1-0 aircraft design (261k) and laboratory (161m) “conceptual design of uav systems” spring...

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Aircraft Design (261K) and Laboratory (161M)

“Conceptual Design of UAV Systems”

Spring Semester 2003

InstructorDr. Armand J. Chaput

Senior Technical Fellow

Lockheed Martin Aeronautics CompanyFort Worth, Texas

(817) [email protected]

Design of UAV Systems

Course Introductionc 2003 LM Corporation

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Lesson objective - to answer the following questions:

• What is Conceptual Design?• What will you learn about it?• What are the expectations?

• Mine• Yours

• What is the course structure, content and schedule?

• Who am I and what do I know about air vehicle systems and how to design them?

Objectives

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Discussion subjects

• UAV system• Overview

• Design Phases• Overview• Importance of early

design decisions• Course overview

• Objective• Differences• Expectations• Participants• Content and schedule• Homework

• Course background• Personal background

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But first what is a UAV?Design of UAV Systems


My definition - A reusable unmanned (or uninhabited if you prefer) air vehicle

• Includes target drones but excludes cruise missiles- Even if the cruise missile has a data link- Even if the technology is similar (which it is)

UAV UAVUAV UAV

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And there are many kindsDesign of UAV Systems


Tilt wing/rotor

Fixed wing

Rotarywing

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/predator.htm

ttp://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/compass_arrow.htm

Micro

Free wing

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/vtuav.htmLockheed Martin Aeronautics Company

Tail Sitters

Small

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UAV System ElementsDesign of UAV Systems


But a UAV system is much more than a reusable air vehicle or vehicles• Our system definition includes five elements1. The environment in which the UAVs operate or the

System Element (e.g. the airspace, the data links, relay aircraft, etc.)

2. The air vehicle(s) or the Air Vehicle Element3. The control station(s) or the Mission Control

Element4. The payload(s) or the Payload Element5. The maintenance and support system or the

Support ElementOthers define the system differently but at the bottom line there is no difference - without all the elements, the system won’t work

The environment(s) in which the UAV

operates

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System Element

Concept of Operations (ConOps)

Q

P

R

P

Q

SensorManagement

Q

P

GlobalComms

P

DataFusion

TheaterC2

•Sensing•Control

ExternalSystems

NationalImagery

NationalSIGINT

TheaterImagery

TheaterSIGINT

P

P

P

P

DataFusion

MissionPlanning

MCS

UCAV

UCAV

Q/P Q/P

R

P

Q

Q/P

Q/P

C

SpaceRelay

AirRelay

DirectComms

C

C

P

P

•Sensing•Control

P

Communications Network

Launch and Recovery Element (LRE)

Target Set

AirborneCommNode

SATCOM

Mission Control Element (MCE)

MCE

Discover II& Other Overheads

Rivet JointAWACS

Joint Stars

Recce



Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company

Air Vehicle Element

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The Airplane(s)



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Mission Control Element

The Control Station(s)



http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/darkstar.htm

Payload Element

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The Payload(s)



http://www.tdyryan.com/04_Programs/Global_Hawk/GH_System_Desc.PDF

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Support Element

Support and Logistics



Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company

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Next subject


• Design Phases• Overview• Importance of early




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Advanced design phasesDesign of UAV Systems


1. Pre-concept design (my term)• The very early work that establishes the general concept,

what it should do and how it will be used• Previously done by customer organizations (e.g. the

government) now done by customers and companies• The product is usually a set of initial requirements and

expectations for cost and schedule

2. Conceptual design • The next phase that starts with overall requirements and

objectives and develops a preferred system concept and a plan to develop it

• The product is usually a proposal for preliminary design with enough technical, cost and risk information to convince your customer to buy your concept

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Later phasesDesign of UAV Systems


3. Preliminary design

• The subsequent phase that turns the preferred system concept into a well substantiated design and proposes a detailed plan to build and test it

• The product is usually documentation and a design review with enough detailed technical and cost substantiation, planning and risk reduction to convince your customer to let you build it

4. Detailed design

• The final phase that completely defines the design for production and test

• The product is usually a set of detailed specifications, drawings, manufacturing instructions and test plans

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Importance of early decisions

Cu

mu

lati

ve P

erce

nt

Of

Lif

e C

ycle

Co

st

Milestones I II III IOC Out of Service

10095

85

70

50

10

Source – Defense Systems Management College, 3 Dec. 1991

PreliminaryDesign

DetailedDesign

Pre-conceptDesign

ConceptDesign

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Importance cont’dDesign of UAV Systems


• Many aerospace program problems trace back to early design decisions (examples from my experience)• A-12 - All composite structure• F-16 XL - Engine selection• NASP - Binary program goal (SSTO or nothing)

http://www.fas.org/irp/mystery/nasp.htm

http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/a-12.htm

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Next subject


• Advanced Design Phases• Overview• Importance of early




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Overall course objective

Our focus will be on the first two phases of design

• These are the most critical design decision phases• Preliminary and detailed design are company and

design & analysis tool specific- Other specialized Aero/ME/EE courses apply

We will cover both pre-concept and conceptual design from a team design perspective• Team design is more complicated than individual

design- Excellent planning and management is required

We will learn how and when to adapt methods and data from manned systems • Some are applicable, others are not

• Traditional aircraft design courses focus on aero-engine-structures design and integration. We have to cover much more:

• Concepts of operations• Basing and mission coverage • Effectiveness• Communications• Operating environments

• Therefore, we cannot go into as much depth in the traditional aircraft design and integration areas

• We do have time to even discuss some traditional aircraft design subjects

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Course differencesDesign of UAV Systems


We will focus almost exclusively on full size, fixed wing, subsonic UAVs

• Control stations• Sensor payloads• Weapon payloads• Support concepts• Cost

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Overall course structure

Meets every Friday (2-5 p.m.) in Pharmacy 2.114- Lectures

- Will address design of all the elements- Example problems

- Will show how to apply the lecture material- Spreadsheet model demonstrations

- Will be used extensively for pre-concept design- Some models are applicable to conceptual design (with

calibration based on conceptual design methods) Remaining laboratory hours are available to work on projects- I will be flying back to Fort Worth (weather permitting)

Expect to spend additional hours outside of class- Doing design and analysis (individually and in teams)

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Overall schedule

Week 1• Course introduction • Introduction to UAVs

Week 2 • UAV conceptual design issues• Fundamentals of system design

Week 3 • Concepts of operation • UAV operating environments

Week 4• Sortie rate estimates• Requirements analysis

Week 5 • Communication considerations and sizing

Week 6• Control station considerations and sizing • Payload (EO/IR and radar) considerations and sizing

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Overall schedule

Week 7 • Reliability, maintenance, safety and support • Life cycle cost

Week 8• Mid term presentations

Week 9• Introduction to air vehicle design • Conceptual level aerodynamics• Standard atmosphere models

Week 10 • Spring break

Week 11• Parametric propulsion

Week 12 • Parametric weights • Parametric geometry

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Schedule cont’d

Week 13 • Air vehicle performance• Integrated performance model• Methodology and correlation

Week 14• Air vehicle design (example)

Week 15• System concept design

Week 16 • Project preparations

Week 17• Project presentations

Pre-concept design• Chaput, Concept Design of UAV Systems • Chaput, Concept design spreadsheet models

• Conceptual design• Raymer, Aircraft Design, A Conceptual Approach, 3rd Edition • Raymer, RDS-Student Software for Aircraft Design, Sizing and

Performance• Roskam, Airplane Design, Parts I - VIII; Airplane Aerodynamics

and Performance, Airplane Flight Dynamics and Automatic Flight Controls, Parts I&II.

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ReferencesDesign of UAV Systems


Primary references

RosAP = Roskam, Airplane Aerodynamics and Performance

RosAD.1 = Roskam, Airplane Design, Part I...through...RosAD.8 = Roskam, Airplane Design, Part VIII

RosFD.1 = Roskam, Airplane Flight Dynamics and Automatic Flight Controls, Part IRosFD.2 = Roskam, Airplane Flight Dynamics and Automatic Flight Controls, Part II

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Reference notationDesign of UAV Systems


RayAD = Raymer, Aircraft Design, A Conceptual Approach

RayRDS = Raymer, Student Software for Aircraft Design, Sizing and Performance

UAV PCD = Chaput, Pre-Concept Design of UAV Systems

• Mission area coverage – UT.mission.coverage.xls• Mission sortie rate – UT.sortie.xls• Communication line of sight – UT. RFLOS.xls• Air vehicle performance (internal combustion)

- UT.ICProp.xls• Air vehicle performance (turboprop)

- UT.TBPprop.xls• Air vehicle performance (turbofan)

- UT.TBFan.xls• Sensor data – UT.sensor.xls• Datalink data – UT.datalink.xls • Life cycle cost - UT.aircraft cost.xls

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Spreadsheet models and dataDesign of UAV Systems


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Course materialsDesign of UAV Systems


Will be provided electronically

1. Will be available one week in advance• Read ahead if you want

- But it is not a requirement2. Paper copies are your responsibility

• Limit of one copy per student• Note the Lockheed Martin Copyright

3. All lectures based on public source materials• If you are looking for Lockheed Martin secrets

you will be disappointed4. But the methods, thought processes and

approaches are very state of the art• You will learn how it is done in the real world

• One exception – no stealth coverage

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QuestionsDesign of UAV Systems


Three ways

1. Ask in class• Good questions help everybody learn

2. Ask electronically• Ask questions by Email• Answers will be by Email and should be posted

on the course bulletin board by all recipients

3. Ask personally• Office in WRW 305A, phone ?• Office hours Friday, 11:00 -2:00

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HomeworkDesign of UAV Systems


Assigned weekly (starting week 3)

1. Practice what we teach• Applications of design methods

• With design project focus• Should be easy if you pay attention

2. Submit weekly• Don’t be late

• Will be hard to catch up while keeping up

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Examinations

• This course is about application of knowledge to design

- Design projects/presentations will be given in lieu of exams



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Project presentations

• Presentations will be your major product

- Team presentation grades will be shared by team- With adjustments for individual performance

• Formats• Electronic

- Use standard MS Word, Excel or PowerPoint as appropriate

- Scanned materials should use standard pdf, jpg or gif formats

• Other• Please minimize non-electronic submittals but we

will accept paper copies if no other option available

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Design projects

Two major project submittals/presentations1. Initial system concept design (week 8)

- Concept of Operation- Communications- Control stations- Payload- Notional air vehicle concept- Cost and effectiveness

2. Preferred system concept (week 17)- Air vehicle design - Trade study results- System performance- Cost and effectiveness

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Grade basis

• Class participation and attendance - 20%• Homework - 20%• Mid term design review - 25%• Final design review - 35%

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Course participants

Introduce yourself• Name• Hometown• Interest in aircraft design • What are your expectations ?

• You will not be UAV expert• You will understand the fundamental conceptual

design issues and how to approach them• You will understand where to go for more

information• Your will be able to develop a UAV system

conceptual design that should work• Major components defined• Reasonably optimized size and performance• Reasonable cost estimates• Reasonable effectiveness estimates

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My expectations

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Next subject


• Advanced Design Phases• Overview• Importance of early






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Course background

1999 Agreement Established Sejong-Lockheed Martin Aerospace Research Center - Part of an LM corporate commitment to support Korean aerospace development

• Near term - Korean fighter production (F-16)• Mid term - T-50 program co-development• Long term - Sejong-LM Aerospace Research

Center• Sejong project focus

• Support student programs• Radio control aircraft competition

• Provide scholarships• Undergraduate and graduate

• Help establish Sejong center of excellence• UAV studies

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Who am I?Design of UAV Systems


Lockheed Martin - 20+ years in advanced aerospace product development

• Systems Engineering - Senior Technical Fellow• Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles - IPT lead (start early 99)• LM/Boeing/Northrop AFX - Chief Engineer• National Aerospace Plane - National team Chief Engineer• National Aerospace Plane - Company Program Director• Advanced Design Department - Manager

Other credentials

• Member, US Air Force Scientific Advisory Board (1997-2001, 2003) • Member, Naval Studies Board (2003)• Member, Board of Trustees, Association for Unmanned Vehicle

Systems International (1998-2001)• Member, AIAA Aircraft Design Technical Committee

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Who am I - cont’d?Design of UAV Systems


Prior Employment• Central Intelligence Agency (1969-80)• Active duty with US Army (1967-69)• Boeing Launch Systems Company (1966)

Education• Doctor of Philosophy, Texas A&M University• Master of Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Texas A&M • Bachelor of Science , Aerospace Engineering, Texas A&M Other• Flight Instructor, single engine, land • Commercial pilot, instrument rated ,single & multi-engine• “UAV pilot” (radio control model aircraft) since age 13

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IntermissionDesign of UAV Systems


1-0 aircraft design (261k) and laboratory (161m) “conceptual design of uav systems” spring...

Documents

preliminary design

aircraft design

substantiated design

support system

system definition

preferred system concept

uav system elementsbut

advanced design phases1