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• Every nation has a Every nation has a foreign policyforeign policy---a ---a systematic & general plan that guides the systematic & general plan that guides the nation’s attitudes & actions toward the rest nation’s attitudes & actions toward the rest of the world.of the world.

• Deals w/many different topics; diplomatic, Deals w/many different topics; diplomatic, military, commercial, & others.military, commercial, & others.

• Involves such matters as treaties & Involves such matters as treaties & alliances, international trade, the defense alliances, international trade, the defense budget, foreign economic & military aid, the budget, foreign economic & military aid, the United Nations, & nuclear weapons testing.United Nations, & nuclear weapons testing.

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• Basic purpose of American Foreign Policy Basic purpose of American Foreign Policy has always been to protect the national has always been to protect the national security of the U.S.security of the U.S.

• National SecurityNational Security—Refers to the nation’s —Refers to the nation’s independence & freedom from unwanted independence & freedom from unwanted interference, threat, or takeover by other interference, threat, or takeover by other nations.nations.

• Defense PolicyDefense Policy---Protecting the nation ---Protecting the nation through military preparedness.through military preparedness.

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• Nation’s founders believed in Nation’s founders believed in isolationismisolationism------avoiding political involvement with other avoiding political involvement with other nations.nations.

• The U.S. tried to stay out of other nations’ The U.S. tried to stay out of other nations’ conflicts, particularly European Wars.conflicts, particularly European Wars.

• Washington urged Americans “to steer Washington urged Americans “to steer clear of permanent alliances w/any portion clear of permanent alliances w/any portion of the foreign world.”of the foreign world.”

• Jefferson later echoed this: “Peace, Jefferson later echoed this: “Peace, commerce, & honest friendship with all commerce, & honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances w/none.”nations, entangling alliances w/none.”

• Americans changed their minds in the Americans changed their minds in the 1820’s.1820’s.

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• 1823, President Monroe proclaimed what has 1823, President Monroe proclaimed what has become known as the become known as the Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine..

• Stated that the U.S. would not accept foreign Stated that the U.S. would not accept foreign intervention in the Western Hemisphere.intervention in the Western Hemisphere.

• Declared that the U.S. would look on “any Declared that the U.S. would look on “any attempt on the part of other nations to attempt on the part of other nations to extend their system to any portion of this extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace & hemisphere as dangerous to our peace & security.”security.”

• In return, the U.S. would not interfere in In return, the U.S. would not interfere in European affairs.European affairs.

• InterventionismInterventionism—Direct involvement in —Direct involvement in foreign affairs.foreign affairs.

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State DepartmentState Department

• State Department is headed by the State Department is headed by the Secretary of State. Secretary of State.

• Oldest Cabinet post.Oldest Cabinet post.

• President looks for advice in both the President looks for advice in both the formulation & conduct of the nation’s formulation & conduct of the nation’s foreign policy.foreign policy.

• Secretary of State is the highest ranking Secretary of State is the highest ranking official in the cabinet.official in the cabinet.

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Agency overviewAgency overview

• Formed Formed July 27, 1789July 27, 1789• Preceding Agency Preceding Agency Department of Foreign AffairsDepartment of Foreign Affairs• Headquarters Headquarters Harry S. Truman BuildingHarry S. Truman Building

2201 C Street, NW Washington DC 2201 C Street, NW Washington DC • EmployeesEmployees• 11,500 Foreign Service employees 11,500 Foreign Service employees • 7,400 Civil Service employees 7,400 Civil Service employees • 31,000 Foreign Service National employees31,000 Foreign Service National employees• Annual budgetAnnual budget $27.4 billion $27.4 billion • Agency executivesAgency executives• John Kerry John Kerry

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Secretary of StateSecretary of State

• : Chief Executive officer of the : Chief Executive officer of the Department of State, member of the Department of State, member of the United States Cabinet, answers United States Cabinet, answers directly to the President of the United directly to the President of the United States. Secretary of State organizes States. Secretary of State organizes and supervises the entire and supervises the entire department and its staff.department and its staff.

John Kerry

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StaffStaff

United States Deputy Secretary of State: United States Deputy Secretary of State: The Deputy Secretary (with the Chief The Deputy Secretary (with the Chief of Staff, Executive Secretariat, and the of Staff, Executive Secretariat, and the Undersecretary for Management) Undersecretary for Management) assists the Secretary in the overall assists the Secretary in the overall management of the department. management of the department. Reporting to the Deputy Secretary are Reporting to the Deputy Secretary are the six undersecretaries and the the six undersecretaries and the counselor, along with several staff counselor, along with several staff offices:offices:

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• Under secretary of state for political affairsUnder secretary of state for political affairs• Under secretary of state for managementUnder secretary of state for management• Under secretary of state for economic Under secretary of state for economic

growth, energy and the environmentgrowth, energy and the environment• Under secretary of state for public Under secretary of state for public

diplomacy and public affairsdiplomacy and public affairs• Under secretary of state for arms control Under secretary of state for arms control

and international security affairsand international security affairs• Under secretary of state for civilian Under secretary of state for civilian

security, democracy and human rights security, democracy and human rights

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CounselorCounselor

• Ranking with the Under Secretaries, Ranking with the Under Secretaries, the Counselor is the Secretary's and the Counselor is the Secretary's and Deputy Secretary's special advisor Deputy Secretary's special advisor and consultant on major problems of and consultant on major problems of foreign policy foreign policy

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Mission StatementMission Statement

• To: 'Advance freedom for the benefit of To: 'Advance freedom for the benefit of the American people and the the American people and the international community by helping to international community by helping to build and sustain a more democratic, build and sustain a more democratic, secure, and prosperous world secure, and prosperous world composed of well-governed states that composed of well-governed states that respond to the needs of their people, respond to the needs of their people, reduce widespread poverty, and act reduce widespread poverty, and act responsibly within the international responsibly within the international systemsystem

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Department of State Core Department of State Core ActivitiesActivities• Promotes and protects the interests of American Promotes and protects the interests of American

citizens by (1) 'Promoting peace and stability in citizens by (1) 'Promoting peace and stability in regions of vital interest'; regions of vital interest';

• (2) 'Creating jobs at home by opening markets (2) 'Creating jobs at home by opening markets abroad'; abroad';

• (3) 'Helping developing nations establish (3) 'Helping developing nations establish investment and export opportunities'; and investment and export opportunities'; and

• 4) 'Bringing nations together and forging 4) 'Bringing nations together and forging partnerships to address global problems, such as partnerships to address global problems, such as terrorism, the spread of communicable diseases, terrorism, the spread of communicable diseases, cross-border pollution, humanitarian crises, cross-border pollution, humanitarian crises, nuclear smuggling, and narcotics trafficking' nuclear smuggling, and narcotics trafficking'

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4 major Goals4 major Goals

•Protect AmericaProtect America

•Advance DemocracyAdvance Democracy

•Promote American ValuesPromote American Values

•Support Diplomatic OfficialsSupport Diplomatic Officials

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DutiesDuties

• Protecting and assisting U.S. citizens living or traveling Protecting and assisting U.S. citizens living or traveling abroad; abroad;

• Assisting U.S Businesses in the international Assisting U.S Businesses in the international marketplace; marketplace;

• Coordinating and providing support for international Coordinating and providing support for international activities of other U.S. agencies (local, state, or federal activities of other U.S. agencies (local, state, or federal government), official visits overseas and at home, and government), official visits overseas and at home, and other diplomatic efforts. other diplomatic efforts.

• Keeping the public informed about U.S. foreign policy Keeping the public informed about U.S. foreign policy and relations with other countries and providing and relations with other countries and providing feedback from the public to administration officials. feedback from the public to administration officials.

• Providing Automobile registration for non-diplomatic Providing Automobile registration for non-diplomatic staff vehicles and the vehicles of diplomats of foreign staff vehicles and the vehicles of diplomats of foreign countries having diplomatic immunity in the United countries having diplomatic immunity in the United States States

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Foreign ServiceForeign Service

• Under international law every nation has the Under international law every nation has the right to legationright to legation---the right to send & receive ---the right to send & receive diplomatic representatives.diplomatic representatives.

• Ben Franklin was the 1Ben Franklin was the 1stst American (France, American (France, 1778.)1778.)

• AmbassadorsAmbassadors---A personal representative ---A personal representative appointed by the head of a nation to represent appointed by the head of a nation to represent that nation in matters of diplomacy.that nation in matters of diplomacy.

• Ambassadors are stationed at the capital of Ambassadors are stationed at the capital of each nation the U.S. recognizes.each nation the U.S. recognizes.

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• Ambassadors are personal representative Ambassadors are personal representative of the President, & he/she reports to the of the President, & he/she reports to the President through the Secretary of State.President through the Secretary of State.

• EmbassyEmbassy---The office of an ambassador to ---The office of an ambassador to a foreign nation.a foreign nation.

• An embassy staff usually includes political, An embassy staff usually includes political, military, & economic aides.military, & economic aides.

• An American An American consulateconsulate is an official who is is an official who is assigned to promote American business assigned to promote American business interests in foreign cities.interests in foreign cities.

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• The consul & his/her staff handle questions The consul & his/her staff handle questions & problems about business requirements, & problems about business requirements, transportation, & interpretation of foreign transportation, & interpretation of foreign laws.laws.

• Must keep the President fully informed of Must keep the President fully informed of events in the host country, negotiate events in the host country, negotiate diplomatic agreements, & do whatever diplomatic agreements, & do whatever else in the best interests of the U.S.else in the best interests of the U.S.

• Must know the language, history, customs Must know the language, history, customs & culture.& culture.

• Ambassadors are regularly granted Ambassadors are regularly granted diplomatic immunity. diplomatic immunity.

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• Diplomatic ImmunityDiplomatic Immunity—Are not subject to —Are not subject to the laws of the state to which they are the laws of the state to which they are accredited. Cannot be arrested, sued or accredited. Cannot be arrested, sued or taxed.taxed.

The mistreatment of diplomats is a major The mistreatment of diplomats is a major breach to international law. breach to international law.

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PassportPassport

• A A passportpassport is an official government is an official government document that certifies one's identity document that certifies one's identity and citizenship. The passport serves and citizenship. The passport serves two purposes: to regain entry to the two purposes: to regain entry to the country of citizenship and is a country of citizenship and is a requirement by many countries to requirement by many countries to gain entry to the country you are gain entry to the country you are visiting visiting

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VisaVisa

• A A visavisa is an official government is an official government document that temporarily document that temporarily authorizes you to be in the country authorizes you to be in the country you are visiting. Many countries you are visiting. Many countries require a visa to gain entry. The visa require a visa to gain entry. The visa usually is in the form of a stamp IN usually is in the form of a stamp IN the passport and is obtained from the passport and is obtained from the country you are visitingthe country you are visiting

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DefenseDefense

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Secretary of DefenseSecretary of Defense

1.1.Acts as the President’s chief aide & Acts as the President’s chief aide & advisor in making & carrying out defense advisor in making & carrying out defense policy.policy.

2.2.Acts as operating head of the Defense Acts as operating head of the Defense Department.Department.

3.3. Salary $199,700Salary $199,700

Chuck Hagel

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• There are three military departments There are three military departments within the Department of Defense: Army, within the Department of Defense: Army, Navy, & Air Force.Navy, & Air Force.

• Marine Corps, which is under the Marine Corps, which is under the jurisdiction of the Navy, maintains its own jurisdiction of the Navy, maintains its own leadership & identity.leadership & identity.

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Selective Service SystemSelective Service System

• Two methods are used to recruit citizens Two methods are used to recruit citizens into the armed services.into the armed services.

1.1. Volunteer enlistment. Any person who Volunteer enlistment. Any person who has a high school diploma may choose to has a high school diploma may choose to enlist after fulfilling the requirements.enlist after fulfilling the requirements.

2.2. DraftDraft—Signing up for the selective —Signing up for the selective service. The selection of persons for service. The selection of persons for compulsory military duty.compulsory military duty.Draft was used from 1940-1973.Draft was used from 1940-1973.

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CIACIA

• The Central Intelligence AgencyThe Central Intelligence Agency• Created in 1947.Created in 1947.• Works under the National Security Works under the National Security

Council.Council.• Three major tasks:Three major tasks:• 1. To coordinate the information 1. To coordinate the information

gathering activities of all State, Defense, gathering activities of all State, Defense, & other federal agencies involved in the & other federal agencies involved in the areas of foreign affairs & national defense.areas of foreign affairs & national defense.

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• 2. To analyze & evaluate all data collected 2. To analyze & evaluate all data collected by those agencies.by those agencies.

• 3. To brief the President & NSC.3. To brief the President & NSC.

• CIA conducts worldwide intelligence CIA conducts worldwide intelligence operations.operations.

• EspionageEspionage—Spying—Spying

• Much of work in secret---budget is Much of work in secret---budget is disguised.disguised.

• THE NATIONAL SECURITY ACT OF 1947 THE NATIONAL SECURITY ACT OF 1947 EXPRESSLY DENIES THE CIA THE EXPRESSLY DENIES THE CIA THE AUTHORITY TO CONDUCT INVESTIGATIONS, AUTHORITY TO CONDUCT INVESTIGATIONS, SURVEILLANCE , OR OTHER CLANDESTINE SURVEILLANCE , OR OTHER CLANDESTINE ACTIVITES WITHIN THE U.S.ACTIVITES WITHIN THE U.S.

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Department of Homeland Department of Homeland SecuritySecurity

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Department of Homeland Department of Homeland SecuritySecurity

• Charged w/ the task of protecting the U.S. Charged w/ the task of protecting the U.S. from terrorism.from terrorism.

• TerrorismTerrorism—The use of violence to —The use of violence to intimidate a government or society, intimidate a government or society, usually for political or ideological reasons.usually for political or ideological reasons.

• Created in 2002, operational in 2003.Created in 2002, operational in 2003.• Responsible for the coordination & the Responsible for the coordination & the

direction of all antiterrorist activities of all direction of all antiterrorist activities of all public agencies operating in the field of public agencies operating in the field of domestic security.domestic security.

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Prior terror attacksPrior terror attacks• 1983, Beirut, Lebanon—car bomb, 63 1983, Beirut, Lebanon—car bomb, 63

dead, Islamic Jihaddead, Islamic Jihad• 1983, Beirut, Lebanon—truck bomb, 241 1983, Beirut, Lebanon—truck bomb, 241

marines killed, Shiitemarines killed, Shiite• 1985, Mediterranean Sea—Achille Lauro, 1985, Mediterranean Sea—Achille Lauro,

1 killed, linked to Libya1 killed, linked to Libya• 1988 Lockerbie, Scotland---Pan Am 747 1988 Lockerbie, Scotland---Pan Am 747

exploded, killing 270, linked to Libyaexploded, killing 270, linked to Libya• 1993, WTC—six killed, linked to Al-Qaeda1993, WTC—six killed, linked to Al-Qaeda• 1995, Oklahoma City---car bomb, 168 1995, Oklahoma City---car bomb, 168

dead, U.S. terrorismdead, U.S. terrorism

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Homeland Security Act of Homeland Security Act of 20022002• Gives the Homeland Security Gives the Homeland Security

Department major operating Department major operating responsibilities in five specific areas:responsibilities in five specific areas:

• 1. Border & transportation security1. Border & transportation security

• 2. Infrastructure protection2. Infrastructure protection

• 3. Emergency preparedness & response3. Emergency preparedness & response

• 4. Chemical, biological, radiological, & 4. Chemical, biological, radiological, & nuclear defensenuclear defense

• 5. Information analysis5. Information analysis

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Best Case ScenarioBest Case Scenario

• 1. Most terrorists attacks will be thwarted 1. Most terrorists attacks will be thwarted or their impacts will at least be minimized.or their impacts will at least be minimized.

• 2. Those responsible for the attacks will 2. Those responsible for the attacks will be rooted out and brought to justice.be rooted out and brought to justice.

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Goals of American Foreign Goals of American Foreign PolicyPolicy

• 1. 1. World PeaceWorld Peace—Staying out of wars.—Staying out of wars.

• 2. 2. Economic ProsperityEconomic Prosperity---Nation must be ---Nation must be economically strong in order to be secure. economically strong in order to be secure. Also depends on free & open trade w/ other Also depends on free & open trade w/ other countries.countries.

• 3. 3. Human RightsHuman Rights---The basic privileges to ---The basic privileges to which all people are naturally entitled. which all people are naturally entitled.

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• Human Rights (Cont.)Human Rights (Cont.)

The U.S. supports human rights by The U.S. supports human rights by publicly criticizing human rights violations publicly criticizing human rights violations committed by other nations.committed by other nations.

4. 4. DemocracyDemocracy---Encourage democratic ---Encourage democratic forms of government.forms of government.

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Tools of American Foreign Tools of American Foreign PolicyPolicy

• 1. 1. DiplomacyDiplomacy---Total process of ---Total process of conducting political relations with other conducting political relations with other countries, including settling differences & countries, including settling differences & conflicts through peaceful means.conflicts through peaceful means.

• *Most important.*Most important.

• *Usually carried out by diplomats, but can *Usually carried out by diplomats, but can be handled by President.be handled by President.

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• 2. 2. Foreign AidForeign Aid---Goes primarily to nations ---Goes primarily to nations that support U.S. foreign policy goals.that support U.S. foreign policy goals.

• 3. 3. Alliances & PactsAlliances & Pacts

AllianceAlliance—A group of nations or —A group of nations or individuals joined together for a common individuals joined together for a common purpose, which may be military, economic, or purpose, which may be military, economic, or political.political.

Multilateral treatiesMultilateral treaties---Signed by a group ---Signed by a group of several nations.of several nations.

Ex.) NATO, OAS, Warsaw Pact (no longer Ex.) NATO, OAS, Warsaw Pact (no longer exists)exists)

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• 4. 4. Trade measuresTrade measures

• *Terms under which the U.S. trades *Terms under which the U.S. trades w/other countries.w/other countries.

• **Economic SanctionsEconomic Sanctions---Measures by which ---Measures by which the government withholds trade benefits, the government withholds trade benefits, supplies, or economic aid to pressure a supplies, or economic aid to pressure a foreign government to cease certain foreign government to cease certain activities.activities.

• 5. 5. Military ForceMilitary Force

• U.S. has declared war on five occasions.U.S. has declared war on five occasions.

• When?When?

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American Foreign Policy: Past American Foreign Policy: Past & Present& Present

• * Monroe Doctrine* Monroe Doctrine

• * Continental Expansion. Idea of “* Continental Expansion. Idea of “Manifest Manifest DestinyDestiny” surfaced. Most Americans ” surfaced. Most Americans believed this nation’s “destiny” was to believed this nation’s “destiny” was to expand its boundaries to the Pacific Ocean.expand its boundaries to the Pacific Ocean.

• --*-- Annexation of Texas--*-- Annexation of Texas• --*-- Oregon country obtained--*-- Oregon country obtained• --*-- SW U.S.A. after the Mexican War--*-- SW U.S.A. after the Mexican War

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• --*-- Gadsden Purchase--*-- Gadsden Purchase

• --*-- Purchasing of Alaska--*-- Purchasing of Alaska

• * Became a first class power in politics * Became a first class power in politics during the Spanish-American War in 1898.during the Spanish-American War in 1898.

• --*-- Philippines & Guam--*-- Philippines & Guam

• --*-- Puerto Rico--*-- Puerto Rico

• --*-- Hawaii annexed.--*-- Hawaii annexed.

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Good Neighbor PolicyGood Neighbor Policy

• FDR attempted to win friends in Latin & FDR attempted to win friends in Latin & South America.South America.

• This occurred after the “Roosevelt This occurred after the “Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine” Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine” (Teddy Roosevelt)(Teddy Roosevelt)

• U.S. interference was resented in the U.S. interference was resented in the region in the early 1900’s.region in the early 1900’s.

• Panama CanalPanama Canal

• Virgin IslandsVirgin Islands

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Open Door Policy-ChinaOpen Door Policy-China

• Promoted equal trade access for all nations Promoted equal trade access for all nations & demanded that China’s independence & & demanded that China’s independence & sovereignty over its own territory be sovereignty over its own territory be preserved.preserved.

• 18991899

• Hurt relations between U.S. & JapanHurt relations between U.S. & Japan

• Cuts ties with China in 1949 when the Cuts ties with China in 1949 when the Communists took over.Communists took over.

• U.S. did not reestablish ties fully until 1979.U.S. did not reestablish ties fully until 1979.

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WWI & WWIIWWI & WWII

• WWI --- “to make the world safe for WWI --- “to make the world safe for democracy.”democracy.”

• U.S. refused to join the League of NationsU.S. refused to join the League of Nations

• IsolationismIsolationism

• WWII---Pearl HarborWWII---Pearl Harbor

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Foreign Policy Since 1945Foreign Policy Since 1945

• Collective SecurityCollective Security—A system in which —A system in which participating nations agree to take joint participating nations agree to take joint action to meet any threat to, or attack on action to meet any threat to, or attack on another member.another member.

• *Idea helped to create the U.N. in 1945.*Idea helped to create the U.N. in 1945.

• DeterrenceDeterrence---Policy of making America & ---Policy of making America & its allies so strong that its very strength its allies so strong that its very strength will deter (prevent) any attack.will deter (prevent) any attack.

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Truman Doctrine & Truman Doctrine & ContainmentContainment

• Cold WarCold War---Period of more than 40 years ---Period of more than 40 years during which relations between the two during which relations between the two superpowers were tense & often hostile.superpowers were tense & often hostile.

• Greece & Turkey were in danger of falling Greece & Turkey were in danger of falling to the communists.to the communists.

• 1947, Truman requested a massive 1947, Truman requested a massive program of economic & military aid.program of economic & military aid.

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• ContainmentContainment—Communism, if held within —Communism, if held within its existing boundaries, would collapse its existing boundaries, would collapse under the weight of its internal weakness.under the weight of its internal weakness.

• Berlin BlockadeBerlin Blockade---Split of Berlin into four ---Split of Berlin into four sectors (Soviet, U.S., British, French.) sectors (Soviet, U.S., British, French.) 1948, Soviets tried to force the other 1948, Soviets tried to force the other nations out, with a land blockade. U.S. nations out, with a land blockade. U.S. airlift for 1 ½ years.airlift for 1 ½ years.

• Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

• Soviet build-up by 1962Soviet build-up by 1962

• Kennedy ordered a naval blockade.Kennedy ordered a naval blockade.

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• We would attack if missiles were not We would attack if missiles were not removed.removed.

• ““At the brink of war.”At the brink of war.”

• Soviets backed down.Soviets backed down.

• Korean WarKorean War---Began in 1950.---Began in 1950.

• South Korea attacked by North Korea.South Korea attacked by North Korea.

• War lasted three years, but peace terms War lasted three years, but peace terms never agreed upon.never agreed upon.

• U.S./South Korea (UN) vs. North U.S./South Korea (UN) vs. North Korea/ChinaKorea/China

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• Vietnam WarVietnam War

• Really started in 1954, not 1965.Really started in 1954, not 1965.

• Ended in 1975.Ended in 1975.

• U.S. rescued the French & the South U.S. rescued the French & the South Vietnamese, but sunk themselves.Vietnamese, but sunk themselves.

• After Vietnam, the Nixon administration After Vietnam, the Nixon administration embarked on a policy of embarked on a policy of détentedétente..

• DétenteDétente--- “a relaxation of tensions.”--- “a relaxation of tensions.”

• Wanted to improve relations w/Soviet Union Wanted to improve relations w/Soviet Union & China.& China.

• Soviet Union collapsed in 1991.Soviet Union collapsed in 1991.

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• Persian Gulf WarPersian Gulf War---1991---1991

• Campaign to drive Iraq out of Kuwait.Campaign to drive Iraq out of Kuwait.

• International coalition, led by the U.S., International coalition, led by the U.S., launched Operation Desert Storm.launched Operation Desert Storm.

• War ended less than six weeks later.War ended less than six weeks later.

• TodayToday• Al QaidaAl Qaida

• ““Axis of Evil”----consisting of Iraq, Iran, Axis of Evil”----consisting of Iraq, Iran, North Korea.North Korea.

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Five times U.S. has declared Five times U.S. has declared war:war:

• Britain 1812Britain 1812

• Mexico 1848Mexico 1848

• Spain 1898Spain 1898

• WWI 1917WWI 1917

• WWII 1941WWII 1941