1 1 dynamic cdn application for gmpls networks outline three key points cdn and gmpls networks...
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Dynamic CDN application for GMPLS networks
Outline Three key points CDN and GMPLS networks
Overview of today's CDN service Proposed application: "Dynamic" CDN What advantage does GMPLS bring to this
application? Plan for implementation/experimentation on
CHEETAH network using Globule CDN Automatic private line rate increase
application
Malathi Veeraraghavan, Tao Li and Mark McGinleyUniversity of [email protected]
Nov. 1, 2007
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Key point 1
Current usage of PDH/SONET circuits and Ethernet virtual connections (E-Line):
router-to-router switch-to-switch (ATM or Ethernet) PBX-to-PBX
New market: Server-to-server circuits Cluster-to-cluster Or, single server-to-server
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Key points
Conventional thinking: High-speed links needed for
Aggregated traffic
New thought: High-speed links needed for
Single (large) file transfer Dynamically increase the rate of the
bottleneck link to decrease file-transfer delay in lightly (or heavily) loaded environments
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File transfer delay
File transfer delay is determined by bottleneck link rate, r = min(r1, r2, r3, r4, r5)
packet loss rate on end-to-end path, Ploss
round-trip time (RTT) On lightly loaded paths, RTT and Ploss do not
matter for large files Only bottleneck link rate, r, matters
r1 r5
r4
r3r2
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TCP/IP file-transfer delays
In heavily loaded paths, e.g., if Ploss = 1% RTT = 50ms
effective transfer rate 1.8Mbps if r is more than this value, it does not determine
effective rate. Ploss and RTT are main factors. if increasing r causes Ploss to decrease, effective
rate can be improved. Metro area, e.g.
RTT = 1ms, Ploss = 1% effective transfer rate 75Mbps
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Key point 3: Growth rate for PL
Projections for Private Line (PL) market by Insight reports
Total market (2007): $39,870million Total market (2012): $48,070million CAGR 07-12: 3.81%
Private line vs. dynamic circuit services Private line too expensive for server-to-
server No aggregation driver for high bandwidth
Hence need dynamic circuit services
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Outline
Key points Dynamic CDN and GMPLS networks
Overview of today's CDN service Proposed application: "Dynamic" CDN What advantage does GMPLS bring to this
application? Plan for implementation/experimentation on
CHEETAH network using Globule CDN Automatic private line rate increase
application
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Content Delivery Network (CDN) concept
CDN emerged in 1998 Aimed at solving the “flash crowd” problem
Problem: Sudden surge of web traffic to a particular web site overwhelms the web server
Causes: major events, e.g., CNN on 9/11 “cold” sites can become “hot”, e.g., slashdot effect
slashdot is "News for nerds"if a company is featured on slashdot.org, that
company's web site becomes "hot" CDN servers maintain replicas and serve client
requests from closest CDN server8
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CDN concept – cont’d
Type of traffic delivered through CDNs Early 1999: static web objects such as
documents and images Now (2007):
Static web objects as well as dynamic content Live and on-demand video streaming
Not just Youtube type of low-resolution video at around 300kbps
High Definition (HD) streaming at 5Mbps+ started to appear recently, e.g., www.thehdweb.com
Software downloads Gaming
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CDN providers
Major CDN providers: Akamai, Limelight Others: MirrorImage and Inktomi CDN servers placed in PoPs
Akamai: 25,000+ servers; 1200 PoPs; 900+ Networks; 650+ Cities; 69 Counties; Daily traffic: 170+ billion hits, 100+ million
streams, 3000+ terabytes delivered LimeLight: 72 PoPs around the world
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Video, a big driver!
Volume of traffic delivered by CDNs Youtube, carried by CDN provider LimeLight, alone
accounts for ~10% of Internet traffic or ~20% of all HTTP traffic according to an Ellacoya’s report published in June/07
Traffic data: HTTP (46%) overtook P2P (37%) Likely due to service providers limiting P2P
Other traffic: Newsgroups (9%); non-HTTP video streaming: 3%; Gaming: 2%; VoIP: 1%
Within HTTP traffic: traditional web page (text&image) 45%; Video streaming: 36%; audio streaming: 5%
Conclusion: A significant portion of traffic already carried by CDNs
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CDN pricing
CDN’s pricing structure Typically based on a monthly commitment Commitment and corresponding $xx/GB/month (
www.cdnpricing.com , Aug. 2007) : 1Tera Byte (TB): High, $2.00/GB/month, Low $1.50/GB/month 10TB: High, $1.20/GB/month, Low $0.89/GB/month 100TB: High, $0.24/GB/month, Low, $0.15/GB/month Above 100TB: It's all over the map. Could be as low as $0.12
Implication: CDN expensive for small-to-moderate enterprises
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CDN pricing – cont’d
But the trend shows dropping CDN costs Competition fierce Contract length
Used to be one year or half year; now month-by-month New player: Level3
Willing to provide CDN service at transit cost (cost of high speed Internet access)
According to Level3: CDN services have historically been offered at a 20 to 30 percent premium to transit. "We have a unique advantage in this market space, and we intend to take that advantage."
CDNs to be absorbed by large ISPs eventually?
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CDN’s major components
Origin server: Publish authoritative content Surrogate/replica servers
Hold replica; offload requests from origin server
Content distribution subsystem Push content to replica servers a priori Or, pull content to replica servers on-demand
Request routing subsystem Direct request to “nearby” surrogate server
Common techniques: DNS redirection and HTTP redirection
Accounting subsystem Monitoring status of service, server and network
Help request routing; Collect statistics for billing
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How it works Clients fetch content from nearby server
Load on origin server reduced Download speed and reliability improved
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Origin server at US
Replica server
Asia Europe
CDN
Replica server
Replica server
Replica server
Client A Client B Client C
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Request routing: DNS redirection example
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1. Get http://www.cbs.com2. Local DNS sends a query3. www.cbs.com CNAME
www.cbs.com.edgesuite.net4. Query edgesuite.net5. Eventually returns an IP for
a916.g.akamai.net: 72.246.31.8; TTL: 20s
6. Return replica’s IP to client7. Get content from the
selected server8. Replica server replies
Local DNS server
DNS server for cbs.com
Akamai DNS server hierarchy
1
2 3
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7
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Replica server
Client at UVA
72.246.31.86
C:\>Ping www.cbs.comPinging a916.g.akamai.net [72.246.31.8] with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 72.246.31.8: bytes=32 time=5ms TTL=58
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HTML page modification + HTTP redirection example
Courtesy: Tanenbaum's Fourth Edition slides from Prentice Hall
Tanenbaum claims Akamai uses this modelStep 5: does not have to be "after click," e.g., for images
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Content Delivery Networks
(a) Original Web page. (b) Same page after transformation.
Courtesy: Tanenbaum's Fourth Edition slides from Prentice Hall
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DNS redirection DNS redirection: the DNS server serving the origin
server needs to be modified to provide the IP address of an appropriate CDN server based on the client location Replica server should ideally have the first page to
minimize delay (should have been "pushed"a priori) For subsequent pages, replica server can "pull" page
from origin server For popular pages, "pull" approach works
one "pull" helps reduce delay for subsequent users For rarely accessed pages, no load-balancing nor client-
experienced delay benefits are gained when pages are pulled from origin server only when client requests arrive
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HTTP redirection
HTTP supports a Location header, which can be included in the response with the URL of the CDN server to which the http request is redirected
With HTML page modification: CDN server typically stores image files that do not
change as often. These files are likely pushed a priori
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Cost of using CDN
Bandwidth cost Variation of traffic distribution Size of content replicated over
surrogate servers Number of surrogate servers Reliability and stability of surrogate
servers
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Outline check
Three key points Dynamic CDN and GMPLS networks
Overview of today's CDN service Proposed application: "Dynamic" CDN What advantage does GMPLS bring to this
application? Plan for implementation/experimentation on
CHEETAH network using Globule CDN Automatic private line rate increase
application
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"Dynamic CDN" concept
With pricing in the $1500-2000/month range, is it likely that there are small-to-moderate sized enterprises unable to afford CDN service?
Can the Google business mode of aggregating revenues from small advertisers be used to develop a "dynamic" CDN solution "pay only when people click on your ad" approach similarly, "pay for CDN service only when it is used"
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Need for "Dynamic" CDN
When would enterprises need to dynamically "recruit" one or more CDN servers? Small- & moderate-sized enterprises
Sudden surge: Recruit CDN servers located at a few PoPs when a sudden surge of traffic is seen at their web servers (e.g., slashdot phenomenon)
Large-, moderate- and small-sized enterprises For large enterprises that may have a CDN
service contract: When a distant (remote) client starts a session
from a location where web pages or image files had not been pushed a priori
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"Dynamic" CDN: Example 1
Connecting to hilton.com from a small village in Western Ireland Service was slow on a broadband access
link (slower than on my broadband link here in VA)
A quick (not thorough) analysis made me think it could be the long-distance server hits to a far-away (perhaps loaded) server that was causing this slow response
Hurts business when user leaves without purchase!
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"Dynamic" CDN: Example 2 Connecting to a major university (IIT) web site in India
from UVA Very slow service Could have been the access link at IIT Could have been some intermediate link But it also could have been server speed
Possible solution If a CDN mirror was recruited at UVA dynamically and a
few "popular" web pages from IIT's web site were downloaded during my think time, I would at least have seen faster service for subsequent hits on the same server
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Globalization and "Long Tail"
Globalization: A web server could potentially be accessed
from a web client anywhere Makes it hard to push data a priori to the
"right" set of CDN mirrors. If pull-based, some prefetching of
subsequent pages should occur to improve user's perceived response time
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"The Long Tail" by Chris Anderson (2006) ECAST: Digital jukebox
What % of the 10K albums available on the jukebox sold at least 1 track per quarter? Answer: 98%
Apple's iTunes Every one of the 1 million tracks (2004-2005) in iTunes sold at
least once Rhapsody: Online music store
Even the 100,000th track downloads/month was in the 1000s Netflix
95% of its 25K DVDs (2004-2005) rented at least once a quarter
Amazon 98% of top 100K books sold at least once a quarter
Conclusion: Why the Future of Business is Selling Less of More
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Has this affected the 80-20 rule?
Yes! Rhapsody
25,000th - 100,000th ranked tracks downloaded on average 250 times/month for a total of 22 million downloads/month, resulting in 25% of business
100,000th - 800,000th tracks had total of 16M downloads/month for 15% of the business
Each track is downloaded few times, but there are so many of these non-popular songs that the aggregate is large
PRX, which sells PBX programming: bottom 80% of products provide 50% sales
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Implication to CDN
"Dynamic" CDN: Long-tail aggregator of CDN service
Provide low-cost, pay-as-you-use CDN service to small- and moderate-sized enterprises and individuals
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Push vs. pull in current CDN
Literature unclear on whether data is pushed to replica servers or pulled only when a client request comes through
Push: Disadvantage for small enterprises - Long tail
ignored Pull:
Value only for "hits" not niches If bulk of accesses are "niches" then just an extra
server involved - more delay and no load-balancing advantage for web server
Again, Long tail ignored
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Dynamic CDN (DCDN) design
Two proposed methodsDNS redirection
requires "DNS contract"Example: IIT should give its
domain name to CDN server for management
HTML page modification + HTTP redirection
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Dynamic CDN using DNS redirection = Pull + prefetching
Web ClientIIT’s Web
Server (Origin)
Replicaserver
DNS(IIT)1. through DNS hierarchy
2. IP address of replicareturned
3. Get page
DNS lookup should be iterative (not recursive) to avoid intermediate DNS servers caching data mapping www.iit.edu.in to VA replica's IP address
VA
4. Pull first page + prefetch
India
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Dynamic CDN using DNS redirection
Drawbacks Need "DNS contract" Delay in serving first page while data is
being pulled to replica server Compared to “normal” CDN where data is likely
already on the replica (if pushed) After first page, client is well served
Need high-speed transfer between replica and backup servers to minimize delay where GMPLS comes in handy
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Alternative Dynamic CDN (DCDN) design: no prior contract required Assumes a backup server to allow for web-page push
so that it does not interfere with pulls from origin server (useful for suddenly "hot" servers)
Web Client IIT’s WebServer (origin)
Replicaserver
BackupServer
DNS(IIT)
4. First page(html modified based on client address with selected replica server URL)
India
1. through DNS hierarchy
2. IP address of originreturned
3. Get URL
5. Triggerspush
6. Pushes all-or-popularpages
DNS
5a. forreplicaserver
6. subsequent GET
VA
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Dynamic version of html page modification + http redirection
HTTP redirection First page’s text received directly from
origin server Origin server changes links in first page to
refer to replica server Links to images, other pages, refer to closest
replica server Need high-speed transfer between replica
servers and backup servers to minimize delay on first page’s embedded objects, and subsequent pages
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Which files to push?
Look at page ranks An apache web server records all requests
in access log files Log entry example: 209.124.183.78 - -
[14/Oct/2007:12:05:21 -0400] "GET /test_100M HTTP/1.0" 200 104857600 "-" "Wget/1.10.2 (Red Hat modified)”
Tools available to collect statistics from log files e.g., AWstats reports top 10 URLs
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Example of software needed on a "recruitable" replica server
ibiblio.org web site states that all these software modules are required to run the ibibio.org web site (Univ. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill)
http://www.ibiblio.org/systems/infrastructure.html Apache, Squid, ProFTPD MySQL, PostgreSQL Mailman, Icecast, Tomcat PHP, Perl OpenSSL, mod_SSL LVS (Linux Virtual Server) keepalived Nagios, Cricket
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Outline check
Three key points Dynamic CDN and GMPLS networks
Overview of today's CDN service Proposed application: "Dynamic" CDN What advantage does GMPLS bring to this
application? Plan for implementation/experimentation on
CHEETAH network using Globule CDN Automatic private line rate increase
application
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Insight report on Private line (2006-2012)
Insight research predicts By 2012, video traffic will be 16.6Tb/s while data will be
only 3Tb/s In 2007, video is 3.3Tb/s and data 3.0 Tb/s It notes that ASPs that provide CDN service optimized
for distribution of video content will need to lease private lines
It predicts video will have a "dramatic effect" on private line market.
Conclusion: expectation is that private lines will be needed between CDN servers from which video is streamed locally? if so, prime target for dynamic GMPLS circuits.
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Core GMPLS networks CDN servers are typically located in metro NAPs/PoPs SONET networks extend between NAPs/PoPs With Sycamore SN16000's support for GbE and 10GbE,
CDN servers with GbE and 10GbE NICs can be directly connected to a core GMPLS network of SN16000s.
Dynamically set up 1-10Gbps circuit from CDN server to CDN server (or backup server)
Use dedicated circuit to transfer web-pages files between CDN servers whenever a new CDN server is recruited
Replicate as much of the web site as possible
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April 19, 2023
Technology trends favor aggressive replication From "Potential Costs and Benefits of Long-term
Prefetching for CDNs" by Arun Venkataramani, Praveen Yalagandula, Ravi Kokku, Sadia Sharif, Mike Dahlin, Department of Computer Sciences, UT Austin, 21 June 2001:
Storage is cheap- Today: less than $200/100GB
Network prices are falling- Improving at > 100% per year
New technologies- Lower cost of prefetch traffic [Byers98, Crovella98]
User time is valuable
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Use Internet2's core network s an example
Yellow nodes: Ciena CD-CI SONET switches
Blue nodes: Juniper T640 IP routersCourtesy: Rick Summerhill (2006)
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Two parallel networks
IP network: Juniper T640 routers interconnected by OC192s
Dynamic Circuit Services (DCS) network: Ciena CD-CI nodes with GbE, 10GbE, SONET (OC192) cards
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Example of how Dynamic CDN can be deployed on Internet2 Deploy CDN servers at some Internet2 PoPs.
1Gbps
10Gbps
1Gbps into IP-routed network: server clients in local regions10Gbps into DCS network: push between replica servers
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Why Dynamic circuit service?
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Can create a higher-rate circuit for temporary use between replica servers and backup (origin) servers than possible with
private line IP
Allows for larger prefetch and faster push
Prefetching can be of the first N "hottest" URLs based on recent click history
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Delay is key in dynamic CDN
Remote client example (Long Tail) Quick copy of many pages from origin or
backup server to remote replica server for fast service
Slashdot effect example Quick copy to multiple replica servers
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Combination of requirements
Requirements Large file transfer Fast file transfer
Higher the speed of the circuit, the better Expensive to get HIGH-SPEED private line
service between many replica server-origin/backup server pairs
Also IP service is expensive at high speeds
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Internet2 fee structure Started by seeing Internet2 fee structure
http://www.internet2.edu/network/fees.html 1GbE link into Internet2's IP-routed network: $250K
annual cost Two 1GbEs: one into IP-routed and second into DCS
netwok: $340K Corresponding numbers for 10GbE: $480K and $550K
Hence cannot afford to keep 10GbE link into IP-routed network turned up at all times
Recruiting it when needed with dynamic GMPLS circuit setup allows for delay improvement in downloading "whole" web site fast for improved user-perceived response time
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Attraction of GMPLS networks at high speeds
Because high-speed interface cards cost less in SONET switches than in IP routers
For high switching capacity nodes, which are mainly required in the core.
Cost comparison Per OC192 port on SN16k: $37,500 Per POS OC192 port on 12416 GSR:
$225,000 10GbE card on 12416 GSR: $125K
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Outline check
Three key points Dynamic CDN and GMPLS networks
Overview of today's CDN service Proposed application: "Dynamic" CDN What advantage does GMPLS bring to this
application? Plan for implementation/experimentation on
CHEETAH network using Globule CDN Automatic private line rate increase
application
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Open source CDN software: GLOBULE
Globule is a 3rd-party module for Apache Supports DNS and HTTP redirection so
requests are served by the closest replica server
Open-source allows us to augment Globule to support dynamic CDN
53 G. Pierre and M. Steen, “Globule: A Collaborative Content Delivery Network”, IEEE Comm
Mag., 44(8), pp. 127-133, Aug 2006
Globule Model
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Changes to support dynamic CDN
Allow content to be pushed to subset of replicas based on anticipated demand and content-provider’s cost concerns Add “knob” to allow content provider balance
content pushing vs increased cost
Support pre-fetching for remote sessions Move some subset (most popular pages) of a site to
the replica server as soon as the first page is accessed
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Outline check
Three key points Dynamic CDN and GMPLS networks
Overview of today's CDN service Proposed application: "Dynamic" CDN What advantage does GMPLS bring to this
application? Plan for implementation/experimentation on
CHEETAH network using Globule CDN Automatic private line rate increase
application
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Build from current-day practice
What services are Sycamore optical switches used for today?
What new network services are being proposed?
What applications are enabled by these new services?
Who should offer the network services? Who should run the applications?
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Sycamore equipment
Is it correct to say that Sycamore optical switching and network access products are used to provide private line services PDH, SONET private lines L2 Ethernet private lines
Network access products: Max circuit rate: OC3? DNX-88
Metro rings: Use SN9000?
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Current private line (PL) technologies
Private line services PDH, SONET/SDH Ethernet (L2) services: E-Line (EVC), and E-LAN
L2 port or VLAN mapped to MPLS virtual circuit, SONET or WDM circuit
WDM Virtual private line? IPsec, MPLS VPNs?
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Uses of private lines Private line: originally "tie" lines to connect PBXs in
enterprises Dedicated private line (local or LD):
Interconnects PBXs Interconnects LANs (Ethernet or ATM LANs) Interconnects IP networks (enterprise routers) Interconnects video-conferencing terminals For storage networks
Virtual private lines IPsec, VPN (with MPLS?)
Special Access: example: Verizon still needs access to the local facilities for its
former MCI customers that are now out of region.
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Uses of private lines Newer applications
Internet access: ISP orders the local loop through ILEC and provides bill for both Internet service and PL access to business customer: hence these PLs are counted as wholesale
ISPs purchase PL to interconnect their PoPs (wholesale) Integrated Access:
Using IADs (Integrated Access Devices), services such as local, LD, toll-free, LAN/WAN, VPN, video-conferencing IP and Internet access are all integrated on to a single private line; different services are stripped out at carrier's PoP for delivery to appropriate transmission facility
Wireless backhaul (cell site platform aggregates T1s from cell towers at basestation) for transfer to central office
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Market (2007)
Local vs. Long Distance Local private line: $27.1 Billion Long distance (LD) private line: $12.8 Billion
Wholesale vs. retail Wholesale Local: $14.9 Billion (ISP reselling to
business) Retail Local: $12.2 Billion Wholesale LD: $3.4 Billion Retail LD: $9.4 Billion
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Carriers who offer PL services
Dominant players: AT&T and Verizon Estimated 74% of long-distance market Over 40% share of local market AT&T offers SONET and Ethernet-over-SONET
Other long-haul carriers: Qwest, Sprint, Level3 Regional: XO and Time Warner SONET offered by AT&T, Cox, Global crossing,
Level3, Qwest, Sprint, Time Warner, Verizon, (3500 SONET rings), XO
Optimum Lightpath (Cablevision): Metro Ethernet
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Attraction of Ethernet PL over SONET PL?
Implication: primarily on the client, right? Core network providing the Ethernet PL
can still be SONET Ethernet cards are cheaper for routers
Cisco 12000 series router 1-port 10GigE card 1310nm SC: $125000 (list
price) 1-port OC192c card 1310nm SR: $225,000 1-port OC48 channelized (CHOC): $280,000
But to create an Ethernet E-Line (EVC) need MPLS or SONET or WDM, correct?
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New services being proposed: dynamic circuit services (SONET, E-Line)
Steal traffic from private lines, OR IP
Leased lines IPDynamic circuit services
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Two types of Dynamic Circuit Services (DCS)
Leased lines TCP/IPCoarse Grained Sharing (CGS)
Fine Grained Sharing (FGS)
• Coarse Grained Sharing• High-bandwidth circuits, AND • "Long" holding times• Need Book-Ahead (BA) support in the control-plane
(scheduling or advance reservations)
• Fine Grained Sharing • Moderate-BW circuits, and/or • Short holding time• Immediate-Request (IR) mode sufficient in the control-plane.
Dynamic circuit services
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New DCS network services & applications
DCS-network scope
Bandwidth-sharing modes
Dynamic circuit services in the core network ONLY
Dynamic circuit services are intraregional
Dynamic circuitservices involveregional and corenetworks
Coarse Grained Sharing
• ISP router-to-router Long-Distance (LD) PL
• Business interconnect PL
• Disaster-recovery (DR)
• Server-replication
• Business interconnect PL
• Video-conferencing
• Distance-learning• DR
• eScience applications
Fine Grained Sharing
• CDN web services• IPTV/video distribution (CDN)
• Business interconnect and Internet access-link PL
• Data file movement
• Business interconnect PL
• Data file movement
Row/column headings: define service typesEntries in the body cells: applications
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"Blue" vs "black" applications in table
Applications Listed in Blue
Listed in Black
Endpoints Router-to-router
Server-to-server
Target market for "encroachment"
Leased line services
IP services
Volume and price Low volume;High per-unit price
High volumeLow per-unit price
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Router-to-router circuits
Services (Verizon): Provide network administrator web portal access to
explicitly request an increase in leased-line rate e.g., if GbE interface used, but rate capped with VLAN
rate-limiting, allow for rate limit to be increased (signaling if leased line realized through SN16000s).
Software that reads SNMP MIBs to monitor usage on leased line, and automatically issue signaling request for bandwidth increase Not likely; enterprise admins size their leased lines
well.
Both ideas: aggregate traffic based increase/decrease requests
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Per-file transfer based rate increases of PL
Even if link is lightly loaded, a single file transfer delay can be reduced by increasing the bandwidth of the bottleneck (lowest-rate) link. e.g., an enterprise has an OC3 WAN access link. Even
if this link is lightly loaded, this becomes the max. rate that any single file transfer can enjoy.
By dynamically increasing this rate for a few seconds, user can enjoy a higher transfer rate.
Applicable to both types of private lines: Business interconnect PL: Local or LD Internet access PL: Local (wholesale - need to retool to
retail if BW can be increased for single file transfers)
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Business interconnect Private Line
Local or LD Storage applications require large file transfers. Increase PL capacity just for a single transfer
Same idea of using GMPLS to increase PL rates just for a single large file transfer Even though delay need not as critical, no reason not to
decrease it. HR time savings important in business For some applications (DR, server replication),
use scheduled increase: CGS For others (data movement), any one employee
in business may start a data application that triggers an increase: FGS
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Storage
Storage applications: Disaster recovery (DR): backup of critical
data Server replication: e.g., of web servers (to
allow for quick switchover in case of failures)
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Internet access PL vs. business interconnect PL
What % of leased line revenues comes from ISP access links and what part from business interconnect?
Wholesale local Internet access: $14.9B Retail local, LD (Wholesale + Retail)
Business interconnect = $25B
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Business interconnect PL (local)
Internet access PL(300 Mbps)PL
carriermetroSONET ring
1GigE
Enterprise user's software signals a request to temporarilyincrease its PL bandwidth to the full 1GigE for a single file transfer
Enterprise
Enterpriserouter
Enterpriserouter
Enterprise
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Internet access (metro-area)
ISP's IP router
Internet access PL(300 Mbps)
One building
PLcarriermetroSONET ring
1GigE
Enterprise user signals a request to temporarilyincrease its Internet access PL to the full 1GigE
Enterprise
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Application: Automatic PL bandwidth modification
Business interconnect PL Routers within businesses' control Easier to implement
Internet access PL Need tools to determine if WAN access link
is the bottleneck link on an end-to-end path, and then increase rate.
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Automatic private line rate increase application design
User's data movement or DR applications are shell-script wrapped with signaling software
End-host signaling software contacts a server, which sends UNI messages to SN9000 or SN16000 for call setup to increase PL rate.
If successful, it issues commands to routers at the edge of the circuit to remove any rate limits
When user application is done, signaling software issues release
We have two GSRs, which can be connected into CHEETAH network for testing.
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Summary Opportunity to increase potential market for GMPLS-
enabled SN16000 switches We have the CHEETAH SN16000 based GMPLS testbed
on which we can test applications and gain experience with R&E users
Choose application(s) carefully with due consideration of business aspects
Looking for support: Student HR support to implement these applications for
GMPLS networks, and to build usage base Cheetah testbed annual maintenance charges