1 04/04

TEA-3 Transportation TEA-3 Transportation Enhancements & Physical Activity:Enhancements & Physical Activity:

Policy ImplicationsPolicy Implications

Deborah A. CohenDeborah A. CohenRoss BrownsonRoss BrownsonHenry FeldmanHenry Feldman

R h e a l t h

3 04/04

BackgroundBackground

• Utilitarian Physical Utilitarian Physical ActivityActivity

Refers to routine Refers to routine activity in the course activity in the course of one’s daily of one’s daily scheduleschedule

• Leisure Physical Leisure Physical ActivityActivity

Refers to voluntary Refers to voluntary activity undertaken activity undertaken in one’s free time for in one’s free time for one’s own pleasure one’s own pleasure or preference.or preference.

4 04/04

Population-Level InterventionsPopulation-Level Interventions

•Utilitarian Physical Utilitarian Physical ActivityActivity

Change environmentChange environment

PassivePassive

Acceptable Acceptable (normative)(normative)

SustainableSustainable

Reach large numbersReach large numbers

•Leisure Physical Leisure Physical ActivityActivity

Requires active, Requires active, voluntary voluntary participationparticipation

Motivation issuesMotivation issues

Less sustainableLess sustainable

Difficult to reach large Difficult to reach large numbersnumbers

5 04/04

86.5

3.28.6

1.70

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Automobile Public Transit Walking Other

Pe

rce

nt

of

Tri

ps

14.0

8.46.6 6.6

02468

10121416

LargerMSA with

Transit

LargerMSA

withoutTransit

SmallerMSA

Not in MSAP

erc

en

t o

f T

rip

s86.5

3.28.6

1.70

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Automobile Public Transit Walking Other

Pe

rce

nt

of

Tri

ps

14.0

8.46.6 6.6

02468

10121416

LargerMSA with

Transit

LargerMSA

withoutTransit

SmallerMSA

Not in MSAP

erc

en

t o

f T

rip

s

Utilitarian Person-Trips by Mode and Walking Utilitarian Person-Trips by Mode and Walking Trips by Residential Location, 2001Trips by Residential Location, 2001

6 04/04

                                                                                                    

           The graph above illustrates the percent of active walkers (daily walkers) Transit Use. Roughly 25% of Active walkers take transit twice a week, another 16% once a week, about 12% some, 8% once, and about 7% never.

http://nhts.ornl.gov/2001/presentations/walking/index.shtml

Transit Use is Associated with Transit Use is Associated with Daily WalkingDaily Walking

7 04/04

Auto Use is Associated with Auto Use is Associated with Fewer Walking TripsFewer Walking Trips

8 04/04

Using Mass Transit Requires Using Mass Transit Requires Physical ActivityPhysical Activity

On average it is estimated that people walk ten minutes each way to transit stops.

Using transit likely results in about an extra 100 Kcal energy expended per round-trip.

9 04/04

Light RailLight Rail

•Can serve high volume of people daily

e.g. During May 2000 the Los Angeles Long Beach Red line carried over 65,000/day and the Blue line over 60,000/day.

10 04/04

11 04/04

Trends in Auto DependencyTrends in Auto Dependency

12 04/04

Highway vs Rail MilesHighway vs Rail Miles

13 04/04

Highway vs Rail Miles

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1,000,000

10,000,000

HighwayAmtrakCommuter railHeavy railLight rail

Highway vs Rail MilesHighway vs Rail Miles

14 04/04

-250000

250000

750000

1250000

1750000

2250000

2750000

Passenger carBusTransit, totalLight rail

Passenger Miles Driven, by Travel ModePassenger Miles Driven, by Travel Mode

15 04/04

                                                                      

                                      Graphics above show that VMT follows closely to Body Mass Index growth from 1969 to 2001.

http://nhts.ornl.gov/2001/presentations/walking/index.shtml

Trend in VMT Trend in BMI

16 04/04

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

1985 1989 1993 1997 1999 2001

Years

Drives Self

Carpool, total

Public Trans

Bicycle orMotorcycle

Walks

Works at Home

Trends in Transportation to WorkTrends in Transportation to Work

Source: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development,American Housing Survey (Washington, DC: various years).

17 04/04

Gas Prices Vs Gross Domestic ProductGas Prices Vs Gross Domestic Product

Gas prices

GDP

18 04/04Economics at the Wheel. The Costs of Cars and Drivers.Richard C. Porter, 1999, Academic Press

Gas Prices vs. Vehicle Miles TraveledGas Prices vs. Vehicle Miles Traveled

19 04/04

Gas Prices in Various CountriesGas Prices in Various Countries

20 04/04

Highway Expenditures vs. Transit Revenues and Expenditures

$1,000$6,000

$11,000$16,000$21,000$26,000$31,000$36,000$41,000$46,000$51,000$56,000$61,000$66,000$71,000$76,000$81,000$86,000$91,000$96,000

$101,000$106,000$111,000$116,000$121,000$126,000$131,000

1960

1970

1980

1990

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

Years

Mil

lio

ns

Total highwayexpenditures

Mass transitpassenger operatingrevenues (1), totalMass transitoperating expenses(2), total

Highway expenditures

Mass transit expenses

Mass transit revenues

American Public Transit Association, 2003 Transportation Fact Book, (Washington, DC: 2002),

21 04/04

What is TEA-3?What is TEA-3?

Third iteration of the Transportation Equity Act. Funds transportation projects:

•Highway construction, •Rail service, •Mass transit, •Programs for bicycling and walking (trails, sidewalks, etc.) 

22 04/04

29 States with 73+ Ongoing / Proposed 29 States with 73+ Ongoing / Proposed Rail ProjectsRail Projects

AlaskaArizonaArkansasCaliforniaColoradoFloridaGeorgiaHawaiiIllinoisKansas

KentuckyLouisianaMarylandMassachusettsMinnesotaNevadaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew YorkNorth Carolina

OhioOregonPennsylvaniaRhode IslandTennesseeTexasUtahVermontVirginia

23 04/04

These projects provide an opportunity to understand the impact of federal transit spending on the physical activity and health of our population.

This type of evidence may help inform public policy in the future.