A HEALTHY ACTIVE A HEALTHY ACTIVE LIFESTYLE AND YOUR LIFESTYLE AND YOUR

SKELETAL SYSTEMSKELETAL SYSTEM

DANNY CIPRIANI – The DANNY CIPRIANI – The England Rugby Player is England Rugby Player is involved in one of the most involved in one of the most physically punishing sports.physically punishing sports.

His SKELETON is essential His SKELETON is essential for his safety when he plays for his safety when he plays sport: during a tackle his rib sport: during a tackle his rib cage protects his vital organs.cage protects his vital organs.

His muscles pull and moves His muscles pull and moves his boneshis bones

BY THE END OF THIS UNIT YOU BY THE END OF THIS UNIT YOU WILL BE ABLE TO:WILL BE ABLE TO:

1)1) Describe the FUNCTIONS of the skeletal Describe the FUNCTIONS of the skeletal systemsystem

2)2) Explain the movement possibilities at a Explain the movement possibilities at a JOINTJOINT

3)3) Understand how regular exercise can Understand how regular exercise can benefit the skeletal system.benefit the skeletal system.

STARTERSTARTER(Discuss in pairs)(Discuss in pairs)

What do you think is the most important function What do you think is the most important function of the skeletal system? Why?of the skeletal system? Why?

What is a joint?What is a joint?

What are the different types of movement that What are the different types of movement that can occur at the jointscan occur at the joints

Can you think of injuries that might happen to Can you think of injuries that might happen to the bones and joints when taking part in sport?the bones and joints when taking part in sport?

THE SKELETAL SYSTEMTHE SKELETAL SYSTEM(What is it? What does it do?)(What is it? What does it do?)

The skeletal system is all bones in the body.The skeletal system is all bones in the body.

It maintains the body’s shape and supports it, keeps it It maintains the body’s shape and supports it, keeps it in position and provides a structure to which muscles in position and provides a structure to which muscles are attached.are attached.

It has 3 main functions:It has 3 main functions:

1)1) MOVEMENTMOVEMENT2)2) SUPPORTSUPPORT3)3) PROTECTIONPROTECTION

MOVEMENTMOVEMENT

Where bones MEET they form joints, Where bones MEET they form joints, which act as levers.which act as levers.

Tendons attach the bones to musclesTendons attach the bones to muscles, , enabling a variety of movementsenabling a variety of movements

SUPPORTSUPPORT The skeleton supports the body in a variety of positions – The skeleton supports the body in a variety of positions –

standing up, lying downstanding up, lying down

It also supports other more complicated positions.It also supports other more complicated positions.

E.G Tom Daley does a handstand before starting his divesE.G Tom Daley does a handstand before starting his dives

The bones and skeletal system give the body shapeThe bones and skeletal system give the body shape

The skeleton acts as a framework for the bodyThe skeleton acts as a framework for the body

PROTECTIONPROTECTION

The CRANIUM protects the SKULLThe CRANIUM protects the SKULL The SPINE or VETEBRAL COLUMN protects The SPINE or VETEBRAL COLUMN protects

the SPINAL CORD.the SPINAL CORD. The RIBS protect the HEART and LUNGSThe RIBS protect the HEART and LUNGS

PETR CECH a goal keeper had his skull damaged PETR CECH a goal keeper had his skull damaged during a football match.during a football match.

His cranium protected a severe injury to his brainHis cranium protected a severe injury to his brain

EXAM QUESTIONEXAM QUESTION

One function of the skeleton is to enable One function of the skeleton is to enable movement.movement.

i)i) State another function of the Skelton (1)State another function of the Skelton (1)

ii)ii) Give an example of the use of this Give an example of the use of this function when participating in physical function when participating in physical activity(1)activity(1)

ANSWERSANSWERS

I)I) Function / Protection / SupportFunction / Protection / Support

II)II) Example: cranium protects the brain, Example: cranium protects the brain, gives us upright posture for runninggives us upright posture for running

TOM DALEY TOM DALEY How these functions work togetherHow these functions work together

MOVEMENTMOVEMENT takes place – to allow him to takes place – to allow him to walk up steps, preparing him for divewalk up steps, preparing him for dive

SUPPORTSUPPORT – Tom takes up a handstand – Tom takes up a handstand position before diving so he is supported position before diving so he is supported upside downupside down

PROTECTIONPROTECTION – As he hits the water his – As he hits the water his cranium protects his headcranium protects his head

JOINTS AND MOVEMENTJOINTS AND MOVEMENT

The structure of jointsThe structure of joints1)A joint is where 2 or more bones meet1)A joint is where 2 or more bones meet2)To prevent pain caused by bones 2)To prevent pain caused by bones rubbing rubbing

together the ends of bones in a together the ends of bones in a SYNOVIAL SYNOVIAL JOINTJOINT are covered with CARTILAGE or are covered with CARTILAGE or HYALINE CARTILAGE.HYALINE CARTILAGE.

3) This is surrounded in 3) This is surrounded in SYNOVIAL FLUIDSYNOVIAL FLUID4) Cartilage is 4) Cartilage is ELASTICELASTIC and acts as a and acts as a CUSHIONCUSHION5) Surrounding the Joint is a tough 5) Surrounding the Joint is a tough CAPSULECAPSULE, ,

which produces the fluid to which produces the fluid to LUBRICATELUBRICATE the joint the joint

MOVEMENT AT A JOINTMOVEMENT AT A JOINT

HINGE JOINTS : ELBOW JOINTHINGE JOINTS : ELBOW JOINT

1)1) Allows arm to bend Allows arm to bend (FLEX)(FLEX) or straighten or straighten (EXTEND)(EXTEND)

E.G. curls in the weights room or eating!E.G. curls in the weights room or eating!

2) The BICEPS flexes the arm and the 2) The BICEPS flexes the arm and the TRICEPS extends the armTRICEPS extends the arm

Knee jointKnee joint

1)1) Largest jointLargest joint2)2) The TIBIA is hinged on the FEMUR so that the leg can The TIBIA is hinged on the FEMUR so that the leg can

be bent or straightenedbe bent or straightened

E.G A footballer bends the knee preparing to kick the E.G A footballer bends the knee preparing to kick the ball (FLEXION) and then straightens to strike the ball ball (FLEXION) and then straightens to strike the ball (EXTENSION)(EXTENSION)

3) The joint can be slightly rotated3) The joint can be slightly rotated4) Two strong, short ligaments prevent the bones from 4) Two strong, short ligaments prevent the bones from

sliding apart (CRUCIATE LIGAMENTS)sliding apart (CRUCIATE LIGAMENTS)5) Footballers often damage this ligaments in hard tackles5) Footballers often damage this ligaments in hard tackles

BALL AND SOCKET JOINTSBALL AND SOCKET JOINTS(The Shoulder and Hip)(The Shoulder and Hip)

The head of the long bone e.g. the humorous or The head of the long bone e.g. the humorous or femur is shaped like a ball and fits into a socket in femur is shaped like a ball and fits into a socket in the shape of a cupthe shape of a cup

These bones are covered in cartilage and held These bones are covered in cartilage and held together by ligamentstogether by ligaments

The shoulder joint has more movement than the hipThe shoulder joint has more movement than the hip

The shoulder and to a lesser extent the hip can The shoulder and to a lesser extent the hip can perform:perform:FLEXION / EXTENSION / ADDUCTION / FLEXION / EXTENSION / ADDUCTION / ABDUCTION / ROTATIONABDUCTION / ROTATION

In backstroke what movement can the shoulder do?In backstroke what movement can the shoulder do?

Types of synovial jointsTypes of synovial joints

HOW TO WORK OUT HOW TO WORK OUT MOVEMENT AT A JOINTMOVEMENT AT A JOINT

If the angle of the joint is getting If the angle of the joint is getting smallersmaller then the then the movement is FLEXIONmovement is FLEXION

If the angle at the joint is getting If the angle at the joint is getting biggerbigger then the movement then the movement is EXTENSIONis EXTENSION

If the movement is taking If the movement is taking awayaway from the body then the from the body then the movement is ABDUCTIONmovement is ABDUCTION

If the action is If the action is addingadding to the body then the movement is to the body then the movement is ADDUCTIONADDUCTION

If the movement is If the movement is aroundaround then the movement is then the movement is ROTATIONROTATION

NAME THE TYPE OF SYNOVIAL NAME THE TYPE OF SYNOVIAL JOINT AT A / B/ C and JOINT AT A / B/ C and

MOVEMENTMOVEMENT

Sporting movementSporting movement

Joint and movement analysisJoint and movement analysis

Analyse the joint movements involved in these two sports actions.

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Plantar FlexionPlantar Flexion = increases the angle at a = increases the angle at a jointjoint

e.g. pointing toese.g. pointing toes

Dorsi FlexionDorsi Flexion = decreases the angle at a = decreases the angle at a jointjoint

e.g. bringing your toes up towards your e.g. bringing your toes up towards your kneesknees

EXERCISE AND THE SKELETAL EXERCISE AND THE SKELETAL SYSTEMSYSTEM

The effects of exercise and The effects of exercise and physical activity on bonesphysical activity on bones

Bones grow and strengthen Bones grow and strengthen until 18until 18

Regular exercise helps bones become Regular exercise helps bones become strongstrong

Exercise makes bones heavier Exercise makes bones heavier (increases DENSITY)(increases DENSITY)

Ligaments (which attach bone to bone)Ligaments (which attach bone to bone) and and tendons (which attach tendons (which attach bone to muscle)bone to muscle) become thicker and stronger become thicker and stronger

This This increases flexibilityincreases flexibility and allows more power in movement and allows more power in movement

Young people who do too much exercise or run may cause Young people who do too much exercise or run may cause bones to bones to grow unevenly.grow unevenly.

THE IMPORTANCE OF WEIGHT THE IMPORTANCE OF WEIGHT BEARING EXERCISESBEARING EXERCISES

Bones become lighter with ageBones become lighter with age

Strength and density is gradually reducedStrength and density is gradually reduced

If too much is lost it can cause a weak skeleton or bones If too much is lost it can cause a weak skeleton or bones to break easily to break easily – OSTEOPOROSIS– OSTEOPOROSIS

Weight bearing exercise e.g. aerobics, walking, runningWeight bearing exercise e.g. aerobics, walking, running, , tennis puts pressure on certain bonestennis puts pressure on certain bones, increasing their , increasing their strengthstrength

NOT swimming, cycling etcNOT swimming, cycling etc

INJURIES TO THE SKELETAL INJURIES TO THE SKELETAL SYSTEM AND THE IMPORTANCE SYSTEM AND THE IMPORTANCE

OF DIETOF DIET

INJURIES TO BONESINJURIES TO BONES

FRACTURESFRACTURES

A fracture is a A fracture is a cracked or brokencracked or broken bone bone

A fracture can occur from a A fracture can occur from a severe blowsevere blow or or severe twistingsevere twisting or or wrenching of a jointwrenching of a joint

The symptoms include The symptoms include painpain and possibly an and possibly an inability to move it.inability to move it.

The injury may be The injury may be tender, have swelling and bruising latertender, have swelling and bruising later

The bone may look The bone may look dis-formeddis-formed or you could or you could hearhear the break. the break.

CLOSED FRACTURECLOSED FRACTURE The skin over the break is not damagedThe skin over the break is not damaged

COMPOUND FRACTURECOMPOUND FRACTURE The broken bone protrudes through the skinThe broken bone protrudes through the skin

This is a more serious fracture and there is risk This is a more serious fracture and there is risk of infectionof infection

SIMPLE FRACTURESSIMPLE FRACTURES

Take place in one line with no displacement to Take place in one line with no displacement to the bonethe bone

They include They include greenstick fracturesgreenstick fractures, where the , where the bone is only partly brokenbone is only partly broken

These are These are common at the wristcommon at the wrist e.g. running e.g. running relays and using the walls to turn in sports hallsrelays and using the walls to turn in sports halls

Also Also common in childrencommon in children, whose bones are soft , whose bones are soft and less likely to break completelyand less likely to break completely

STRESS FRACTURESSTRESS FRACTURES

Often referred to as Often referred to as overuse injuriesoveruse injuries

Result of muscles becoming fatigued and unable to absorb shockResult of muscles becoming fatigued and unable to absorb shock

Can occur when increasing the amount of exercise too rapidly or by Can occur when increasing the amount of exercise too rapidly or by playing on unfamiliar surfacesplaying on unfamiliar surfaces

e.g. switching from a soft grass tennis court to a hard courte.g. switching from a soft grass tennis court to a hard court

Stress fracture can be caused by poor or ill-fitting shoesStress fracture can be caused by poor or ill-fitting shoes

Stress fractures occur mainly through weight bearing exercises e.g. Stress fractures occur mainly through weight bearing exercises e.g. basketball, road running, tennisbasketball, road running, tennis

Rest is essential between exercises to allow bones and joints to Rest is essential between exercises to allow bones and joints to recoverrecover

Stress fractures are also linked to osteoporosis in old age and Stress fractures are also linked to osteoporosis in old age and anorexia/bulimia anorexia/bulimia

INJURIES TO JOINTSINJURIES TO JOINTS

TENNIS AND GOLFERS ELBOW:TENNIS AND GOLFERS ELBOW:

Overuse injuries to the tendons at the elbow jointsOveruse injuries to the tendons at the elbow joints

Tennis elbowTennis elbow is is pain on the outside of the elbowpain on the outside of the elbow

Often caused by using a racket with the wrong size gripOften caused by using a racket with the wrong size grip

Golfers elbowGolfers elbow is is pain on the inside of the elbowpain on the inside of the elbow

DISLOCATIONDISLOCATION

When a bone at a joint is forced When a bone at a joint is forced out of its normal position, as a out of its normal position, as a result of a hard blowresult of a hard blow

The sign is deformity and The sign is deformity and swelling of the joint which is swelling of the joint which is locked into positionlocked into position

They are very painfulThey are very painful

If in doubt treat as a fractureIf in doubt treat as a fracture

SPRAINS:SPRAINS: A Sprain is a A Sprain is a damaged ligamentdamaged ligament

A common sprain is a twisted ankle in A common sprain is a twisted ankle in football, hockey and rugby.football, hockey and rugby.

It means that the foot has been It means that the foot has been inverted inverted or turned inwardsor turned inwards, tearing the ligaments , tearing the ligaments which hold the bones of the ankle joint which hold the bones of the ankle joint togethertogether

EXAM QUESTIONEXAM QUESTION(2008)(2008)

What type of injury is a twisted ankle?What type of injury is a twisted ankle?

a)a) FractureFracture

b)b) Deep bruisingDeep bruising

c)c) StrainStrain

d)d) SprainSprain

EXAM QUESTIONEXAM QUESTION(2008)(2008)

What type of injury is a twisted ankle?What type of injury is a twisted ankle?

a)a) FractureFracture

b)b) Deep bruisingDeep bruising

c)c) StrainStrain

d)d) SprainSprain

TORN CARTILAGETORN CARTILAGE

Cartilage is firm elastic substance found at the Cartilage is firm elastic substance found at the end of bones of a synovial jointend of bones of a synovial joint

Tearing at the knee for example can be caused Tearing at the knee for example can be caused by pivoting on one footby pivoting on one foot

If cartilage has been torn the sufferer will If cartilage has been torn the sufferer will fall to fall to the groundthe ground

The inside of the knee will be The inside of the knee will be painfulpainful and the and the knee joint is likely to be bentknee joint is likely to be bent

TREATMENT FOR INJURIESTREATMENT FOR INJURIES

(Minor injuries follow RICE major injuries (Minor injuries follow RICE major injuries like a dislocation or fracture, seek like a dislocation or fracture, seek medical help.)medical help.)

THE RICE PROCESS:THE RICE PROCESS:

1)1) RESTREST 2) ICE 3) COMPRESSION2) ICE 3) COMPRESSION

4) ELEVATION4) ELEVATION

RESTREST StopStop playing or training playing or training

ICEICE Use a bag of peas, ice cubes act and apply pressure to the injuryUse a bag of peas, ice cubes act and apply pressure to the injury Do not do for too long as can damage skinDo not do for too long as can damage skin The cold provides some The cold provides some pain reliefpain relief and limits swelling (which can and limits swelling (which can

slow don the healing process) by reducing blood flow to the injured slow don the healing process) by reducing blood flow to the injured areaarea

COMPRESSIONCOMPRESSION Use Use pressurepressure to hold the ice pack on the injury to hold the ice pack on the injury This should limit the swelling and provide pain reliefThis should limit the swelling and provide pain relief

ELEVATIONELEVATION Raise the injury and keep it Raise the injury and keep it raisedraised to reduce to reduce swellingswelling

EXAM QUESTIONEXAM QUESTION(June 2008)(June 2008)

Which of the following sports would be Which of the following sports would be treated using RICE?treated using RICE?

a)a) FractureFracture

b)b) ConcussionConcussion

c)c) SprainSprain

d)d) HypothermiaHypothermia

EXAM QUESTIONEXAM QUESTION(June 2008)(June 2008)

Which of the following sports would be Which of the following sports would be treated using RICE?treated using RICE?

a)a) FractureFracture

b)b) ConcussionConcussion

c)c) SprainSprain

d)d) HypothermiaHypothermia

DIET AND THE SKELETAL DIET AND THE SKELETAL SYSTEMSYSTEM

Eating a balanced calcium-rich diet helps bones Eating a balanced calcium-rich diet helps bones to grow and increase in intensityto grow and increase in intensity

The best sources of calcium are milk, cheese, The best sources of calcium are milk, cheese, yoghurtyoghurt

Vitamin D is essential to growth and Vitamin D is essential to growth and maintenance of healthy bones, also helps with maintenance of healthy bones, also helps with the absorption of calciumthe absorption of calcium

Smoking too much can also have a toxic effect Smoking too much can also have a toxic effect on boneson bones

PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONSPRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS

What body tissue adds stability to the knee joint? (1)What body tissue adds stability to the knee joint? (1)

John is training for rugby and he dislocates his shoulder. John is training for rugby and he dislocates his shoulder. Explain what dislocation is. (1)Explain what dislocation is. (1)

Which injuries would normally be associated with Which injuries would normally be associated with badminton ? (1)badminton ? (1)

Which of these nutrients aids bone development ? (1)Which of these nutrients aids bone development ? (1)Fibre / Minerals / CarbohydratesFibre / Minerals / Carbohydrates