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ON OPTIMIZATION OF 3G CELLULAR

SYSTEMS DEPLOYMENT

Prof.dr Milica Pejanovic

University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Yugoslavia

E-mail: [email protected]

ITU IMT-2000 Seminar

Warsaw, October 2001


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Prof.dr Milica Pejanovic, University of Montenegro,Montenegro-Yugoslavia 2

EVOLUTION OF CELLULAR SYSTEMS

'80s '90s '2000s

Initial stage Growing stage Expansion stage Matured stage

AMPS, NMT, NTT...(1st generation)

GSM, PDC, IS-95(2nd generation)

DIGITAL

(3rd generation)

IMT-2000 4th-

generation

Mobile

Data


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WORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION OF CELLULAR STANDARDS

Europe

RMTS RC2000 C450 NMT900E

TACS

GSM

NMT450

NMT450i

TACS

AMPS

DAMPSIS-54 CDMAIS-95 PDC

GPRS

HSCSD

EDGE

DCSI800 USDC

PCS1900

PCSUWC-136

PHS

NAMTS

UMTS

IMT-2000

Under standardization

?

3G

3+G

2+G

2G

Digital

Analog (1G)

US Japan

On optimization of 3G cellular systems deployment ITU IMT-2000 Seminar, Warsaw, October 2001


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DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN WIRELESS STANDARDS

N-ISDN B-ISDN Optical fiber networks Gigabit-net

2000 2010 2020Mobility

Vehicle

Pedestrian

Office

10k 2M 50M 155Mb/s 600Mb/s

ITSHAPS

Milli-waveLAN

WirelessAccess

IMT-2000

GSMPDC

PHS

2nd

Generation

3rd

Generation

4th

Generation

5th

Generation



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TARGETED FEATURES OF 3G NETWORKS

3G networks should provide access, by means of one or more radio links, to a widerange of telecommunications services supported by the fixed telecommunication

networks (e.g. PSTN/ISDN/IP), and to other services which are specific to mobile

users.

Key features of such wireless cellular systems should be: high degree of commonality of design world-wide;

compatibility of services within 3G standards and with the fixed networks;

high quality;

small terminal for world-wide use;

world-wide roaming capability; capability for multimedia applications, and a wide range of services and terminals;

support of a limited number of different radio interface technologies within

the 3G family.



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COMPARISON OF 2G AND 3G CELLULAR SYSTEMS

System AspectsExisting 2 G

Mobile Systems

New 3 G

IMT-2000 SystemsUse of digital technology Already used for modulation, speech and

channel coding as well as implementation

and control of data channels

Increased use of digital technologies

Commonality between

different operating

environments

Each systems is primarily optimised for

its specific operating environment

Optimisation of radio interfaces for

multiple operating environments

such as vehicular, pedestrian, intro-

office, fixed wireless access and

satellite, via a single flexible orscalable radio interface.

Frequency bands Operate in frequency bands ranging from

800 MHz to 1.9 GHz, depending on the

country

Use a common global frequency

band

Data services Limited to data rates below 115 kb/s(WAP-GRPS-SMS)

Transmission speeds up to 2 Mb/s

Roaming Generally limited to specific regions,

Handsets not compatible between

different systems

Global frequency coordination and

ITU standards will provide true

global roaming and equipment

compatibility

Technology Spectrum efficiency, cost and flexibility

limited by technology in use at time of

system design

Spectrum efficiency, flexibility and

overall costs all significantly

improved.

Radio interfaces TDMA, CDMA W-CDMA

Data speed 9.6 kb/s with evolution up to 171.2 kb/s

(2.5 G)

144 kb/s 2 Mb/s



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LAYERED ARCHITECTURE OF 3G NETWORKS

Service and applications

ServiceApplications

Applications

Supportservers

Supportservers

HLR

AAAH

MSCserver

GW/MSCserver

PSTN/ISDN

Internet/Intranet

Wirelessaccess

MGW/

PDSN

MGW

Router

Control

Connectivity

User data

Control



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OVERVIEW OF 3G STANDARDIZATION BODIES

ITU

IMT-2000

ITU-R

Radio aspects

ITU-T

Network aspects

Ongoing

Collaboration

3 GPP

WCDMA + GSM

Others:

UWC - 136

DECT

TD-CDMA

3 GPP2

cdma2000 + ANSI-41

Operators Harmonization

Group



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OPERATORS HARMONIZATION AGREEMENT

On optimization of 3Gcellular systems deployment ITU IMT-2000 Seminar, Warsaw, October 2001

Radio access

- family of 3G

CDMAmodes

Core network

- family of 3G

systems

Core network

- 3G inter-family

roaming

FDD mode 1

direct sequence

FDD mode 2

multicarrierTDD mode

WCDMA cdma2000 Unpaired spectrum

Evolved

GSM/MAP

Evolved

ANSI-41

Network-to-network

interface

Flexible connection between RTT

modes and core networks based on

operators' needs


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3G RADIO INTERFACE STANDARDIZATION

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Europe

Japan

US

W-TDMA

TD-CDMA

W-CDMA

FDD:W-CDMA

TDD:TD-CDMA

W-CDMA

UMTS/W-CDMA

CDMA

TDMA

Wideband Cdma 2000

UWC - 136



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IMT-2000 TERRESTRIAL RADIO INTERFACES

IMT - 2000

IMT-DS IMT-MC IMT-TC IMT-SC IMT-FT

CDMA TDMA FDMA

IMT-DS (Direct Spread)=W-CDMA (FDD)IMT-MC (Multi Carrier)=cdma 2000

IMT-TC (Time-Code)=UMTS TDD, TD-SCDMA

IMT-SC (Single Carrier)=UWC-136

IMT-FT (Frequency Time)=DECT



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MIGRATION SCENARIOS TOWARDS 3G NETWORKS

TDMA

2G

GSM

CDMA one

IS-136B/HS

GPRS

EDGE

GPRS

HSCSD

UMTS

CDMA 2000

2.5G

IS-95B

UWC-136

EGPRS

3GPPECSD

OHGTD-CDMA

3GPP2IMT2000

1 EXTREME

HDRIS-95

3G



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EVOLUTION OF THE IS-95 AIR STANDARD

IS-95-A

Standardized by Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) in July 1993.

Networks utilizing IS-95 CDMA air interface and ANSI-41 network protocol are

branded as cdmaOne networks. IS-95 networks use one or more 1.25MHz carriers,

operate on 800 and 1900MHz bands. Data rates of up to 14.4kb/s and soft handoffs

are supported.

IS-95-B Improvements for hard-handoff algorithms in multicarrier environments and in

parameters that affect the control of soft handoffs. Higher data rates of up to

115kb/s can be supported by bundling up to eight 14.4 or 9.6 kb/s data channels.

Cdma2000 Developed to support 3G services. This standard is divided into two phases:

Cdma2000 1X 1X stands for standard carrier (1.25MHz) at air interface. It delivers

twice the voice capacity of cdmaOne with average data rates of 144kb/s.

Cdma2000 3X 3X stands to signify 3x1.25MHz with data rates of up to 2Mb/s



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TIMELINE FOR EVOLVING CDMA TO 3G CAPABILITIES


Layered

architecture

High-speed data

International roaming

Advanced voice/dataservices

mobile IP/secure data

Efficient data delivery

Advanced user features

High reliability

Capacity and coverage

expansion

Low cost

4Q99 2Q00 1H01 2H02 2H03

IOS BSS

Jambala WAP

and HLR IWF

MSC

cdma 2000 1x

RBS 3G BSC

PCN

cdma2000 3X/

DS-41 RBS

Media gateways

MSC servers

ATM switches

IP routers

ATM and IP

backbone


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EVOLUTION OF THE TDMA AIR STANDARD

TDMA (TIA/EIA-136)

This standard includes EIA-553 and IS-54 systems

IS-136HS

For satisfying requirements for IMT-2000, the Universal Wireless Communication

Consortium (UWCC) proposed the 136 High-Speed (136HS) radio interface.

EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution)

In January 1998, UWCC adopted EDGE as outdoor component of 136HS. EDGE

was thus included in UWC-136 IMT-2000 proposal. It provides 384 kb/s data

services and comprises two phases:

Phase I emphasizes enhanced GPRS (EGPRS) and enhanced circuit-switched data(ECSD)

Phase II is defined to include improvements for multimedia and real-time support



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Model for an EGPRS/136 network integrated into a TIA/EIA-136 circuit-

switched network through an SGSN gateway MSC/VLR


Other PLMN

PDN

TE MT BSS SGSN GGSN

SGSN

EIR

TE

GPRS

HLR

SMS-GMSC

SMS-IWMSC

SM-SC

SMEANSI-41MC/OTAF

ANSI-41Gateway

MSC/VLR

ANSI-41Serving

MSC/VLR

ANSI-41

HLR/AC

GGSN

Signaling interface

Signaling and

data-transferinterface

Gn

Gp

GfGn Gi

GbUmR

Gs

Gr

Gc

Gd

C

M

N

Q

C-D

E

C-D


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EVOLUTION OF THE GSM AIR STANDARD

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)

GSM + standard

Enables packet mode extensions to GSM using the same air interface but with a

new physical channel. It could be done through the following three possibilities:

HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data Service)

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) (and EGPRS)

EDGE

UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)

European version of IMT-2000 which is composed of a core network (CN)

connected with interface (Iu) to the radio access network called the UMTS

Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN). This standard supports W-CDMA in

two versions:FDD (frequency-division duplex) and TDD (time-division duplex).



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GPRS ARCHITECTURE

BTS

BSC

MSC

BTS

BTS

BSC

SGSN GGSN

Other PLMN PDN

GR

MS

MS

MS

Radio Subsystem

Base Station SubsystemBSS

Radio Interface Abis - Interface

Gb - Interface

Switching Subsystem

Gs - Interface

Gr - Interface

Gn - Interface

Gp - Interface

Gj - Interface


SSGR Serving GPRS Support Node

GGSN- Gateway GPRS Support Node


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COMPARISON OF GSM + STANDARDS

++ Top speed

-- Extensive HW-upgrade

Urban,

mostly stationaryExtensivePS+CS384EDGE

++ Being online

permanently

++ Charging based on

volume

Mostly urban,

mobile and

stationary

YesPS115GPRS

+ Available now

- Expensive for subscriber

Rural and urban,

mobile and

stationary

NoCS57.6HSCSD

Pros and Cons

Typical

Application

Environment

HW-Upgrade

Required?

Circuit-switched

packet-switched

Max.

Bandwidth

(kbit/s)

Name



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UMTS (3GPP) ARCHITECTURE RELEASE 99 (R3)

This release supports WCDMA access and ATM-based transport


Core net

STM

IP

E-SGSN E-GGSN

HLR

E-VMSC E-GMSC

Packet domain

Circuit domain

GSMRSS

UTRAN

MS

Transport

Control

Um

Radio

Uu

Gb

lu-cs

lu-ps

A

Gi

IP

PSTN ISDN


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UTRAN ARCHITECTURE


UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork

RNS Radio Network Subsystems

RNC- Radio Network Controller

SRNC

CRNC

Node B Node B Node B

RNS

Iub Iub

UE

DRNC

CRNC

Node B Node B Node B

RNS

CN

Iu Iu

Iur

Iub Iub

Uu

Uu


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UMTS R3 is composed of the UTRAN attached to two separate corenetwork domains:

Circuit switched domain based on enhanced GSM MSCs consists of the

following network elements:

2G/3G mobile-services switching center including the VLR functionality

HLR with AC (Authentication Center) functionality

Packet switched domain built on enhanced GPRS support nodes consists of:

2G/3G serving GPRS support node with subscriber location register

(SGR) functionality

Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) Border gateway



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UMTS (3GPP) ARCHITECTURE RELEASE 00It is split into R4 (00) and R5(00+) defining two RAN technologies:

GPRS/EDGE radio access network (GERAN) and W-CDMA as in R3


TE MT GERANR Um

TE MT UTRANR Uu

SGSN

MGW

MSC server

lu2

lu1

lu

lu-ps

GGSN

MGW

GMSCserver

Nc

Nb

Gn

Mc

T-SGW

PSTN/ Legacy/

Externat

PDN/ Internet

Gi

Other PLMN

Alternative Access

Network

Applications &

Services*)

Legacy mobile

signalling Network

Multimedia IP

Networks

GGSN

SGSN

SCP

HSS*)CSCF

MRF

MGCF T-SGW*)

Mg

Mm

Gi

Mr

GrGi

GpGn

CAPCx

R-SGW*)

Ms

lu1=lucs(RTP,AAL2)

lu2=lu(RANAP)

Signalling interface

Signalling and Data Transfer interface

*) those elements are duplicated for figure layout purpose only,

they belong to the same logical element in the reference model


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EVOLUTION PATHS FOR MIGRATION TO UMTS R5


E-MPSN

CSCF

MRF

MGCF

MGW

MGW

E-GGSNE-SGSN

MGW

VMSC serverGMSC server

UTRAN

lu-ps

lu-ps

lu-cs

Gi

Gi

IP

VoIP/VoATM

IP

IP

PSTN/ISDN

R5 introduces All-IP environment including:

Transport: utilization of the IP transport and connectivitywith QoS throughout the network

End-user services: with Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)possibilities to offer wide range of totally new services


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GSM MIGRATION PHASES

2G 2.5G 3G R99(R3) 3G R00 (R4) 3GR00+ (R5)

GSM

MAP

GPRS

MAP

UTRANW-CDMA

CORE

PS Domain - DataCS Domain - Voice

IP RAN

MSC split un Serverand Gateway

CAMEL Ph3

SS7 over IPIP Multimedia servicesNew entities in the Core

SIP Call ModelCAMEL Ph4

Phase 1 - GSM CS Voice and Data

Phase 2 - GPRS Overlay Network

Phase 3 - UMTS R99Phase 4 - All IP UMTS R00

Phase 5 - IP Multi-media (IM)



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MIGRATION OF GSM TO UMTS


GSM Phase 2 GSM Phase 2+ UMTS

Multiple access FDMA/TDMA FDMA/TDMA TDMA/CDMA

Max. bit arte 9.6 kbit/s 64 kb/s; 115kb/s 384 kb/s; 2 Mb/s

Speech

quality

Full rate (FR) Enhanced full rate (EFR), transcoder

free operation (TFO)

Adaptive multirate (AMR)

Capacity 900 MHz Tri-band (900, 1800, 1900 MHz) 2000MHz, spectrum efficiency

Roaming International roaming Global roamingSeamless global roaming in

multiradio environments and

applications areas

Security

Authentication, encryption Fraud information gathering, SS7

security, lawful interception (LI)

Enhanced authentication and

user identity confidentiality,

network domain security

Bearers Circuit-switched bearers 64 kbit/s circuit bearer, packet bearers byGeneral Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

Circuit- and packet-switched

bearers, real-time packet bearer

Services

Speech and low-speed circuit-

switched data, supplementary

services, short message

service

Service customization, service

portability, value-added services, mobile

Internet access, and Web-like

information service

Full Internet capability, speech,

data, multimedia, virtual home

environment (VHE)


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DEPLOYMENT STRATEGIES FOR 3G SYSTEMS

When choosing an adequate approach in 3G systems deployment, the

following elements have to be considered:

network type (private-public), coverage (local-global),

mobility (low-high),

data traffic (low-high),

types of services (basic-multimedia).

Thus, two approaches may be identified:

Scenario 1 innovative, applied through implementation of the

completely new 3G networkScenario 2 evolutionary, applied through migration (upgrade) of

already existing 2G or 2G+ network



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DEPLOYMENT SCENARIO No.1

In this type of scenario the following versions may appear:

! SCENARIO No.1(a): All-round3G network is implemented where no 2G network exists both in terms ofdeployment area and the transmission rate

!

SCENARIO No.1(b): Complement3G network is implemented in the region with already existing 2G network(s)in a way that it could be:

Area-complement 3G covers the whole range of the transmissionrate and is located in the position not covered by 2G networks in the

terms of the deployment area Rate-complement 3G covers the whole range of the deployment

area and is located in the position not covered by 2G networks in termsof the transmission rate.



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COMPARISON OF SCENARIOS No.1(a) AND No.1(b)

All-round-type

scenario

Complement-

type scenarios

Transmission bit rate From lower to higher

rates

Higher rate

Mobility From static to

cellular mobility

Cellular mobility

Deployment Area From pico to macro

cells

Micro and macro

cells

Network interface If necessary Indispensable

System roaming If necessary Indispensable

Radio interface Single Multiple

Mobile terminal mode Single Multiple

Security Whole system Core network

Billing/charging Unified system Multiple systems

Core network Customized Transparent

Service provider Single Multiple

2G, 3G and other

mobile systems

Overlap Complement


O i i i f 3G ll l d l ITU IMT 2000 S i W O b 2001


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DEPLOYMENT SCENARIO No.2

There are two possible ways for mobile operators to migrate from 2G

(2G+) to 3G:

! Scenario No.2(a): Existing 2G or 2G+ core network could be upgradedfor 3G use. In this case 2G and 3G networks share

the same core infrastructure.

! Scenario No.2(b): Independent 3G core network could be implementedcompletely independent from the existing 2G core

infrastructure.


O ti i ti f 3G ll l t d l t ITU IMT 2000 S i W O t b 2001


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SCENARIO No.2 (a) COMMON CORE NETWORK FOR 2G AND 3G


BTS

UMTS

BS

UMTSBS

UMTS

RNCUMTS TE

BTS

GSM

BTS

GSMBTS

GSM

BSCGSM/GPRSTE

BTS

GSM

BTS

GSM

BTS

GSM

BSC

GSM TE

Iub

Abis

Abis

MSC/VLR

SGSN

GGSN

Camel

HLR

ISDN

Internet

Internet

RAN Subsystem CN Subsystem

Gn

A

Gb

AIu

Iu

ISUP

Gi

Map

Map

IN Platform

On optimization of 3G cellular systems deployment ITU IMT 2000 Seminar Warsaw October 2001


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SCENARIO No.2 (b) INDEPENDENT 2G AND 3G CORE NETWORKS


BTS

UMTS

BS

UMTS

BS

UMTSRNCUMTS TE

BTS

GSM

BTS

GSM

BTS

GSMBSCGSM/GPRS

TE

BTS

GSM

BTS

GSM

BTS

GSMBSC

GSM TE

Iub

Abis

Abis

2G MSC/VLR

2G SGSNGGSN

Camel

HLR

ISDN

Internet

Internet

RAN Subsystem CN Subsystem

GnA

Gb

A

Iu

Iu

ISUP

GiMap

3G MSC/VLR

3G SGSN

ISUP

Gn

On optimization of 3G cellular systems deployment ITU IMT 2000 Seminar Warsaw October 2001


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IMPACTS OF SCENARIOS No.2 ON EXISTING 2G NETWORKS

SCENARIO No.2(a): Re-dimension of the existing core network to be able to support 3G broadband

services

Optimize transmission network for a suitable traffic mix

Network management system

SCENARIO No.2(b):

2G and 3G networks have minimum impact on each other


On optimization of 3G cellular systems deployment ITU IMT-2000 Seminar Warsaw October 2001


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OPTIMAL SCENARIO No.2 IMPLEMENTATION


Deploy fully switched

Virtual Transit Network

with SS7 interworking

Deploy GPRS

Network

Deploy IP Core

Migrate InternalIT infrastructureDeploy 3G

Access & CoreCommon IP Core

Network for voice&data

services

Common Core Based on

MPLS

Voice (Existing GSM Network) Data

On optimization of 3G cellular systems deployment ITU IMT-2000 Seminar Warsaw October 2001


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Abbreviations

3GPP - Third generation partnership project

AAA - Authentication, authorization and accounting

AC - Authentication center

AMPS - Advanced mobile phone service

ANSI - American National Standards Institute

ATM - Asynchronous transfer mode

BSC - Base station controller

BSS - Base station subsystem

BTS - Base transceiver station

CDMA - Code division multiple access

CN - Core network

CSCF - Call state control function

CRNC - Controlling part of RNC

DECT - Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephone system

DRNC - Drift RNC

EGPRS- Enhanced GPRS

EIR - Equipment identification register

E-SGSN- Enhanced SGSN

E-GGSN-Enhanced GGSN

E-VMSC-Enhanced visited MSC

E-MPSN- Enhanced mobile packet service node

On optimization of 3G cellular systems deployment ITU IMT 2000 Seminar, Warsaw, October 2001



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Abbreviations

FDD - Frequency division duplex

GERAN- GPRS radio access network

GGSN - Gateway GPRS support node

GMSC - Gateway MSC

GPRS - General packet radio service

GSM - Global system for mobile communication

HLR - Home location register

HSCSD- High-speed circuit switched data service

IP - Internet protocol

IWF - Interworking function

IWMSC- Interworking MSC

MAP - Mobile application part

MGW - Media gateway

MGCF - Media gateway control function

MPLS - Multi protocol label switching

MS - Mobile subscriber

MT - Mobile terminal

PDC - Personal digital cellular system

PDSN - Packet data service node

PHS - Personal handyphone system

On optimization of 3G cellular systems deployment ITU IMT 2000 Seminar, Warsaw, October 2001



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Abbreviations

RAN - Radio access network

RNC - Radio network controller

RNS - Radio network subsystem

SCP - Service control point

SGSN - Serving GPRS support node SIP - Session initiation protocol

SMS - Short message service

SRNC - Serving RNC

STM - Synchronous transfer mode

TDD - Time division duplex TDMA - Time division multiple access

TE - Terminal equipment

UE - User equipment

UMTS - Universal mobile telecommunication system

UTRAN-UMTS terrestrial radio access

UWC - Universal wireless communication system

VLR - Visitor location register

WAP - Wireless application protocol

WCDMA-Wideband CDMA

p y p y , ,

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