1 carnegie mellon university system security and u. rich pethia software engineering institute...

1 Carnegie Mellon University

System Security and U.

Rich Pethia

Software Engineering InstituteCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburgh, PA 15213

This work is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Defense.


CERT Coordination Center The SEI established the Computer Emergency Response Team Coordination Center in 1988.

The CERT/CC’s mission is to respond to security emergencies on the Internet, serve as a focal point for reporting and resolving security vulnerabilities, serve as a model to help others establish incident response

teams, and raise awareness of security issues.


Activity

Since 1988, the CERT/CC has responded to over 100,000 security incidents that have affected hundreds of thousands of Internet sites; has worked over 5000 reported vulnerabilities, and has issued hundreds of advisories and bulletins. In addition, the CERT/CC has helped foster the creation of over 90 other incident response teams.


The Internet has Become Indispensable to Business, Government, Universities

The Internet allows organizations to:•conduct electronic commerce•provide better customer service•collaborate with business & research partners•reduce communications costs•improve internal communication•access needed information rapidly


The Risks While computer networks revolutionize the way you do business, the risks computer networks introduce can be fatal to a business.

Network attacks lead to lost:•money•time•products•reputation•lives•sensitive information


0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Incidents Reported to CERT/CC


0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Vulnerabilities Reports are Increasing


Surveyed Companies Identify Risks -1Activity 2000 2001

Detected security breaches 90% 85%

Financial losses 70% 64%

Average loss $1M + $2M +

Vandalism 64% 90%

Source - Computer Security Institute/FBI Survey

Attacks


Surveyed Companies Identify Risks -2Activity 2000 2001

Insider attacks 71% 31%

Internet attacks 59% 70%

Denial of service 27% 38%

2 to 5 incidents 35% 21%

10+ incidents 19% 58%

Source - Computer Security Institute/FBI Survey

Attacks


How Did We Get Here?


The Problem In the rush to benefit from using the Internet, organizations often overlook significant risks.

•the engineering practices and technology used by system providers do not produce systems that are immune to attack

•network and system operators do not have the people and practices to defend against attacks and minimize damage

•policy and law in cyber-space are immature and lag the pace of change


Strain on System Administrators - 1

There is continued movement to complex,client-server, peer to peer, and heterogeneous configurations with distributed management.

There is little evidence of security improvements in most products; new vulnerabilities are found routinely.

Comprehensive security solutions are lacking; current tools address only parts of the problem.


Strain on System Administrators - 2

Engineering for ease of use has not been matched by engineering for ease of secure administration •ease of use and increased utility are driving a dramatic explosion in use

•system administration and security administration are more difficult than a decade ago

•this growing gap brings increased vulnerability


Other Reasons for Concern

Many security audits and evaluations only skim the surface of the organization and its technology; major risks are often overlooked.

Lack of understanding leads to reliance on partial solutions.


More Sophisticated Intruders

Intruders are •growing in number and type•building technical knowledge and skills•gaining leverage through automation•building skills in vulnerability discovery•becoming more skilled at masking their behavior


Attack Sophistication vs. Intruder Technical Knowledge

High

Low

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

password guessing

self-replicating code

password cracking

exploiting known vulnerabilities

disabling audits

back doors

hijacking sessions

sweepers

sniffers

packet spoofing

GUIautomated probes/scans

denial of service

www attacks

Tools

Attackers

IntruderKnowledge

AttackSophistication

“stealth” / advanced scanning techniques

burglaries

network mgmt. diagnostics

DDOS attacks

network worms


So What?


Its going to get worse - 1

Explosive growth of the Internet continues•where will all the capable system administrators come from?

Market growth will drive vendors•time to market, features, performance, cost are primary

•“invisible” quality features such as security are secondary


Its going to get worse - 2

More sensitive applications connected to the Internet•low cost of communications, ease of connection, and power of products engineered for the Internet will drive out other forms of networking

•hunger for connectivity, data and benefits of electronic interaction will continue to push widespread use of Internet technology


Its going to get worse - 3 The death of the firewall

•traditional approaches depend on complete administrative control and strong perimeter controls

•today’s business practices and wide area networks violate these basic principles-no central point of network control-more interconnections with customers, suppliers, partners-more network applications

-“the network is the computer”-who’s an “insider”and who’s an “outsider”


What Can You Do Now?


Prioritized Risks

Establish a Context-Sensitive Risk Management Process

Environment

Technology

Staffing

Threats

Security Requirements

Applications of Technology

Security Incidents

IdentifySelf-Directed Assessment

IdentifySelf-Directed Assessment

Analyze and

Prioritize

Analyze and

PrioritizeMitigate

Mitigate

-Critical assets-OrganizationIssues-TechnologyIssues

Vulnerabilities

Mission & Asset Value DataThreat Data

MitigationPlans

TechnologyPracticesOrganization Improvements


Need

Effective security management programs must be sensitive to organizations’ goals and constraints.

Key Ideas

Identify critical assets (data, software, services, reputation) and protection requirements

Identify solution constraints: policy, regulation

Assess organization and technology against requirements

Develop strategy and plan to address deficiencies

How

Match responsibility with authority

Identify a core group to facilitate the process

Systematically walk through the steps with participation from all parts of organization Develop actionable plan

Assessment & Planning


Implementation Need

Pervasive understanding of security policy, management practices and technical practices

Key Ideas

Organizations can improve the security & survivability of networked systems by adopting security policies and practices

Its simple, but its not easy

How

Translate actionable plan into policies and practices•borrow heavily from published work•assign roles & responsibilities

Document, train, refresh

Check up, measure, enforce


Crisis Management Need

Organizations need to build and mature a computer security incident response capability

Key Ideas

Anticipate problems and desired outcomes

Pre-plan actions

Maintain ongoing awareness of evolving threats & vulnerabilities – adjust action plan accordingly

How

Establish organizational focal point

Identify action plans for likely scenarios

Capture lessons learned & update plans


Need

Many of today’s solutions won’t work tomorrow.

Key Ideas

Structured networking helps organizations stay on top of a dynamic and rapidly changing problem

Sharing lessons learned leads to better practices and policies

How

Identify networking opportunities (ISA, ISACs, ISSA, InfraGuard, I4, FIRST, etc.)

Plug in to group(s) of choice

Participate!

Get Plugged In


CERT Contact Information24-hour hotline: +1 412 268 7090

CERT personnel answer 8:30 a.m. —8:00 p.m. EST(GMT-5) / EDT(GMT-4),and are on call for emergenciesduring other hours.

Fax: +1 412 268 6989

Web site: http://www.cert.org/

Electronic mail: [email protected]

US mail: CERT Coordination CenterSoftware Engineering Institute

Carnegie Mellon University 4500 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890 USA

1 carnegie mellon university system security and u. rich pethia software engineering institute...

Documents

certcc slide

security vulnerabilities

security incidents

security admi

security emergencies

sensitive information

pace of change slide

system administrators