1 25.1 digestion of triacylglycerols 25.2 oxidation of fatty acids 25.3 atp and fatty acid oxidation...
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25.1 Digestion of Triacylglycerols
25.2 Oxidation of Fatty Acids
25.3 ATP and Fatty Acid Oxidation
Chapter 25 Metabolic Pathways for Lipids and Amino Acids
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Digestion of Triacylglycerols
In the digestion of fats (triacylglycerols): Bile salts break fat globules into micelles in
the small intestine. Pancreatic lipases hydrolyze ester bonds to
form monoacylglycerols and fatty acids, which recombine in the intestinal lining.
Lipoproteins form and transport triacylglycerols to the cells of the heart, muscle, and adipose tissues.
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Digestion of Triacylglycerols
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Fat Mobilization
Fat mobilization: Breaks down
triacylglycerols in adipose tissue to fatty acids and glycerol.
Fatty acids are hydrolyzed initially from C1 or C3 of the fat.
Triacylglycerols + 3H2O Glycerol + 3Fatty acids
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Fatty Acid Activation
Fatty acid activation: Allows the fatty acids in the cytosol to enter the
mitochondria for oxidation. Combines a fatty acid with CoA to yield fatty
acyl CoA that combines with carnitine.
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Fatty Acid Activation
Fatty acyl-carnitine transports the fatty acid into the matrix.
The fatty acid acyl group recombines with CoA for oxidation.
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Fatty Acid Activation Fatty acid activation is complex, but it
regulates the degradation and synthesis of fatty acids.
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Beta-Oxidation of Fatty Acids
In reaction 1, oxidation: Removes H atoms from the
and carbons. Forms a trans C=C bond. Reduces FAD to FADH2.
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Beta-Oxidation of Fatty Acids
In reaction 2, hydration: Adds water across the
trans C=C bond. Forms a hydroxyl
group (—OH) on the carbon.
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Beta ()-Oxidation of Fatty Acids
In reaction 3, a second oxidation:
Oxidizes the hydroxyl group.
Forms a keto group on the carbon.
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Beta ()-Oxidation of Fatty Acids
In Reaction 4, acetyl CoA is cleaved:
By splitting the bond between the and carbons.
To form a shortened fatty acyl CoA that repeats steps 1 - 4 of -oxidation.
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Beta ()-Oxidation of Myristic (C14) Acid
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Beta ()-Oxidation of Myristic (C14) Acid (continued)
7 Acetyl CoA
6 cycles
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Cycles of -Oxidation
The length of a fatty acid: Determines the number of oxidations and The total number of acetyl CoA groups.
Carbons in Acetyl CoA -Oxidation CyclesFatty Acid (C/2) (C/2 –1)12 6 514 7 616 8 718 9 8
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-Oxidation and ATP
Activation of a fatty acid requires: 2 ATP
One cycle of oxidation of a fatty acid produces: 1 NADH 3 ATP 1 FADH2 2 ATP
Acetyl CoA entering the citric acid cycle produces: 1 Acetyl CoA 12 ATP
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ATP for Lauric Acid C12
ATP production for lauric acid (12 carbons):Activation of lauric acid -2 ATP
6 Acetyl CoA6 acetyl CoA x 12 ATP/acetyl CoA 72 ATP
5 Oxidation cycles 5 NADH x 3ATP/NADH 15 ATP5 FADH2 x 2ATP/FADH2 10 ATP
Total 95 ATP