1

2

Objectives Explain how to implement green

fleets Learn about incentives for

converting to hydrogen fleets Learn about the availability and cost

of hydrogen Identify the advantages of using

hydrogen Understand how to safely handle

hydrogen

3

Why use green fleets? Reduce operating costs Reduce greenhouse gas

emissions Improve corporate image

Greening of Fleets

4

How to Implement Green Fleets Get buy-in Create long-term objectives Avoid setting reduction goals in

absolute numbers Anticipate obstacles Move slowly Improve vehicle usage Track and report progress

5

Hydrogen is the simplest element in the universe

Can be used to create mechanical energy as other fuels

Hydrogen is mainly foundbonded to oxygen (H2O)

Hydrogen ICEs or fuel cells Similar to conventional

vehicles

Hydrogen Fleets

Figure 1: The hydrogen atom has one proton and one electron.

Source: NAFTC.

6

Used for combustion vs. fuel for vehicle’s fuel cell

No existing distribution network Domestically produced, reduces

emissions

Figure 2: Hydrogen fuel cell bus. Source: NREL.

7

Did You Know?

Natural gas reforming using steam accounts for about 95% of the approximately 9 million tons of hydrogen produced in the U.S. annually.

Source: AFDC, 2011.

8

Incentives Partnership initiatives and pooled

resources Financial subsidiaries Informational tools

Initial cost vs. federal and state incentives

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA)

Clean Cities Program

Incentives for Using Hydrogen in Fleets

9

Tax Incentives Hydrogen development credits

through the IRS Incentives include:

Hydrogen fuel production Development of infrastructure Conversion of fleets to hydrogen

fuel

10

Federal Grant Funding Federal government = largest

grant provider U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) U.S. Department of Transportation

(DOT) Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA) U.S. Department of Agriculture

(USDA)

11

State Grant Funding State Energy Office (SEO) National Association of State

Energy Officials directory Alternative Fuels Data Center map

To find state-specific information, visitwww.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/laws/state

12

Incentives for Hydrogen Production American Recovery and

Reinvestment Act of 2009 Fueling tax credit up to 30% 30% tax credit for facilities that

have the ability to manufacture hydrogen fuel

13

Challenges remain with cost-effective production, storage, distribution

Minimal demand outside research projects

More widely available vehicles lead to a more developed infrastructure

Hydrogen Availability and Cost

14

To find the nearest hydrogen station, visit the DOE’s Alternative Fueling Station Locator at: www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/locator/stations

15

Figure 3: Hydrogen fueling stations. Source: AFDC.

16

Production: Steam-MethaneReforming

Most energy-efficient, common method

Requires heat and high pressure Methane is heated, combines

with steam, hydrogen is released Only waste products are carbon

dioxide and heat

17

Production: Electrolysis Electrolysis = splitting of water

molecules Half as efficient as steam

reforming If renewable energy is used to

split water molecules, hydrogen production and utilization becomes a carbon neutral process

18

Onsite Production Least expensive, most efficient

method Eliminates transportation issues 70% of the U.S. population

currently lives within 60 miles of a hydrogen generating facility

19

Hydrogen price depends upon: Production Infrastructure development Transportation Storage

Figure 4: Hydrogen and gasoline cost comparison, 2009-2012. Source: AFDC.

20

Produced domestically Eliminates localized emissions

of CO, HC, PM, and CO2

Creates jobs in research and development fields

Will create new jobs in vehicle and fueling system production

Hydrogen Advantages

21

Harmless if spilled or released on land or in water

Nontoxic Vehicles offer the same

performance as conventional vehicles

Reduces dependence on foreign oil

22

Things to Consider Limited availability Lower energy density by volume,

greater energy density by mass compared to gasoline – larger storage tank requirements

Currently produced from methane, which is not renewable

Uses energy from polluting sources during production

23

Major considerations before large-scale implementation of hydrogen fuel

Utilization should not sacrifice operating performance

Fuel must be a safe alternative

Hydrogen Performance and Safety

24

Performance ICE

Wide flammability range – fuel will burn over a broad mixture range

Dedicated vehicles will return better performance than conventional vehicles

Alterations to fuel management and timing system may be required

Vehicles produce little to no local emissions

25

Fuel Cells Vehicles produce only heat and

water Torque characteristics allow vehicles

to have greater acceleration Quieter operation than conventional

vehicles Fuel cells make enough energy to

power all accessories Fuel storage issues

26

Hydrogen Performance Summary• Wide flammability range• Can be used with high

compression, efficient engines• No local emissions when used with

fuel cells• Only NOx emission when used with

ICEs• A well designed H2 vehicle will

have comparable performance as compared to conventional vehicles

27

Safety Extremely safe for the

environment Combustion does not produce

harmful emissions Fuel is highly flammable – flame

is invisible in daylight Buoyancy allows spilled fuel to

quickly rise into the atmosphere Specified safety training

28

Safety Cylinder Inspections

Tanks should be inspected by trained professionals

Fuel transportation

Figure 5 (left): Hazardous material description identification number UN 1049 placard for gaseous hydrogen. Source: USDOT, PHMSA. Figure 6 (right): Hazardous material description identification

number UN 1966 for liquid hydrogen. Source: USDOT, PHMSA.

29

Safety Placards/markings for fueling

locations Allow first responders/emergency

crews to respond appropriately

Figure 7 (left): NFPA 704 hazard placard for gaseous hydrogen. Source: NFPA. Figure 8 (right): NFPA 704 hazard placard for

liquid hydrogen. Source: NFPA.

30

Hydrogen Safety Summary• Decreased greenhouse gas

emissions• Dissipates quickly• Low risk of environmental

damage in accidents• Nontoxic and non-carcinogenic• Technicians working with

hydrogen as a pressurized gas or cryogenic liquid should be properly trained

31

1. True or False: The cost of hydrogen for use as a vehicle fuel has significantly decreased in the past few years.

2. Steam reformation is a common method to produce pure H2 from natural gas/methane (CH4).

3. True or False: Hydrogen may only be used with fuel cells to produce power for vehicle propulsion.

4. List two of the cost factors that are important when examining hydrogen as an alternative fuel.

5. True or False: Hydrogen has a greater energy density by mass when compared to conventional gasoline.

Test Your Knowledge