1 an introduction to ecology and the biosphere i am the lorax. i speak for the trees. i speak for...
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1
An Introduction to
Ecology and the Biosphere
I am the Lorax.I speak for the trees.I speak for the trees, for the trees have no tongues.
Chapter 50
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Ecology
Population~group of individualsof the
same species in a particular geographical area
Community~assemblage of populations of different species
Ecosystem~all abiotic factors and the community of species in an area
Rachel Carson, 1962, Silent Spring
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Ecology
Biome~ areas of predominant flora and fauna Biosphere~the sum of all the planet’s
ecosystems
Components (Ecosystem and Larger):
abiotic ~nonliving chemical & physical factors
•biotic ~living factors
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Abiotic factors
Temperature Water Sunlight Wind Rocks & Soil Periodic disturbances Ecotone: biome grading areas
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Global climate Seasons • Precipitation & Winds
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Lake stratification & turnover Thermal stratification~ vertical temperature
layering
Biannual mixing~ spring and fall Turnover~ changing water temperature profiles; brings
oxygenated water from the surface to the bottom and nutrient rich water from the bottom to the surface
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Lake Classification
oligotrophic~ deep, nutrient poor
eutrophic~ shallow, high nutrient content
mesotrophic~ moderate productivity
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Aquatic biomes
Vertical stratification: •photic zone~ photosynthetic light •aphotic zone~ little light •thermocline~ narrow stratum of rapid temperature change •benthic zone~ bottom substrate
Benthos~ community of organisms
Detritus~ dead organic matter; food for benthic organisms
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Freshwater biomes
Littoral zone~ shallow, well-lit waters close to shore
Limnetic zone~ well-lit, open water farther from shore
Profundal zone~ deep, aphotic waters
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Freshwater Biomes
Wetland~ area covered with water
Estuary~ area where freshwater merges with ocean
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Marine biomes Intertidal zone~ area
where land meets water
Neritic zone~ shallow regions over continental shelves
Oceanic zone~ very deep water past the continental shelves
Pelagic zone~ open water of any depth
Benthic zone~ seafloor bottom
Abyssal zone~ benthic region in deep oceans
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Terrestrial biomes Tropical forests~ equator; most complex; constant temperature and
rainfall; canopy Savanna~ tropical grassland with scattered trees; occasional fire and
drought; large herbivores Desert~ sparse rainfall (<30cm/yr) Chaparral~ spiny evergreens at midlatitudes along coasts Temperate grassland~ all grasses; seasonal drought, occasional fires;
large mammals Temperate deciduous forest~ midlatitude regions; broad-leaf deciduous
trees Coniferous forest~ cone-bearing trees Tundra~ permafrost; very little precipitation