0940 recent developments in teff, ethiopia's most important cereal and gift to the world
DESCRIPTION
Presenter: Tareke BerheCIIFAD Forum SeminarTRANSCRIPT
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RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TEFF, ETHIOPIA’S MOST IMPORTANT CEREAL
AND GIFT TO THE WORLD
Tareke Berhe ( Ph. D )[email protected]
CIIFAD Forum Seminar, July 23, 2009
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OUTLINE
I. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF TEFF
II. DIETARY IMPORTANCE OF TEFF
III. PRODUCTION DIFFICULTIES OF TEFF
IV. UNEXPLOITED POTENTIALS & RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
V. WHAT NEXT?
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I. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF TEFF
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TEFF: THE MOST IMPORTANT STAPLE FOOD CROP OF ETHIOPIA
IN ETHIOPIA ALONE:
Over 2.5 metric tons of grain produced/year
Staple food for over 50 million people
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TEFF IS THE MAJOR CEREALOF ETHIOPIA COVERING OVER 2.5 MILLION HECTARES/YEAR
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TEFF OCCUPIES A LARGE PLACE IN THE GRAIN MARKET
Current price of teff grain in Ethiopia = $700-1000/ton
Current price of teff flour in the USA = $2,990/ton
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II. NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF TEFF
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MERITS OF TEFF WIDE ADAPTATION: Grows in range of
altitudes, temperatures, soils, water regimes = significant tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses
MINIMAL STORAGE PROBLEMS FOOD SECURITY CROP FOR ETHIOPIAN
FARMERS VERY NUTRITIOUS: high in Fe, Ca, and
lysine with good balance of amino acids NO GLUTEN, LOW GLYCEMIC INDEX:
Being developed as a health food in Europe and USA
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TEFF ENJARA: ETHIOPIANS’ DAILY BREAD
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TEFF STRAW IS A COMMERCIAL PRODUCT: Livestock Feed and for
Construction
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III. PRODUCTION CONSTRAINTS OF TEFF
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PROBLEM # 1 IN TEFF
LOW YIELD
1. ETHIOPIA: National ave. = < 1ton/hectare
Maximum yield = 2.5 tons/ha
2. Holland and USA (Idaho): 1.3 – 2.5 tons/ha
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MAIN CAUSESLODGING DUE TO HIGH PLANTING DENSITY
25-50 LBS/ACRE IN ETHIOPIA VS. 2.5 -3.0 LBS/ACRE IN EUROPE AND USA
LONG PEDUNCLE
TEFF RUST (Uromyces sp.)
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PROBLEM # 2CULTURAL PRACTICES: All Manual
– Labor Intensive
LAND PREPARATION
WEED CONTROL
HARVESTING
THRESHING
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PROBLEM # 3: Politics
► RESTRICTIONS ON MATERIAL TRANSFER
► OPPOSITION TO BIOTECHNOLOGY
► LOW INVESTMENT BY GOVERNMENT
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INNOVATIVE APPROACHES/TOOLS/TECHNIQUES UNDER TEST
► REDUCTION OF PLANT DENSITY► USE OF TRANSPLANTING TECHNIQUES► USE OF IRRIGATION FOR OFF-SEASON CROP► USE OF MORE COMPLETE FERTILIZERS WITH
MICRONUTRIENTS► USE OF CONVENTIONAL & NON–
CONVENTIONAL (GYNOGENESIS) BREEDING TO SPEED UP VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
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IV. UNEXPLOITED POTENTIALS
AGRONOMY– System of Teff Intensification ( STI )
BREEDING – Conventional and Non-Conventional
MECHANIZATION: Planting, Harvesting, Threshing
UTILIZATION: Cereal Mixtures (e.g., rice or grain amaranth) to Reduce Pressure on Teff
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TAREKE BERHE, 1979, SCOTTS BLUFF, NE
HAILU TEFERRA2000, DZ, ETHIOPIA
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SPACE IN PLANTING AND IN ROWS, DEBRE ZEIT, 2008
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HIGH-TILLERING TRAIT IN TEFF WHEN TRANSPLANTED WITH WIDER
SPACING
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FIRST TRIALS, 2008 – Duplication of Earlier Findings
VARIETY SOWING METHOD
PELLETING YIELD (Kg/Ha)
Cross 37 Broadcast None 1,014Broadcast Yes 483
20 cm x 20 cm None 3,39020 cm x 20 cm Yes 5,109
Cross 387 Broadcast None 1,181Broadcast Yes 1,036
20 cm x 20 cm None 4,14220 cm x 20 cm Yes 4,385
YIFRU ( 1998 ) M. Sc. THESIS
Reported yield of 4-5 tons/ha for
non-lodged teff
vs.
2-3 t/ha for lodged teff
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SECOND TRIALS, 2009COMPOUND FERTILIZER + SPACING
Variety: DZ-01-974 (3 replications I-III)
I II III TOTAL AVE.YIELD
(KG/HA)*
DAP + UREA 57 49.5 34.2 140.7 46.9 6,700DAP + NP +
Zn 56.6 53.8 60.6 171 57.0 8,143DAP + NP +
Cu 67.6 58.4 40.4 166.4 55.5 7,924DAP + NP +
Zn + Cu 76.2 50.9 53.3 180.4 60.1 8,591SUKUBE SUKUBE + UREA 68.6 61.8 54.1 184.5 61.5 8,786CHECK: NO FERTILIZER 5.3 11.2 3.2 19.7 6.6 938
* YIELD LEVELS NEVER REPORTED BEFORE
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PELLETING DAP PROVED EASIER THAN PELLETING TEFF SEEDS
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TEFF FERTILIZER POT EXPERIMENTS
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IRRIGATED TEFF: OFF-SEASON
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NEW TOOL: GYNOGENESIS
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GOOD GYNO GENOTYPES NOTED IN THE FIELD
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GYNO TEFF EXPERIMENTS - DEBRE ZEIT, 2009
GENOTYPE YIELD (Kg/Ha) DZ-01-354 - C* 1,191
DZ-01-196 -C* 1,240
DZ-01-196 GYNO, P29,S3 2,097
DZ-01-196 GYNO; P28, S1 2,457
DZ-01-196 GYNO, P32, S3 920
GYNO, P35, S1 DZ-01-196 800
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MECHANIZATION
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UTILIZATION & COMPANION CROPS
GRAIN AMARANTHE NERICA RICE
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COMPANION CROPS CAN BE MIXED WITH TEFF TO MAKE ENJARA
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V. WHAT NEXT?
PUT ALL PROMISING TECHNOLOGIES TO WORK
FULL TIME IN ETHIOPIA
FULL TIME IN USA
ETHIOPIA:USA – 50:50
POSSIBLE DONORS
McKnight Foundation
Rockefeller Foundation
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
AGRA
Sasakawa African Assoc.
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BON APPETIT TO EVERYONE