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ECE 424 Design of Microprocessor-Based Systems

Haibo WangECE Department

Southern Illinois UniversityCarbondale, IL 62901

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Overview

Textbook:J. L. Antonakos, "An Introduction to the Intel Family of Microprocessors," Third Edition, Prentice Hall, 1999

Objectives: The course will provide knowledge to build and program microprocessor-based systems.

Microprocessor architecture Architecture of microprocessor-based systems Programming microprocessor-based systems Future trends

Grading: Two midterms, one final exam, four lab projects, and homework

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What are microprocessor-based systems?

Microprocessor-based systems are electrical systems consisting of microprocessors, memories, I/O units, and other peripherals.

MemoryOutputunits

Inputunits

Bus

Microprocessor

Controlunit

Datapath

ALU

Reg.

Microprocessors access memories and other units through buses The operations of microprocessors are controlled by instructions stored in memories

Microprocessors are the brains of the systems

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What are microprocessors?

A microprocessor is a processor (or Central Processing Unit, CPU) fabricated on a single integrated circuit.

X

Y

Controlunit

IR

PC

ALU ACC

MAR

Data bus

Control bus

Address bus

A simple microprocessor architecture

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Evolution of Computers

First generation (1939-1954) - vacuum tube

Second generation (1954-1959) - transistor

Third generation (1959-1971) - IC

Fourth generation (1971-present) - microprocessor

Http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/computer1.html

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Evolution of Computers

Http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/computer1.htmlhttp://www.cs.virginia.edu/brochure/museum.htmlhttp://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/650.html

First generation (1939-1954) - vacuum tube

IBM 650, 1954

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Evolution of Computers

Second generation (1954-1959) - transistor

Http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/computer1.htmlhttp://www.computer50.org/kgill/transistor/trans.html

Manchester University Experimental Transistor Computer

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Evolution of Computers

Third generation (1959-1971) - IC

Http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/computer1.htmlhttp://www.piercefuller.com/collect/pdp8.html

PDP-8, Digital Equipment Corporation

Thanks to the use of ICs, the DEC PDP-8 is the least expensive general purpose small computer in 1960s

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Evolution of Computers

Fourth generation (1971-present) - microprocessor

In 1971, Intel developed 4-bit 4004 chip for calculator applications.

ALU

Instructiondecoder

Reg.

Programcounter

I/ORefreshlogic

System bus

Control logic

ROM/RAM buffer Timing Reset

http://www.intel.com

A good review article: The History of The Microprocessor, Bell Labs Technical Journal, Autumn, 1997

Block diagram of Intel 4004 4004 chip layout

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Evolution of Intel Microprocessors

1

10

100

1000

10000

1974 1979 1982 1985 1989 1993 1997 1999 2000

80808088

80286

80386

80486

PentiumP II

P III

P 4

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1974 1979 1982 1985 1989 1993 1997 1999 2000

8080

8088

80286

80386

80486

PentiumP II P III P 4

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1,000,000

10,000,000

100,000,000

1974 1979 1982 1985 1989 1993 1997 1999 2000

8080

808880286

8038680486

Pentium

P II

P IIIP 4

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

1974 1979 1982 1985 1989 1993 1997 1999 2000

8080 808880286

80386 80486

PentiumP II

P III P 4

Number of transistors Minimum transistor sizes (µm)

Clock frequencies (MHz) MIPS

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Other Commercial Microprocessors

PowerPC (IBM, Motorola)

Athlon, Dulon, Hammer (AMD)

Crusoe (Transmeta)

SPARC, UltraSPARC (Sun Microsystems)

ARM cores (Advanced RISC Machines)

MIPS cores (MIPS Technologies)

TI’s TMS DSP chips (Texas Instruments)

StarCore (Motorola, Agere)

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Applications of Microprocessor-Based Systems

Computers

Block diagram of a computer

MemoryTiming &control

Keyboard

Interruptcontrol

... ...Monitor

Micro-processor

DiskOther

peripherals

Bus

System performance is normally the most important design concern

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CPU

RAM ROM

Timer

Interrupt

I/O port

USART

A/D, D/A

OSC.

Applications of Microprocessor-Based Systems

Microcontrollers

Block diagram of a microcontroller

In general, microcontrollers are cheap and have low performance

A microcontroller is a simple computer implemented in a single VLSI chip.

Microcontrollers are widely used in industrial control, automobile and home applications

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http://www.ti.com

Applications of Microprocessor-Based Systems

ASICs

Microprocessors are embedded into ASIC chips to implement complex functions

In general, it requires that the microprocessors have low power consumption and take small silicon area

A TI baseband chip for cellular phone applications

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Class Objectives

Hardware architecture of microprocessor-based systems

Programming of microprocessor-based systems

Microprocessor architecture Memory organization I/O units of microprocessor-based systems

How to put them together

Intel 80x86 instruction set Microprocessor Interrupt services

Assembly language programming

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Topics

1. Introduction of microprocessor-based systems (Ch. 1)

2. Intel 8088 microprocessor architecture (Ch.2, 10)

3.     Memory organization in microprocessor-based systems

(Ch. 11)

4.      Intel 80x86 instruction set (Ch. 3, 4)

5.      Assembly language programming

6.     I/O systems (Ch. 12)  

7.      Microprocessor interrupt and interrupt services (Ch. 5)

9.      Disk systems and file (Ch. 9)

10. Topics in advanced computer architecture