331436
0 302259 331436
0,0 30,2 33,1
0,0 60,5 66,3
09-004_CI0001-02 .xls 24/42
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Fig.2 - General truck Configuration and Distribution of Live Loads on Pipe
T80 T600 T300
09-004_CI0001-02 .xls 25/42
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VETRORESINA ENGINIA GROUP
Pipe Deflection
Deflection Lag Factor to compensate for the time-consolidation rate of the soil DL
Installation Conditions Ka
Initial Conditions Da
Vertical Deflection Dy/Dm
Strain due to Deflection
Shape Factor relate Pipe Deflection to Bending Strain Df see table 5-1 pag.42
Rerounding coefficient rC (1-pW)/3
Strain εcm =Dfrc(Dy/Dm)(tt/Dm)
Stress σcs =εcmELAMfc
Allowable Buckling pressure see par. 5.7.5 pag.52
Water Buoyancy Factor RW
Empirical Coefficient of Elastic Support B'
Design Factor FS
Allowable Buckling Pressure qa
Number of Lobes formed at Buckling n
K
Typical Pipe Installation Conditions
Live Load Conditions
Buoyancy
Uplift Force FUP =(πDo2/4)SGW
Soil Weight above the Pipe WS =DOSGSRWH
Water Weight inside the Pipe WW =(ND2/4)ρC
Pipe Weight WP
Safety Factor SF
WP+WW+WS
WP+WS
a
XLCL
EkEI
kWWD
++
=('061.0
)(
T80 T600 T300
1,5 1,5 1,5
0,75 0,75 0,75
0,000 0,000 0,000
0,003 0,012 0,012
OK! Less than 5%
OK! Less than 5%OK! Less than 5%
4,5 5,5 5,5
0,82 0,82 0,82
0,00070 0,00080 0,00089
16,8 22,2 28,5
0,67 0,67 0,67
0,25 0,25 0,25
2,5 2,5 2,5
0,67 0,28 0,25
2 2 2
28388,7 547,6 2183,1
0,09 0,07 0,07
OK! Less than qa OK! Less than qaOK! Less than qa
0,03 0,13 0,13OK! Less than qa OK! Less than qaOK! Less than qa
0,1 3,0 0,8
1,5 10,2 5,1
0,1 2,8 0,7
0,0 0,3 0,1
1,5 1,5 1,5
1,5 13,4 5,9
OK! No Buoyancy of Fill in Pipe
OK! No Buoyancy of Fill in Pipe
OK! No Buoyancy of Fill in Pipe
1,5 10,6 5,2
OK! No Buoyancy of Empty Pipe
OK! No Buoyancy of Empty Pipe
OK! No Buoyancy of Empty Pipe
09-004_CI0001-02 .xls 26/42
T2400 T2000 T1600 T500 T400 T350 T300 T250 T200 T150 T100 T80 T600 T300
9. Butt Joint
9.1. Butt Joint Input Data
Geometrical Input
Nominal Bore ND mm 2400 2000 1600 500 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 80 600 300
Internal Loads
Design Pressure p N/mm2 0,62 0,62 0,62 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75
9.2. Butt Joint Output Data
Butt Joint Thickness
Overlay Thickness tOVL mm 35,0 28,7 24,4 9,8 8,3 6,8 6,8 5,3 3,9 3,9 2,4 2,4 11,2 8,3
Safety Factor SF 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Minimum Overlay Lenght 6:1 taper LOVL mm 1190 990 800 300 240 210 180 150 120 100 100 100 360 140
Internal Lamination Thickness til mm 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
Internal Lamination Sequence [2csm450/1wr500][2csm450/1wr500][2csm450/1wr500] [2xcsm375]
Internal Lamination Lenght Lil mm 595 495 400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 180 0
Butt Joint Specific Gravity
Joint Specific Gravity ρl =SGiti/tr kg/dm31,58 1,58 1,58 1,57 1,57 1,56 1,56 1,56 1,56 1,56 1,55 1,55 1,57 1,57
Weights
Joint Mechanical Reinforcement Weight WJ kg 415,2 236,5 129,0 6,0 3,2 2,0 1,4 0,8 0,4 0,2 0,1 0,1 10,0 1
Internal Lamination Lenght WIL kg 13,5 9,3 6,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,0 0
Top Coat Weight W tc kg 2,1 1,5 1,0 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,2 0,0
Total Weight W kg 430,8 247,3 136,0 6,1 3,3 2,1 1,5 0,8 0,4 0,2 0,1 0,1 11,1 1,2
9.3. Construction of Mechanical Reinforcement
CSM-Chopped Strand Mat Grammature g/m2 600 600 600 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450
CSM-Chopped Strand Mat Layers n° 17 14 12 7 6 5 5 4 3 3 2 2 8 6
CSM-Chopped Strand Mat thickness mm 20,9 17,2 14,8 6,5 5,5 4,6 4,6 3,7 2,8 2,8 1,8 1,8 7,4 5,5
WR-Woven Roving Grammature g/m2 800 800 800 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500
WR-Woven Roving Layers n° 16 13 11 6 5 4 4 3 2 2 1 1 7 5
WR-Woven Roving Thickness mm 14,1 11,4 9,7 3,3 2,8 2,2 2,2 1,7 1,1 1,1 0,6 0,6 3,9 2,8
Mechanical Reinforcement Thickness mm 35,0 28,7 24,4 9,8 8,3 6,8 6,8 5,3 3,9 3,9 2,4 2,4 11,2 8,3
OK! Ulama>Qa
OK! Ulama>Qa
OK! Ulama>Qa
OK! Ulama>Qa
OK! Ulama>Qa
OK! Ulama>Qa
OK! Ulama>Qa
OK! Ulama>Qa
OK! Ulama>Qa
OK! Ulama>Qa
OK! Ulama>Qa
OK! Ulama>Qa
OK! Ulama>Qa
OK! Ulama>Qa
OK! Ulamc>Qc
OK! Ulamc>Qc
OK! Ulamc>Qc
OK! Ulamc>Qc
OK! Ulamc>Qc
OK! Ulamc>Qc
OK! Ulamc>Qc
OK! Ulamc>Qc
OK! Ulamc>Qc
OK! Ulamc>Qc
OK! Ulamc>Qc
OK! Ulamc>Qc
OK! Ulamc>Qc
OK! Ulamc>Qc
Mechanical Reinforcement Laminate Sequence[17xcsm600/16xwr800]
[14xcsm600/13xwr800]
[12xcsm600/11xwr800]
[7xcsm450/6xwr500]
[6xcsm450/5xwr500]
[5xcsm450/4xwr500]
[5xcsm450/4xwr500]
[4xcsm450/3xwr500]
[3xcsm450/2xwr500]
[3xcsm450/2xwr500]
[2xcsm450/1xwr500]
[2xcsm450/1xwr500][8xcsm450/7xwr500][6xcsm450/5xwr500]
9.4. Design Calculation
Load on Butt Joint
Axial Unit Load Qa N/mm 372,5 310,5 248,5 94,4 75,6 66,2 56,9 47,5 38,1 28,7 19,4 15,6 113,1 56,9
Circumferential Unit Load Qc N/mm 745,0 621,0 497,0 188,7 151,2 132,5 113,7 95,0 76,2 57,5 38,7 31,2 226,2 113,7
9.5. Mechanical Properties
Longitudinal Unit Modulus XLAM a =(Ximini)a N/mm 383318 313234 266512 101913 86120 70327 70327 54533 38740 38740 22947 22947 117706 86120
Circumferential Unit Modulus XLAM c =(Ximini)c N/mm 383318 313234 266512 101913 86120 70327 70327 54533 38740 38740 22947 22947 117706 86120
Laminate Design Longitudinal Unit Loading ULAM a =XLAMaεd N/mm 766 626 532 204 172 141 141 109 77 77 46 46 235 172
Laminate Design Circumferential Unit Loading ULAM c =XLAMcεdN/mm
766 626 532 204 172 141 141 109 77 77 46 46 235 172
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09-004_CI0001-02 .xls 27/42
T2400 T2000 T1600 T500 T400 T350 T300 T250 T200 T150
10. Flange
10.1. Flange Input Data AWWA AWWA AWWA ANSI B16.5 ANSI B16.5 ANSI B16.5 ANSI B16.5 ANSI B16.5 ANSI B16.5 ANSI B16.5CLASS D CLASS D CLASS D CLASS D CLASS D CLASS D CLASS D CLASS D CLASS D CLASS D
Design pressure p MPa 0,62 0,62 0,62 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75Axial Load on Flange Fa N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Inside diameter of flange B mm 2400 2000 1600 500 400 350 300 250 200 150Bolt circle diameter C mm 2755,9 2260,6 1759,0 635,0 539,7 476,2 431,8 361,9 298,4 241,3Outside diameter of gasket or outside diameter of flange, whichever is the lesser GO mm 2876,6 2362,2 1854,2 698,5 596,9 533,4 482,6 406,4 342,9 279,4Diameter of bolt holes d mm 60,2 53,8 47,5 31,7 28,6 28,6 25,4 25,4 22,2 22,2Bolt diameter db mm 57,2 50,8 44,5 28,6 28,6 25,4 22,2 22,2 19,1 19,1Washer external Diameter dw 105 92 78 50 50 44 39 39 34 34Number of bolts n 68 64 52 20 16 12 12 12 8 8Actual bolt area Ab =π(db/2)2n mm2 174346 129651 80652 12820 10256 6077 4653 4653 2279 2279Thickness of hub at back of flange s mm 55 43 29 16 14 12 12 10 9 9
OK! OK! OK! OK! OK! OK! OK! OK! OK! OK!Effective gasket contact width under pressure 2b" mm 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5Gasket factor m 0,5 1,25 1,25 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5
Gasket or joint-contact-surface unit stress for soft rubber without fabric or asbestos reiforcement y MPa 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0
Young's modulus of flange laminate ELAM MPa 11000 11000 11000 11000 11000 11000 11000 11000 11000 11000Bolt nominal design stress at atmospheric temperature Sa MPa 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213Bolt nominal design stress at design temperature Sb MPa 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213Safety Factor SF 6,3 6,3 6,3 6,3 6,3 6,3 6,3 6,3 6,3 6,3Design flange flexural stress σff MPa 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
10.2. Flange Output Data
Minimum Flange thickness t mm 162 127 85 45 42 35 34 29 25 25
Minimum bolt area Am =MAX(Am1;Am2) mm2 68574 41052 18776 3333 2609 1879 1702 1120 710 452OK! OK! OK! OK! OK! OK! OK! OK! OK! OK!
Minimum Bolt torque T =MAX(TO;TB) kgm 275 160 86 29 28 25 20 14 12 9Bolt load Wb =W/n Kg 24093,14 15767,65 9670,73 5016,71 4930,85 5016,61 4453,03 3136,56 3270,47 2257,49Hub height hu =6s mm 595 495 400 150 120 105 90 75 60 50Maximum pitch of bolts =2db+(6t/(m+0,5))ELAM
0,25 mm 586 313 229 189 178 153 143 129 111 111OK! OK! OK! OK! OK! OK! OK! OK! OK! OK!
10.3. Calculation Parameters
Diameter at location of gasket load reaction HP G' =C-(2b"+d) mm 2690,75 2201,8 1706,5 598,3 506,1 442,6 401,4 331,5 271,2 214,1R =(C-B)/2-s mm 122,95 87,3 50,475 51,5 55,85 51,1 53,9 45,95 40,2 36,65
Effective Bolt Circle Lenght Le =πC-nd mm 4555,8152 3647,484353 3049,4044 1359,9113 1187,5176 1153,1264 1051,7397 832,14238 759,65125 580,26631Effective Gasket Width inside B.C.D. wi =(C-B)/4 mm 88,975 65,15 39,7375 33,75 34,925 31,55 32,95 27,975 24,6 22,825Effective Gasket Width outside B.C.D. wo =(Go-C)/4 mm 30,1625 25,4 23,8125 15,875 14,3 14,3 12,7 11,125 11,125 9,525Lenght of Inside Effective Gasket Li =π(C-wi) mm 8378 6897 5401 1889 1586 1397 1253 1049 860 686Lenght of Outside Effective Gasket Lo =π(C+wo) mm 8753 7182 5601 2045 1740 1541 1396 1172 972 788Hydrostatic end force on area inside of flange HD =πB2p/4+Fa N 2804814 1947787 1246584 147262 94248 72158 53014 36816 23562 13254Radial distance from bolt circle to circle on which HD acts hD =R+s/2 mm 150,45 108,8 64,975 59,5 62,85 57,1 59,9 50,95 44,7 41,15Radial distance from bolt circle to circle on which H'T acts h'T =((C+d+b")-B)/4 mm 105,2625 79,85 52,85 42,925 43,325 39,95 40,55 35,575 31,4 29,625Total hydrostatic end force H' =π(C-d)2p/4 N 3538676 2371415 1426380 214397 153873 118013 97288 66699 44936 28277
eff L
M
σ6=
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09-004_CI0001-02 .xls 28/42
T2400 T2000 T1600 T500 T400 T350 T300 T250 T200 T150
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Hydrostatic end force due to pressure on flange face H'T =HD-H' N 733862 423627 179796 67134 59625 45855 44273 29884 21374 15024Radial distance from bolt circle to circle on which H'P acts h'P =(d+2b")/2 mm 32,575 29,4 26,225 18,35 16,8 16,8 15,2 15,2 13,6 13,6Compression load on gasket to ensure tight joint H'P =2b"πG'yp N 13102,523 26803,98998 20774,37 3524,2779 2981,1751 2607,1292 2364,4412 1952,6962 1597,4999 1261,1531Radial distance from bolt circle to circle on which HR acts hR =(GO-(C+d))/4+d/2 mm 45,2 38,85 35,675 23,8 21,45 21,45 19,05 17,475 16,675 15,075
Balancing reaction force acting outside bolt circle in opposition to moments due to HD, H'P and H'T
HR =(HDhD+HT'h'T+H'Ph'P)/hR N 11054408 6345790,313 2552034,9 491954,32 398919,67 279531,58 262823,59 169873,96 104713,85 66839,83
Basic gasket seating widht effective under initial tigthtening up b'O =GO-C mm 120,65 101,6 95,25 63,5 57,2 57,2 50,8 44,5 44,5 38,1Effective gasket seating width for calculation of minimum seating loads using y factor b' =4(b'O)^0,5 mm 43,936318 40,31873014 39,038443 31,874755 30,252273 30,252273 28,509647 26,683328 26,683328 24,690079
10.4. Operating conditionsLoad acting on flange F =H'+H'P+HR N 14606186 8744009 3999190 709875 555774 400152 362476 238526 151248 96378Bolt stiffenes kb N/mm 47672630 35451542 22053352 4673787 3739030 2215721 2035694 2035694 997075 997075Flange stiffenes kg N/mm 407760 342548 270615 165717 162694 143477 127637 124513 106679 106679Bolt load in operating conditions Fa' =Wm2+F/(1+kg/kb) N 16383334 10091298 5028777 1003343 788936 601993 534364 376388 261638 180599Tensile load on single bolt fa' =F'a/n N 240931 157677 96707 50167 49308 50166 44530 31366 32705 22575Minimum bolt area at operating conditions Am1 =F'a/Sb mm2 68574 41052 18776 3333 2609 1879 1702 1120 710 452Bolt Stress under Operating Loads σbo =F'a/Sb MPa 93,97 77,83 62,35 78,27 76,93 99,05 114,84 80,89 114,80 79,24Bolt Torque required in operating conditions TO =σbo(Ab/n)db kgm 275,4 160,2 86,0 28,7 28,2 25,5 19,8 13,9 12,5 8,6
10.5 Bolting up conditionsMinimum required bolt load for gasket seating Wm2 =12,56Cyb'O^0,5 N 1901020 1430969 1078067 317775 256336 226176 193274 151610 125008 93536Minimum bolt area for gasket seating Am2 =Wm2/Sa mm2 8925 6718 5061 1492 1203 1062 907 712 587 439Bolt Stress Required to Seat the Gasket σbg =Wm2/Ab MPa 10,9 11,0 13,4 24,8 25,0 37,2 41,5 32,6 54,9 41,0Bolt Torque required to seat gasket TB =σbg(Ab/n)db kgm 32,0 22,7 18,4 9,1 9,2 9,6 7,2 5,6 6,0 4,5
10.6 Results
Flange design bolt load, based on actual size bolts used to provide greater of Fa' and Wm2 W =MAX(F'a;Wm2) N 16383334 10091298 5028777 1003343 788936 601993 534364 376388 261638 180599
Design Moment M =HRhR Nmm 499659224 246533953,6 91043845 11708513 8556826,8 5995952,4 5006789,4 2968547,5 1746103,5 1007610,4
09-004_CI0001-02 .xls 29/42
10. Flange
10.1. Flange Input Data
Design pressure pAxial Load on Flange Fa
Inside diameter of flange BBolt circle diameter COutside diameter of gasket or outside diameter of flange, whichever is the lesser GO
Diameter of bolt holes dBolt diameter db
Washer external Diameter dw
Number of bolts nActual bolt area Ab =π(db/2)2nThickness of hub at back of flange s
Effective gasket contact width under pressure 2b"Gasket factor m
Gasket or joint-contact-surface unit stress for soft rubber without fabric or asbestos reiforcement y
Young's modulus of flange laminate ELAM
Bolt nominal design stress at atmospheric temperature Sa
Bolt nominal design stress at design temperature Sb
Safety Factor SFDesign flange flexural stress σff
10.2. Flange Output Data
Minimum Flange thickness t
Minimum bolt area Am =MAX(Am1;Am2)
Minimum Bolt torque T =MAX(TO;TB)Bolt load Wb =W/nHub height hu =6sMaximum pitch of bolts =2db+(6t/(m+0,5))ELAM
0,25
10.3. Calculation Parameters
Diameter at location of gasket load reaction HP G' =C-(2b"+d)R =(C-B)/2-s
Effective Bolt Circle Lenght Le =πC-ndEffective Gasket Width inside B.C.D. wi =(C-B)/4Effective Gasket Width outside B.C.D. wo =(Go-C)/4Lenght of Inside Effective Gasket Li =π(C-wi)Lenght of Outside Effective Gasket Lo =π(C+wo)Hydrostatic end force on area inside of flange HD =πB2p/4+Fa
Radial distance from bolt circle to circle on which HD acts hD =R+s/2Radial distance from bolt circle to circle on which H'T acts h'T =((C+d+b")-B)/4Total hydrostatic end force H' =π(C-d)2p/4
eff L
M
σ6=
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T100 T80 T600 T300
ANSI B16.5 ANSI B16.5 AWWA AWWA
CLASS D CLASS D CLASS B CLASS B
0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75
0 0 0 0
100 80 600 300
190,5 152,4 749,3 431,8
228,6 190,5 812,8 482,6
19,0 19 34,9 25,4
15,9 16 31,75 22,225
28 30 56 39
8 4 20 12
1583 804 15827 4653
9 9 50 124
OK! OK! OK! OK!
5 5 5 5
0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5
5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0
11000 11000 11000 11000
213 213 213 213213 213 213 2136,3 6,3 6,3 6,3
25 25 25 25
25 25 46 25
347 277 4256 970
OK! OK! OK! OK!
5,04 6,81 39,67 14,38
1588,39 2129,22 6247,48 3234,74
50 50 300 744
104 105 198 117
OK! OK! OK! OK!
166,5 128,4 709,4 401,4
36,25 27,2 24,65 -58,1
446,0734 402,07872 1655,49538 1051,73971
22,625 18,1 37,325 32,95
9,525 9,525 15,875 12,7
527 422 2237 1253
628 509 2404 1396
5890 3770 212058 53014
40,75 31,7 49,65 3,9
28,625 24,1 47,3 40,55
17325 10482 300631 97288
09-004_CI0001-02 .xls 30/42
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Hydrostatic end force due to pressure on flange face H'T =HD-H'Radial distance from bolt circle to circle on which H'P acts h'P =(d+2b")/2Compression load on gasket to ensure tight joint H'P =2b"πG'ypRadial distance from bolt circle to circle on which HR acts hR =(GO-(C+d))/4+d/2
Balancing reaction force acting outside bolt circle in opposition to moments due to HD, H'P and H'T
HR =(HDhD+HT'h'T+H'Ph'P)/hR
Basic gasket seating widht effective under initial tigthtening up b'O =GO-CEffective gasket seating width for calculation of minimum seating loads using y factor b' =4(b'O)^0,5
10.4. Operating conditionsLoad acting on flange F =H'+H'P+HR
Bolt stiffenes kb
Flange stiffenes kg
Bolt load in operating conditions Fa' =Wm2+F/(1+kg/kb)Tensile load on single bolt fa' =F'a/nMinimum bolt area at operating conditions Am1 =F'a/Sb
Bolt Stress under Operating Loads σbo =F'a/Sb
Bolt Torque required in operating conditions TO =σbo(Ab/n)db
10.5 Bolting up conditionsMinimum required bolt load for gasket seating Wm2 =12,56Cyb'O^0,5Minimum bolt area for gasket seating Am2 =Wm2/Sa
Bolt Stress Required to Seat the Gasket σbg =Wm2/Ab
Bolt Torque required to seat gasket TB =σbg(Ab/n)db
10.6 Results
Flange design bolt load, based on actual size bolts used to provide greater of Fa' and Wm2 W =MAX(F'a;Wm2)
Design Moment M =HRhR
T100 T80 T600 T300
11435 6713 88574 44273
12 12 19,95 15,2
980,76596 756,33843 4178,71093 2364,44117
14,275 14,275 24,6 19,05
40569,281 20340,065 601689,257 106980,807
38,1 38,1 63,5 50,8
24,690079 24,690079 31,8747549 28,5096475
58875 31579 906499 206633
865516 439600 4945807 2035694
91855 92418 180856 122612
127071 85169 1249495 388169
15884 21292 62475 32347
276 148 4256 970
80,29 105,95 78,95 83,42
5,0 6,8 39,7 14,4
73844 59075 374975 193274
347 277 1760 907
46,7 73,5 23,7 41,5
2,9 4,7 11,9 7,2
127071 85169 1249495 388169
579126,49 290354,43 14801555,7 2037984,37
09-004_CI0001-02 .xls 31/42
T2400 T2000 T1600 T500 T400 T350 T300 T250 T200 T150 T100 T80 T600 T300
11. Elbow
11.1. Elbow Input Data mitred elbow mitred elbow mitred elbowpipe+joint pipe+joint pipe+joint
Geometrical InputNominal Bore ND mm 2400 2000 1600 500 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 80 600 300
Bend Radius multiplier 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5
Mean Pipe Bend Radious R mm 3600 3000 2400 750 600 525 450 375 300 225 150 120 900 450
Elbow Angle ° 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90
Internal LoadsDesign Pressure p MPa 0,62 0,62 0,62 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75
Design Vacuum pe MPa 0,04 0,09 0,04 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,04 0,04
11.2. Elbow Output Data
Overlay Thickness t mm 35,0 30,8 26,6 12,7 9,8 9,8 8,3 6,8 5,3 5,3 5,3 2,4 9,8 35,0
Internal Liner Thickness tl mm 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65
Top Coat Thickness tc mm 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2
Total thickness tt =tr+tl+ttc mm 36,8 32,6 28,4 14,6 11,6 11,6 10,1 8,7 7,2 7,2 7,2 4,2 11,6 36,8
Elbow DiametersPipe Structural Diameter D =ND+2tl mm 2403,30 2003,30 1603,30 503,30 403,30 353,30 303,30 253,30 203,30 153,30 103,30 83,30 603,30 303,30
Pipe Outside Diameter Do =ND+2tt mm 2473,70 2065,25 1656,81 529,11 423,22 373,22 320,27 267,33 214,38 164,38 114,38 88,49 623,22 373,70
Mean Pipe Diameter Dm =ND+tt mm 2436,85 2032,63 1628,41 514,56 411,61 361,61 310,14 258,66 207,19 157,19 107,19 84,25 611,61 336,85
WeightsElbow Mechanical Reinforcement Weight Ws kg 2361,61 1442,24 796,51 37,14 18,27 14,00 8,74 5,00 2,51 1,42 0,64 0,18 40,99 37,25
Elbow Liner Weight Wl kg 105,53 73,28 46,90 4,58 2,93 2,24 1,65 1,15 0,73 0,41 0,18 0,12 6,60 1,65
Elbow Top Coat Weight Wtc kg 9,84 6,85 4,39 0,44 0,28 0,22 0,16 0,11 0,07 0,04 0,02 0,01 0,62 0,19
Elbow Total Weight W kg 2476,98 1522,37 847,80 42,16 21,48 16,46 10,55 6,25 3,31 1,87 0,84 0,31 48,21 39,09
Flexibility, Stress Intensification Factors and Pressure Stress MultiplierPressure Stress Multiplier 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0
11.3. Construction of Mechanical Reinforcement
CSM-Chopped Strand Mat Grammature g/m2 600 600 600 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 600
CSM-Chopped Strand Mat Layers n° 17 15 13 9 7 7 6 5 4 4 4 2 7 17
CSM-Chopped Strand Mat thickness mm 20,9 18,5 16,0 8,3 6,5 6,5 5,5 4,6 3,7 3,7 3,7 1,8 6,5 20,9
WR-Woven Roving Grammature g/m2 800 800 800 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 800
WR-Woven Roving Layers n° 16 14 12 8 6 6 5 4 3 3 3 1 6 16
WR-Woven Roving Thickness mm 14,1 12,3 10,6 4,4 3,3 3,3 2,8 2,2 1,7 1,7 1,7 0,6 3,3 14,1
Mechanical Reinforcement Thickness mm 35,0 30,8 26,6 12,7 9,8 9,8 8,3 6,8 5,3 5,3 5,3 2,4 9,8 35,0
OK! Ulama>Qa OK! Ulama>Qa OK! Ulama>Qa
OK! Ulama>Q
a
OK! Ulama>Q
a
OK! Ulama>Q
a
OK! Ulama>Q
a
OK! Ulama>Q
a
OK! Ulama>Q
a
OK! Ulama>Q
a
OK! Ulama>Q
a
OK! Ulama>Q
a
OK! Ulama>Qa
OK! Ulama>Qa
OK! Ulamc>Qc OK! Ulamc>Qc OK! Ulamc>Qc
OK! Ulamc>Q
c
OK! Ulamc>Q
c
OK! Ulamc>Q
c
OK! Ulamc>Q
c
OK! Ulamc>Q
c
OK! Ulamc>Q
c
OK! Ulamc>Q
c
OK! Ulamc>Q
c
OK! Ulamc>Q
c
NO! Ulamc<Qc
OK! Ulamc>Qc
NO! tmin<t NO! tmin<t NO! tmin<tOK!
tmin>tOK!
tmin>tOK!
tmin>tOK!
tmin>tOK!
tmin>tOK!
tmin>tOK!
tmin>tOK!
tmin>tOK!
tmin>tNO! tmin<t
OK! tmin>t
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09-004_CI0001-02 .xls 32/42
T2400 T2000 T1600 T500 T400 T350 T300 T250 T200 T150 T100 T80 T600 T300
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Mechanical Reinforcement Laminate Sequence [17xcsm600/16xwr800][15xcsm600/14xwr800][13xcsm600/12xwr800][9xcsm450/8xwr500][7xcsm450/6xwr500][7xcsm450/6xwr500][6xcsm450/5xwr500][5xcsm450/4xwr500][4xcsm450/3xwr500][4xcsm450/3xwr500][4xcsm450/3xwr500][2xcsm450/1xwr500][7xcsm450/6xwr500][17xcsm600/16xwr800]
11.4. Design Calculation for Elbows subjected to Internal Pressure and Bending Moments
Load on ElbowAxial Unit Load (pressure and bending moments) Qa =pDm/4 N/mm 378 315 252 96 77 68 58 48 39 29 20 16 115 63Circumferential Unit Load Qc =mpDm/2 N/mm 755 630 505 193 154 136 116 97 78 59 40 32 229 126
Axial Stress σa =Qa/t N/mm2 11 10 10 8 8 7 7 7 7 6 4 7 12 2
Allowable Axial Stress σaall =Elam taεd N/mm2 22 22 22 21 21 21 21 21 20 20 20 19 21 22
Circumferential Stress σc =Qc/t N/mm2 22 20 19 15 16 14 14 14 15 11 8 13 24 4
Allowable Circumferential Stress σcall =Elam tcεd N/mm2 22 22 22 21 21 21 21 21 20 20 20 19 21 22
Residual Axial Stress σar =σaall-σa N/mm2 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 14 13 15 17 13 9 20
Residual Circumferential Stress σcr =σacall-σc N/mm2 0 1 3 6 5 7 7 6 6 9 13 6 -3 18
11.5. Mechanical Properties
Longitudinal Unit Modulus XLAM a =(Ximini)a N/mm 383318 336596 289873 133499 101913 101913 86120 70327 54533 54533 54533 22947 101913 383318
Circumferential Unit Modulus XLAM c =(Ximini)c N/mm 383318 336596 289873 133499 101913 101913 86120 70327 54533 54533 54533 22947 101913 383318
Laminate Design Longitudinal Unit Loading ULAM a =XLAMaεd N/mm 766 673 579 267 204 204 172 141 109 109 109 46 204 766
Laminate Design Circumferential Unit Loading ULAM c =XLAMcεd N/mm 766 673 579 267 204 204 172 141 109 109 109 46 204 766
Longitudinal Tensile Modulus of the Laminate ELAM ta =XLAMa/t N/mm2 10953 10937 10916 10507 10442 10442 10392 10321 10210 10210 10210 9579 10442 10953
Circumferential Tensile Modulus of the Laminate ELAM tc =XLAMc/t N/mm2 10953 10937 10916 10507 10442 10442 10392 10321 10210 10210 10210 9579 10442 10953
11.6. Design Calculation for Elbows subjected to Vacuum
Safety Factor SF 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5
Minimum Wall Thickness tmin =Do(SFpet/2ELAMtc)0,33 mm 42,8 46,7 28,7 10,6 8,5 7,5 6,4 5,4 4,3 3,3 2,3 1,8 10,9 6,5
11.7. Design Calculation for Elbows with Specified Stiffness
Pipe without Stiffening Rings Stiffness S =ELAMfc(tt3/12)/Dm
3 Pa 3156 3769 4828 19819 19526 28797 30240 32321 35574 81463 256903 102165 5952 1194730
09-004_CI0001-02 .xls 33/42
12. Tee
12.1. Tee Input Data
Geometrical InputInternal Diameter of the Main Pipe DiM mm 2400 2400 500 500 500 400 400 250 200 150
Internal Diameter of the branch DiB mm 2000 1600 500 250 150 400 150 100 150 80Reduced tee Reduced tee Equal tee Reduced tee Reduced tee Equal tee Reduced tee Reduced tee Reduced tee Reduced tee
Structural Thickness of Main Pipe trM mm 19,3 19,3 7,0 7,0 7,0 7,0 7,0 4,2 2,8 2,8
Thickness of Branch Pipe trB mm 16,9 13,3 7,0 4,2 2,8 7,0 2,8 2,8 2,8 2,8
Thickness of Branch adjacent to the junction tBJ =tB+tr mm 80,8 72,7 26,5 19,3 16,4 22,1 13,5 10,5 9,1 7,6
Thickness of Main adjacent to the junction tMJ =tM+tr mm 83,2 78,7 26,5 22,1 20,6 22,1 17,7 11,9 9,1 7,6
Internal LoadsDesign Pressure p bar 6,2 6,2 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5Allowable Design Strain εd mm/mm 0,002 0,002 0,002 0,002 0,002 0,002 0,002 0,002 0,002 0,002Safety Factor SF 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
12.2. Tee Output DataReinforcement Thickness tr mm 63,9 59,4 19,5 15,1 13,6 15,1 10,7 7,7 6,3 4,8Main Overlay Thickness tmo mm 24,4 22,9 8,3 6,8 5,3 6,8 3,9 3,9 3,9 2,4
Integral reinforcement
Integral reinforcement
Integral reinforcement
Integral reinforcement
Integral reinforcement
Integral reinforcement
Integral reinforcement
Integral reinforcement
Integral reinforcement
Integral reinforcement
Collar Thickness tc mm 39,5 36,5 11,2 8,3 8,3 8,3 6,8 3,9 2,4 2,4Minimum Main Overlay lenght taper 1:6 L =3LB mm 4080 3260 1140 570 450 900 450 400 450 380
Minimum Branch Overlay lenght taper 1:6 LB mm 1040 830 320 160 150 250 150 150 150 150
Pressure Stress MultiplierPressure Stress Multiplier m 2,5 2,4 2,5 1,9 1,6 2,4 1,8 1,7 2,2 1,8Stress Intensification Factor SIFT 2,2 1,9 2,0 1,3 0,9 2,0 1,1 1,0 1,6 1,1Pipe Factor T 0,09 0,13 0,11 0,27 0,58 0,11 0,37 0,47 0,16 0,36Pipe Factor λZ =(DiB/(2tB))2(2tM/DiM) 10,6 7,9 9,4 3,7 1,7 9,0 2,7 2,2 6,2 2,8
12.3. Construction of Mechanical Reinforcement
Hole CompensationCSM-Chopped Strand Mat Grammature g/m2 300 300 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450CSM-Chopped Strand Mat Layers n° 18 17 6 5 4 5 3 3 3 2CSM-Chopped Strand Mat Thickness mm 11,1 10,5 5,5 4,6 3,7 4,6 2,8 2,8 2,8 1,8
WR-Woven Roving Grammature g/m2 800 800 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500WR-Woven Roving Layers n° 13 12 5 4 3 4 2 2 2 1WR-Woven Roving Thickness mm 11,4 10,6 2,8 2,2 1,7 2,2 1,1 1,1 1,1 0,6
UR-Unidirectional Hoop Roving Grammature g/m2 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420UR-Unidirectional Hoop Roving Layers n° 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0UR-Unidirectional Hoop Roving Thickness mm 1,8 1,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
CPR-Continuous Parallel Roving Grammature g/m2 840 840 840 840 840 840 840 840 840 840CPR-Continuous Parallel Roving Layers n° 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0CPR-Continuous Parallel Roving Thickness mm 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
mm 24,4 22,9 8,3 6,8 5,3 6,8 3,9 3,9 3,9 2,4OK! ACC>ALC OK! ACC>ALC OK! ACC>ALC OK! ACC>ALC OK! ACC>ALC OK! ACC>ALC OK! ACC>ALC OK! ACC>ALC OK! ACC>ALC OK! ACC>ALCOK! ACA>ALA OK! ACA>ALA OK! ACA>ALA OK! ACA>ALA OK! ACA>ALA OK! ACA>ALA OK! ACA>ALA OK! ACA>ALA OK! ACA>ALA OK! ACA>ALAOK! UALC>qB OK! UALC>qB OK! UALC>qB OK! UALC>qB OK! UALC>qB OK! UALC>qB OK! UALC>qB OK! UALC>qB OK! UALC>qB OK! UALC>qB
Mechanical Reinforcement Laminate Sequence [18xcsm300/13xwr800][17xcsm300/12xwr800][6xcsm450/5xwr500][5xcsm450/4xwr500][4xcsm450/3xwr500][5xcsm450/4xwr500][3xcsm450/2xwr500][3xcsm450/2xwr500][3xcsm450/2xwr500][2xcsm450/1xwr500]
CollarCSM-Chopped Strand Mat Grammature g/m2 300 300 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450CSM-Chopped Strand Mat Layers n° 27 25 8 6 6 6 5 3 2 2
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09-004_CI0001-02 .xls 34/42
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CSM-Chopped Strand Mat Thickness mm 16,6 15,4 7,4 5,5 5,5 5,5 4,6 2,8 1,8 1,8
WR-Woven Roving Grammature g/m2 800 800 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500WR-Woven Roving Layers n° 26 24 7 5 5 5 4 2 1 1WR-Woven Roving Thickness mm 22,9 21,1 3,9 2,8 2,8 2,8 2,2 1,1 0,6 0,6
mm 39,5 36,5 11,2 8,3 8,3 8,3 6,8 3,9 2,4 2,4OK! Uc>Qc OK! Uc>Qc OK! Uc>Qc OK! Uc>Qc OK! Uc>Qc OK! Uc>Qc NO! Uc<Qc OK! Uc>Qc NO! Uc<Qc OK! Uc>QcOK! Ua>Qa OK! Ua>Qa OK! Ua>Qa OK! Ua>Qa OK! Ua>Qa OK! Ua>Qa OK! Ua>Qa OK! Ua>Qa OK! Ua>Qa OK! Ua>Qa
Mechanical Reinforcement Laminate Sequence [27xcsm300/26xwr800][25xcsm300/24xwr800][8xcsm450/7xwr500][6xcsm450/5xwr500][6xcsm450/5xwr500][6xcsm450/5xwr500][5xcsm450/4xwr500][3xcsm450/2xwr500][2xcsm450/1xwr500][2xcsm450/1xwr500]
12.4. Design Calculation for Tee subjected to Internal Pressure
Load on TeeQc =mp(DiM+tM)/20 N/mm 1895,7 1762,8 466,4 369,4 304,8 370,6 274,8 161,6 168,0 103,9
Qa =mp(DiM+tM)/40 N/mm 947,8 881,4 233,2 184,7 152,4 185,3 137,4 80,8 84,0 51,9
Circumferential Stress σc =Qc/t N/mm2 29,7 29,7 23,9 24,5 22,4 24,5 25,7 20,9 26,8 21,7Allowable Circumferential Stress σcall =Elam tcεd N/mm2 31,9 32,0 24,9 24,8 24,5 24,8 24,0 24,0 24,0 23,0Residual Circumferential Stress σcr =σacall-σc N/mm2 2,2 2,3 1,0 0,3 2,1 0,2 -1,7 3,1 -2,8 1,3
12.5. Mechanical Properties
Hole CompensationLongitudinal Unit Modulus Xa =(Ximini)a N/mm 265540 246949 86120 70327 54533 70327 38740 38740 38740 22947
Circumferential Unit Modulus Xc =(Ximini)c N/mm 323594 305003 86120 70327 54533 70327 38740 38740 38740 22947
Laminate Design Longitudinal Unit Loading Ua =XLAMaεd N/mm 637 593 207 169 131 169 93 93 93 55
Laminate Design Circumferential Unit Loading Uc =XLAMcεd N/mm 777 732 207 169 131 169 93 93 93 55
Longitudinal Tensile Modulus Ea =XLAMa/t N/mm2 10899 10799 10392 10321 10210 10321 10015 10015 10015 9579Circumferential Tensile Modulus Ec =XLAMc/t N/mm2 13282 13338 10392 10321 10210 10321 10015 10015 10015 9579
CollarLongitudinal Unit Modulus Xa =(Ximini)a N/mm 488156 450973 117706 86120 86120 86120 70327 38740 22947 22947
Circumferential Unit Modulus Xc =(Ximini)c N/mm 488156 450973 117706 86120 86120 86120 70327 38740 22947 22947
Laminate Design Longitudinal Unit Loading Ua =XLAMaεd N/mm 1172 1082 282 207 207 207 169 93 55 55
Laminate Design Circumferential Unit Loading Uc =XLAMcεd N/mm 1172 1082 282 207 207 207 169 93 55 55
Longitudinal Tensile Modulus Ea =XLAMa/t N/mm2 12360 12354 10479 10392 10392 10392 10321 10015 9579 9579Circumferential Tensile Modulus Ec =XLAMc/t N/mm2 12360 12354 10479 10392 10392 10392 10321 10015 9579 9579
TotalLaminate Design Longitudinal Unit Loading Ua =XLAMaεd N/mm 1809 1675 489 375 338 375 262 186 148 110Laminate Design Circumferential Unit Loading Uc =XLAMcεd N/mm 1948 1814 489 375 338 375 262 186 148 110
12.6. Compensation DesignLaminate unit loading of the compensation UC =pDIM/2 N/mm 744 744 187,5 187,5 187,5 150 150 93,75 75 56,25
ALC=UCDIB N/mm 1488000 1190400 93750 46875 28125 60000 22500 9375 11250 4500
Load capacity lost within diameter dC in axial direction ALa =ALC/2 N/mm 744000 595200 46875 23437,5 14062,5 30000 11250 4687,5 5625 2250
ACc
=(L-DIB)UC (hole comp.) N/mm 1615383,644 1215130,677 132279,7056 54010,752 39264,048 84391,8 27893,016 27893,016 27893,016 16521,984
Aca=(L-DIB)Ua (hole comp.)
N/mm 1325577,677 983843,2224 132279,7056 54010,752 39264,048 84391,8 27893,016 27893,016 27893,016 16521,984Pull out load Qb =pDIB/2 N/mm 620 496 187,5 93,75 56,25 150 56,25 37,5 56,25 30
Load carrying capacity of the compensation in axial direction
Circumferential Unit Load (pressure)
Axial Unit Load (pressure)
Load capacity lost within diameter dC in circumferential direction
Load carrying capacity of the compensation in circumferential direction
09-004_CI0001-02 .xls 35/42
12. Tee
12.1. Tee Input Data
Geometrical InputInternal Diameter of the Main Pipe DiM
Internal Diameter of the branch DiB
Structural Thickness of Main Pipe trMThickness of Branch Pipe trBThickness of Branch adjacent to the junction tBJ =tB+trThickness of Main adjacent to the junction tMJ =tM+tr
Internal LoadsDesign Pressure pAllowable Design Strain εd
Safety Factor SF
12.2. Tee Output DataReinforcement Thickness trMain Overlay Thickness tmo
Collar Thickness tcMinimum Main Overlay lenght taper 1:6 L =3LB
Minimum Branch Overlay lenght taper 1:6 LB
Pressure Stress MultiplierPressure Stress Multiplier mStress Intensification Factor SIFT
Pipe Factor TPipe Factor λZ =(DiB/(2tB))2(2tM/DiM)
12.3. Construction of Mechanical Reinforcement
Hole CompensationCSM-Chopped Strand Mat GrammatureCSM-Chopped Strand Mat LayersCSM-Chopped Strand Mat Thickness
WR-Woven Roving GrammatureWR-Woven Roving LayersWR-Woven Roving Thickness
UR-Unidirectional Hoop Roving GrammatureUR-Unidirectional Hoop Roving LayersUR-Unidirectional Hoop Roving Thickness
CPR-Continuous Parallel Roving GrammatureCPR-Continuous Parallel Roving LayersCPR-Continuous Parallel Roving Thickness
Mechanical Reinforcement Laminate Sequence
CollarCSM-Chopped Strand Mat GrammatureCSM-Chopped Strand Mat Layers
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2400 200 150 2000 600 2000 2400 2000
500 200 150 300 300 1600 1000 800Reduced tee Equal tee Equal tee Reduced tee Reduced tee Reduced tee Reduced tee Reduced tee
19,3 2,8 2,8 19,3 9,3 19,3 19,3 19,3
7 2,8 2,8 5,1 5,1 13,3 13 12
58,9 12,0 10,5 43,8 23,1 65,2 61,9 53,6
71,2 12,0 10,5 58,0 27,3 71,2 68,2 60,9
7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 6,2 6,2 6,2
0,002 0,002 0,002 0,002 0,002 0,002 0,002 0,0025 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
51,9 9,2 7,7 38,7 18,0 51,9 48,9 41,6
28,9 3,9 3,9 24,5 8,3 19,9 22,9 20,1
Pad reinforcement
Integral reinforcement
Integral reinforcement
Pad reinforcement
Integral reinforcement
Integral reinforcement
Integral reinforcement
Integral reinforcement
23,0 5,3 3,9 14,2 9,8 32,0 26,0 21,51140 500 450 680 680 3260 2040 1640
320 150 150 190 190 830 520 420
1,4 2,4 2,3 1,3 2,0 2,5 1,9 1,9
0,7 1,9 1,8 0,5 1,3 2,2 1,3 1,20,94 0,12 0,14 1,47 0,26 0,09 0,27 0,29
1,1 8,3 7,1 0,7 3,8 10,7 3,7 3,4
450 450 450 450 450 300 300 30020 3 3 17 6 15 17 14
18,5 2,8 2,8 15,7 5,5 9,2 10,5 8,6
500 500 500 500 500 800 800 80019 2 2 16 5 10 12 13
10,5 1,1 1,1 8,8 2,8 8,8 10,6 11,4
420 420 420 420 420 420 420 4200 0 0 0 0 4 4 0
0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,8 1,8 0,0
840 840 840 840 840 840 840 8400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,028,9 3,9 3,9 24,5 8,3 19,9 22,9 20,1
OK! ACC>ALC OK! ACC>ALC OK! ACC>ALC OK! ACC>ALC OK! ACC>ALC OK! ACC>ALC OK! ACC>ALC OK! ACC>ALCOK! ACA>ALA OK! ACA>ALA OK! ACA>ALA OK! ACA>ALA OK! ACA>ALA OK! ACA>ALA OK! ACA>ALA OK! ACA>ALAOK! UALC>qB OK! UALC>qB OK! UALC>qB OK! UALC>qB OK! UALC>qB OK! UALC>qB OK! UALC>qB OK! UALC>qB
[20xcsm450/19xwr500][3xcsm450/2xwr500][3xcsm450/2xwr500][17xcsm450/16xwr500][6xcsm450/5xwr500][15xcsm300/10xwr800][17xcsm300/12xwr800][14xcsm300/13xwr800]
450 450 450 450 450 300 300 30016 4 3 10 7 22 18 15
09-004_CI0001-02 .xls 36/42
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VETRORESINA ENGINIA GROUP
CSM-Chopped Strand Mat Thickness
WR-Woven Roving GrammatureWR-Woven Roving LayersWR-Woven Roving Thickness
Mechanical Reinforcement Laminate Sequence
12.4. Design Calculation for Tee subjected to Internal Pressure
Load on TeeQc =mp(DiM+tM)/20
Qa =mp(DiM+tM)/40
Circumferential Stress σc =Qc/t
Allowable Circumferential Stress σcall =Elam tcεd
Residual Circumferential Stress σcr =σacall-σc
12.5. Mechanical Properties
Hole CompensationLongitudinal Unit Modulus Xa =(Ximini)a
Circumferential Unit Modulus Xc =(Ximini)c
Laminate Design Longitudinal Unit Loading Ua =XLAMaεd
Laminate Design Circumferential Unit Loading Uc =XLAMcεd
Longitudinal Tensile Modulus Ea =XLAMa/t
Circumferential Tensile Modulus Ec =XLAMc/t
CollarLongitudinal Unit Modulus Xa =(Ximini)a
Circumferential Unit Modulus Xc =(Ximini)c
Laminate Design Longitudinal Unit Loading Ua =XLAMaεd
Laminate Design Circumferential Unit Loading Uc =XLAMcεd
Longitudinal Tensile Modulus Ea =XLAMa/t
Circumferential Tensile Modulus Ec =XLAMc/t
TotalLaminate Design Longitudinal Unit Loading Ua =XLAMaεd
Laminate Design Circumferential Unit Loading Uc =XLAMcεd
12.6. Compensation DesignLaminate unit loading of the compensation UC =pDIM/2
ALC=UCDIB
Load capacity lost within diameter dC in axial direction ALa =ALC/2
ACc
=(L-DIB)UC (hole comp.)
Aca=(L-DIB)Ua (hole comp.)
Pull out load Qb =pDIB/2
Load carrying capacity of the compensation in axial direction
Circumferential Unit Load (pressure)
Axial Unit Load (pressure)
Load capacity lost within diameter dC in circumferential direction
Load carrying capacity of the compensation in circumferential direction
14,8 3,7 2,8 9,2 6,5 13,5 11,1 9,2
500 500 500 500 500 800 800 80015 3 2 9 6 21 17 148,3 1,7 1,1 5,0 3,3 18,5 15,0 12,323,0 5,3 3,9 14,2 9,8 32,0 26,0 21,5
OK! Uc>Qc OK! Uc>Qc OK! Uc>Qc OK! Uc>Qc OK! Uc>Qc OK! Uc>Qc OK! Uc>Qc OK! Uc>QcOK! Ua>Qa OK! Ua>Qa OK! Ua>Qa OK! Ua>Qa OK! Ua>Qa OK! Ua>Qa OK! Ua>Qa OK! Ua>Qa
[16xcsm450/15xwr500][4xcsm450/3xwr500][3xcsm450/2xwr500][10xcsm450/9xwr500][7xcsm450/6xwr500][22xcsm300/21xwr800][18xcsm300/17xwr800][15xcsm300/14xwr800]
1291,3 180,9 131,0 963,0 447,4 1585,8 1457,0 1189,3
645,7 90,4 65,5 481,5 223,7 792,9 728,5 594,6
24,9 19,6 16,9 24,9 24,8 30,6 29,8 28,6
25,5 24,0 24,0 25,5 24,9 32,3 32,0 29,5
0,6 4,4 7,1 0,6 0,1 1,8 2,2 0,9
307223 38740 38740 259844 86120 209765 246949 246463
307223 38740 38740 259844 86120 267819 305003 246463
737 93 93 624 207 503 593 592
737 93 93 624 207 643 732 592
10628 10015 10015 10611 10392 10553 10799 12290
10628 10015 10015 10611 10392 13474 13338 12290
244051 54533 38740 149292 101913 395197 320830 265055
244051 54533 38740 149292 101913 395197 320830 265055
586 131 93 358 245 948 770 636
586 131 93 358 245 948 770 636
10604 10210 10015 10530 10442 12343 12323 12300
10604 10210 10015 10530 10442 12343 12323 12300
1323 224 186 982 451 1452 1363 1228
1323 224 186 982 451 1591 1502 1228
900 75 56,25 750 225 620 744 620
450000 15000 8437,5 225000 67500 992000 744000 496000
225000 7500 4218,75 112500 33750 496000 372000 248000
471894,528 27893,016 27893,016 236977,4544 78541,0752 1066991,215 761286,6893 496869,0048
471894,528 27893,016 27893,016 236977,4544 78541,0752 835703,76 616383,7056 496869,0048
187,5 75 56,25 112,5 112,5 496 310 248
09-004_CI0001-02 .xls 37/42
13. Reducer
13.1. Reducer Input Data
Geometrical InputLarger Pipe Nominal Diameter ND mm 500 500 400 250Smaller Pipe Nominal Diameter nd mm 400 350 300 200Reducer Angle α ° 22,6 22,6 22,6 22,6Reducer Lenght L 250 375 250 125
Internal LoadsDesign Pressure p MPa 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6Design Vacuum pe MPa 0,09 0,09 0,09 0,09
Allowable Design Strain εd mm/mm 0,002 0,002 0,002 0,002
13.2. Reducer Output Data
Larger Pipe Structural Thickness t mm 8,3 8,3 6,8 3,9Smaller Pipe Structural Thickness t mm 6,8 5,3 5,3 3,9Internal Liner Thickness tl mm 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65Top Coat Thickness tc mm 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2Larger Pipe Total Thickness tt =tr+tl+ttc mm 10,1 10,1 8,7 5,7Smaller Pipe Total Thickness tt =tr+tl+ttc mm 8,7 7,2 7,2 5,7
Reducer DiametersLarger Pipe Structural Diameter D =ND+2tl mm 503,3 503,3 403,3 253,3Smaller Pipe structural Diameter D =ND+2tl mm 403,3 353,3 303,3 203,3Larger Pipe Outside Diameter Do =ND+2tt mm 520,3 520,3 417,3 261,4Smaller Pipe Outside Diameter Do =ND+2tt mm 417,3 364,4 314,4 211,4Larger Pipe Mean Diameter Dm =ND+tt mm 510,1 510,1 408,7 255,7Smaller Pipe Mean Diameter Dm =ND+tt mm 408,7 357,2 307,2 205,7
Pressure Stress MultiplierPressure Stress Multiplier 1 1 1 1
13.3. Construction of Mechanical ReinforcementLarger Pipe DiameterCSM-Chopped Strand Mat Grammature g/m2 450 450 450 450CSM-Chopped Strand Mat Layers n° 6 6 5 3CSM-Chopped Strand Mat thickness mm 5,5 5,5 4,6 2,8
WR-Woven Roving Grammature g/m2 500 500 500 500WR-Woven Roving Layers n° 5 5 4 2WR-Woven Roving Thickness mm 2,75 2,75 2,20 1,10Mechanical Reinforcement Thickness mm 8,29 8,29 6,81 3,87
OK! Ulama>Qa OK! Ulama>Qa OK! Ulama>Qa OK! Ulama>QaOK! Ulamc>Qc OK! Ulamc>Qc OK! Ulamc>Qc OK! Ulamc>Qc
OK! tmin>t OK! tmin>t OK! tmin>t OK! tmin>t
Mechanical Reinforcement Laminate Sequence [6xcsm450/5xwr500][6xcsm450/5xwr500][5xcsm450/4xwr500][3xcsm450/2xwr500]
Smaller Pipe DiameterCSM-Chopped Strand Mat Grammature g/m2 450 450 450 450CSM-Chopped Strand Mat Layers n° 5 4 4 3CSM-Chopped Strand Mat thickness mm 4,6 3,7 3,7 2,8
WR-Woven Roving Grammature g/m2 500 500 500 500
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WR-Woven Roving Layers n° 4 3 3 2WR-Woven Roving Thickness mm 2,20 1,65 1,65 1,10Mechanical Reinforcement Thickness mm 6,81 5,34 5,34 3,87
OK! Ulama>Qa OK! Ulama>Qa OK! Ulama>Qa OK! Ulama>QaOK! Ulamc>Qc OK! Ulamc>Qc OK! Ulamc>Qc OK! Ulamc>Qc
OK! tmin>t OK! tmin>t OK! tmin>t OK! tmin>t
Mechanical Reinforcement Laminate Sequence [5xcsm450/4xwr500][4xcsm450/3xwr500][4xcsm450/3xwr500][3xcsm450/2xwr500]
13.4. Design Calculation for Reducer subjected to Internal Pressure
Load on Larger Diameter PipeAxial Unit Load Qa =pDm/4 N/mm 76,5 76,5 61,3 38,4Circumferential Unit Load Qc =mpDm/2 N/mm 153,0 153,0 122,6 76,7Axial Stress σa =Qa/t N/mm2 9,2 9,2 9,0 9,9Allowable Axial Stress σaall =Elam taεd N/mm2 20,8 20,8 20,6 20,0Circumferential Stress σc =Qc/t N/mm2 18,5 18,5 18,0 19,8Allowable Circumferential Stress σcall =Elam tcεd N/mm2 20,8 20,8 20,6 20,0Residual Axial Stress σar =σaall-σa N/mm2 11,6 11,6 11,6 10,1Residual Circumferential Stress σcr =σacall-σc N/mm2 2,3 2,3 2,6 0,2
Load on Smaller Diameter PipeAxial Unit Load Qa =pDm/4 N/mm 61,3 53,6 46,1 30,9Circumferential Unit Load (pressure and bending moments)
Qc =mpDm/2N/mm 122,6 107,2 92,2 61,7
Axial Stress σa =Qa/t N/mm2 9,0 10,0 8,6 8,0Allowable Axial Stress σaall =Elam taεd N/mm2 20,8 20,8 20,6 20,0Circumferential Stress σc =Qc/t N/mm2 18,5 18,5 18,0 19,8Allowable Circumferential Stress σcall =Elam tcεd N/mm2 20,8 20,8 20,6 20,0Residual Axial Stress σar =σaall-σa N/mm2 11,6 11,6 11,6 10,1Residual Circumferential Stress σcr =σacall-σc N/mm2 2,3 2,3 2,6 0,2
13.5. Mechanical Properties
Larger Pipe DiameterLongitudinal Unit Modulus XLAM a =(Ximini)a N/mm 86119,6 86119,6 70326,5 38740,3Circumferential Unit Modulus XLAM c =(Ximini)c N/mm 86119,6 86119,6 70326,5 38740,3Laminate Design Longitudinal Unit Loading ULAM a =XLAMaεd N/mm 172,2 172,2 140,7 77,5Laminate Design Circumferential Unit Loading ULAM c =XLAMcεd N/mm 172,2 172,2 140,7 77,5Longitudinal Tensile Modulus of the Laminate ELAM ta =XLAMa/t N/mm2 10392,3 10392,3 10320,9 10014,6Circumferential Tensile Modulus of the Laminate ELAM tc =XLAMc/t N/mm2 10392,3 10392,3 10320,9 10014,6
Smaller Pipe DiameterLongitudinal Unit Modulus XLAM a =(Ximini)a N/mm 70326,5 54533,4 54533,4 38740,3Circumferential Unit Modulus XLAM c =(Ximini)c N/mm 70326,5 54533,4 54533,4 38740,3Laminate Design Longitudinal Unit Loading ULAM a =XLAMaεd N/mm 140,7 109,1 109,1 77,5Laminate Design Circumferential Unit Loading ULAM c =XLAMcεd N/mm 140,7 109,1 109,1 77,5Longitudinal Tensile Modulus of the Laminate ELAM ta =XLAMa/t N/mm2 10320,9 10210,0 10210,0 10014,6Circumferential Tensile Modulus of the Laminate ELAM tc =XLAMc/t N/mm2 10320,9 10210,0 10210,0 10014,6
13.6. Design Calculation for Reducer subjected to Vacuum
Safety Factor SF 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5Larger Diameter Minimum Wall Thickness tmin=Do(0,4SFpetJ/(ElamtcDo))^0,4mm 3,7 4,3 3,2 1,9Smaller Diameter Minimum Wall Thickness tmin=Do(0,4SFpetJ/(ElamtcDo))^0,4mm 3,2 3,5 2,7 1,6
13.7. Design Calculation for Reducer with Specified Stiffness
Larger Pipe without Stiffening Rings Stiffness S =ELAMfc(tt3/12)/Dm
3 Pa 6794,8 6794,8 8195,8 9332,2Smaller Pipe without Stiffening Rings Stiffness S =ELAMfc(tt
3/12)/Dm3 Pa 8195,8 6942,9 10914,9 17924,7
T2400 T2000 T1600 T500 T400 T350 T300 T250 T200 T150 T100 T80 T600
14. Cap
14.1. Cap Input Data
Geometrical InputCap Nominal Diameter ND mm 2400 2000 1600 500 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 80 600Cap Height h mm 600 500 400 125 100 87,5 75 62,5 50 37,5 25 20 150
Internal LoadsDesign Pressure p MPa 0,62 0,62 0,62 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75Design Vacuum pe MPa 0,04 0,09 0,04 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,04
14.2. Cap Output Data
Structural Thickness t mm 42,5 35,0 35,0 24,4 24,4 24,4 24,4 24,4 24,4 24,4 24,4 24,4 12,7Internal Liner Thickness tl mm 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,65Top Coat Thickness tc mm 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2Total thickness tt =tr+tl+ttc mm 44,3 36,8 36,8 26,3 26,3 26,3 26,3 26,3 26,3 26,3 26,3 26,3 14,6
Cap DiametersStructural Diameter D =ND+2tl mm 2403,30 2003,30 1603,30 503,30 403,30 353,30 303,30 253,30 203,30 153,30 103,30 83,30 603,30Outside Diameter Do =ND+2tt mm 2488,67 2073,70 1673,70 552,59 452,59 402,59 352,59 302,59 252,59 202,59 152,59 132,59 629,11Mean Diameter Dm =ND+tt mm 2444,33 2036,85 1636,85 526,30 426,30 376,30 326,30 276,30 226,30 176,30 126,30 106,30 614,56
14.3. Construction of Mechanical Reinforcement
CSM-Chopped Strand Mat Grammature g/m2 300 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 450CSM-Chopped Strand Mat Layers n° 29 17 17 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 9CSM-Chopped Strand Mat thickness mm 17,8 20,9 20,9 14,8 14,8 14,8 14,8 14,8 14,8 14,8 14,8 14,8 8,3
WR-Woven Roving Grammature g/m2 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 500WR-Woven Roving Layers n° 28 16 16 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 8WR-Woven Roving Thickness mm 24,6 14,1 14,1 9,7 9,7 9,7 9,7 9,7 9,7 9,7 9,7 9,7 4,4Mechanical Reinforcement Thickness mm 42,5 35,0 35,0 24,4 24,4 24,4 24,4 24,4 24,4 24,4 24,4 24,4 12,7
NO! Ulam<Q
NO! Ulam<Q OK! Ulam>Q OK! Ulam>Q OK! Ulam>Q OK! Ulam>Q OK! Ulam>Q OK! Ulam>Q OK! Ulam>Q OK! Ulam>Q OK! Ulam>Q OK! Ulam>Q
NO! Ulam<Q
OK! Ulam>Qe
OK! Ulam>Qe
OK! Ulam>Qe
OK! Ulam>Qe
OK! Ulam>Qe
OK! Ulam>Qe
OK! Ulam>Qe
OK! Ulam>Qe
OK! Ulam>Qe
OK! Ulam>Qe
OK! Ulam>Qe
OK! Ulam>Qe
OK! Ulam>Qe
OK! tmin>t OK! tmin>t OK! tmin>t
OK!tmin>t
OK!tmin>t
OK!tmin>t
OK!tmin>t
OK!tmin>t
OK!tmin>t
OK!tmin>t
OK!tmin>t
OK!tmin>t
OK!tmin>t
Mechanical Reinforcement Laminate Sequence [29xcsm300/28xwr800][17xcsm600/16xwr800][17xcsm600/16xwr800][12xcsm600/11xwr800][12xcsm600/11xwr800][12xcsm600/11xwr800][12xcsm600/11xwr800][12xcsm600/11xwr800][12xcsm600/11xwr800][12xcsm600/11xwr800][12xcsm600/11xwr800][12xcsm600/11xwr800][9xcsm450/8xwr500]
14.4. Design Calculation for Caps subjected to Internal Pressure
Load on CapShape Factor KS 1,45 1,45 1,45 1,45 1,45 1,45 1,45 1,45 1,45 1,45 1,45 1,45 1,45Unit Load Q =0,5pNDKS N/mm 1079 899 719 272 218 190 163 136 109 82 54 44 326Stress σ =Q/t N/mm2 25 26 21 11 9 8 7 6 4 3 2 2 26Allowable Stress σall =Elam tεd N/mm2 25 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 21Residual Stress σr =σall-σ N/mm2 -1 -4 1 11 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 20 -5
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14.5. Mechanical Properties
Unit Modulus XLAM =(Ximini)c N/mm 525340 383318 383318 266512 266512 266512 266512 266512 266512 266512 266512 266512 133499
Laminate Design Unit Loading ULAM =XLAMεd N/mm 1050 766 766 532 532 532 532 532 532 532 532 532 267
Tensile Modulus of the Laminate ELAM t =XLAM/t N/mm2 12366 10953 10953 10902 10902 10902 10902 10902 10902 10902 10902 10902 10507
14.6. Design Calculation for Caps subjected to Vacuum
Unit Load Qe =0,66pNDKS N/mm 91,872 172,26 61,248 28,71 22,968 20,097 17,226 14,355 11,484 8,613 5,742 4,5936 22,968
Stress σe =Qe/t N/mm2 2 5 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 2Residual Stress σer =σall-σe N/mm2 23 17 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 22 22 19
Shape factor end convex to pressure Ke 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,8
R0 =0,5DoKe 2240 1866 1506 497 407 362 317 272 227 182 137 119 566Safety Factor SF 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5Minimum Wall Thickness tmin =1,7Ro(SFpe/ELAM)0,5 mm 10,8 14,4 7,7 3,1 2,6 2,3 2,0 1,7 1,4 1,1 0,9 0,8 3,0