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BaseballBaseballAccelerated GeoscienceAccelerated Geoscience

Final Exam ReviewFinal Exam Review

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• What are 4 characteristics that all minerals share?

• Answer:– 4 of the following:– Definite chem composition– Occur naturally– Inorganic– Solid at room temp– Atoms orderly arrangement

• Name 5 tests that can be used for mineral ID

• Answer: 5 of the following:Hardness Color

Luster Streak

Cleavage Acid

Smell Feel

Magnetism Taste

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• What mineral reacts with acid?

• Answer:– Calcite

• What mineral is the only one that is magnetic?

• Answer: – Magnetite

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• What mineral tastes like (is) salt?

• Answer:– Halite

• What mineral looks like gold?

• Answer: Iron Pyrite/fool’s gold

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• What is the hardness of your fingernail?

• Answer:– 2.5

• What is the hardness of the steel file?

• Answer: – 6.5

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• Why is color not the best property for mineral ID?

• Answer:– There can be

impurities and/or several minerals can have the same color

• Name the three types of rocks

• Answer: – Igneous, metamorphic,

sedimentary

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• What three textures that igneous rocks can possess?

• Answer:– Course-grained, fine-

grained, glassy

• Name two glassy igneous rocks

• Answer: – 2 of the following:

– Obsidian, scoria, pumice

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• What is the main igneous rock that you would find on an ocean plate?

• Answer:– Basalt

• What course-grained igneous rock makes up many mountains?

• Answer: – Granite

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• What are the three types of sedimentary rocks?

• Answer:– Clastic, organic,

chemical

• Name two clastic sedimentary rocks.

• Answer: – Two of the following:

– Conglomerate, sandstone, shale

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• How do chemical sedimentary rocks form?

• Answer:– From the evaporation

of mineral-rich bodies of water

• What are the requirements for metamorphosis?

• Answer: – Heat and pressure

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• What is the hardest and most valuable form of coal?

• Answer:– anthracite

• What are the three categories of metamorphic rocks?

• Answer: – Banded, foliated, massive

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• What is the banded metamorphic rock and from what igneous rock was it formed?

• Answer:– Gneiss formed from

granite

• Name two foliated metamorphic rocks and the rock from which they formed.

• Answer: – 2 of the following– Slate (from shale)– Anthracite coal (from bituminous

coal)– Schist (from slate)

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• What is the age of an igneous intrusion compared to the rock layers it intrudes?

• Answer:– It is younger

• According to the law of superposition, where would you find the youngest rock layers?

• Answer: – On/near the surface (top of

sedimentary rock layers)

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• What type of rocks often contain fossils?

• Answer:– Sedimentary

• What are the characteristics of an index fossil?

• Answer: – Wide geographic

distribution and existed for short time

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• What term is defined as the amount of time it takes for 50% of a radioisotope to decay?

• Answer:– Half-life

• What type of radioisotope would be used to date a fossil that is suspected to be about 10,000 years old

• Answer: – Carbon-14 or Carbon dating

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• How much of the radioactive parent material would exist after three half-lives

• Answer:– 12.5% or 1/8 of the

original amount

• What term is defined by “the present is the key to the past?”

• Answer: – Uniformitarianism

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• Name three of the four types of plate boundaries

• Answer:– 3 of the following:– Collision– Subduction– Diverging– Sliding/transform

• What layer of the Earth has partially melted rocks and convection currents?

• Answer: – The asthenosphere

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• What type of volcano alternates between eruptions of ash and lava?

• Answer:– Composite

• Name the other two types of volcanoes.

• Answer: – Cinder cone and shield

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• What volcano produces primarily basaltic lava?

• Answer:– Shield

• What are two features found at diverging plate boundaries

• Answer: – Mid-ocean ridge

– Rift valley

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• How did the Hawaiian Islands form?

• Answer:– The Pacific plate moved

over a stationary hot spot; the island chain formed in a line as the movement progressed

• What are two features found at a subduction boundary?

• Answer: – 2 of the following:– Deep sea trench, mountain

building (volcanoes), earthquakes

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• Name three pieces of evidence used to support the idea that Pangea existed.

• Answer:– 3 of following:– Puzzle fit of continents,

unique rocks on S. American and African coasts, unique fossils on S. American and African coasts, mountain ranges continous from N. America and Europe, tropical plants in cold regions

• What type of fault results from compressional stress?

• Answer: – Reverse fault

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• What three types of waves are released by an earthquake?

• Answer:– S, P, and L waves

• What is the order of arrival time at seismograph station (speed)?

• Answer: – P, S, L

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• How much more intense is an earthquake with magnitude 8 vs. earthquake of magnitude 6?

• Answer:– 100 times as great

• What happens to S-P lag time if the distance from an earthquake to the seismograph station increases

• Answer: – The lag time also increases

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• Name three types of mountains we studied.

• Answer:– 3 of the following:– Fault block– Folded– Volcanic– Dome

• What is a contour interval

• Answer: – The amount of elevational

change between contour lines

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• How can you identify a river on a topographic map (besides the name of the river!)

• Answer:– The contour lines

point upstream in a “V” pattern

• What is a benchmark?

• Answer: – A marker in the ground

indicating the exact elevation above sea level

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• How are hills shown on a topo map?

• Answer:– Concentric circles

• Name 3 examples of physical (mech.) weathering.

• Answer: – 3 of the following:

– Roots growing into rock

– Ice wedging

– Heating/cooling

– Wave action

– Wetting and drying

– Exfoliation

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• What shape is a valley formed by a youthful river?

• Answer:– V-shaped

• What are moraines?

• Answer: – The general game for the

accumulation of rock and soil materials deposited at the end or sides of glaciers

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• What type of lakes are often formed when a glacier retreats, but leaves a huge chunk of ice to melt?

• Answer:– Kettle lakes

• What is a meander and what could be formed if it continues to grow?

• Answer: – A meander is a bend in an

old-age river, and eventually could form an oxbow lake

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• What type of front could produce short bursts of thunderstorms, hail, and tornadoes?

• Answer:– Cold front

• What large vertically forming thunderclouds are often associated with these storms?

• Answer: – Cumulonimbus clouds

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• What are five things that we studied that can be ascertained from a station model?

• Answer:– 5 of the following:– Wind speed -Temp.– Wind direction -DewPt– Cloud cover– Pressure– Present/past precipitation– Cloud types– Others?

• What natural phenomenon results from the spinning of the Earth and influences air and ocean movement

• Answer: – Coriolis effect

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• What term describes the temperature at which relative humidity is 100%?

• Answer:– Dew point

• What two charactistics would exist for maritime tropical air masses?

• Answer: – Warm and moist

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• From what type of pressure center do weather fronts extend?

• Answer:– Low pressure center

• What symbols are found on the line for a cold front?

• Answer: – Triangles (blue)

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• What name is given to elongated, tear-shaped deposits of glacial till?

• Answer:– Drumlins

• What effect do large bodies of water have on temperature.

• Answer: – They have a moderating

effect (warmer by water in winter, and cooler in summer)

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• What is the difference between climate and weather?

• Answer:– Climate involves long-term

patterns of an area, while weather refers to the specific conditions that are occurring at a particular place at a particular time

• What two days of the year have the most and least hours of sunlight (N. hemisphere)?

• Answer: – June 21 most, December 21

least

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• What type of storm produces the world’s strongest winds?

• Answer:– Tornadoes

• What part of the planet experiences the largest extremes of temperature and daylight?

• Answer: – The north and south pole

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• What phenomenon results from altered ocean currents in the southern Pacific Ocean?

• Answer:– El Nino

• Why does it tend to rain more on the windward side of a mountain?

• Answer: – Moist air cools as it rises to

go over the mountain; as it cools the precipitation falls

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• What is the specific heat capacity of a substance?

• Answer:– The resistance by an

object to a change in temperature

• Where in a thunderstorm do tornadoes often occur?

• Answer: – At the back of the storm

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• Name 4 of earth’s biomes

• Answer:– 4 of the following:– Grasslands– Tropical rainforest– Taiga– Temperate/deciduous

forest– Desert– Arctic tundra

• Which of the biomes at the left do we live in?

• Answer: – Deciduous forest

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• Answer: • Answer: