1 cellular structure. 2 cell theory the cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Cellular Structure
![Page 2: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme
in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things.All organisms are composed of one or
more cells.Cells are the smallest living units of all
living organisms.Cells arise only by division of a
previously existing cell.
![Page 3: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Cell Characteristics The basic processes necessary for living things
to survive are the same for a single cell as they are for a more complex organism. A single-celled organism has to conduct all
life processes by itself. A multi-cellular organism has groups of cells
that specialize to perform specific functions. Small cells function more efficiently than
large cells because they have a higher surface-area-to-volume ratio and therefore shorter diffusion time.
![Page 4: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Examples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus
Plant Stem
Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell
Bacteria
![Page 5: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Cells and Cell Size
![Page 6: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
All cells contain Genetic material
single circular molecule of DNA in prokaryotes
double helix located in nucleus in eukaryotes
Cytoplasm jelly-like substance that fills the cells interior
Plasma membrane encloses the cell Separates the cell interior phospholipid bilayer
![Page 7: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Cell Types
Cell structure is one of the ways in which organisms differ from each other.2 Types of Cells
•Prokaryote – Greek words for pre-nucleus
•Eukaryote – Greek words for true-nucleus
![Page 8: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Prokaryotic Cells Earth’s first cells
were prokaryotes.
The simplest life forms are the prokaryotes.
Prokaryotic cells exist in two major forms: eubacteria and archaebacteria.
ALL are UNICELLULAR
![Page 9: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotes are the Earth’s most abundant inhabitants. They can survive in a wide range of environments and obtain energy in a variety of ways.
![Page 10: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotes are cells that
lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
cause disease and infection
grow and divide very rapidly
![Page 11: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Prokaryotic Cells Flagella
Thread like structures used for locomotionFlagellum - singular Bacterial cell wall
Flagellum
Rotarymotor
Sheath
![Page 12: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Eukaryotic Cells
Contain organelles surrounded by membranes Most living organisms
Plant Animal
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html
![Page 13: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Eukaryote
•Eukaryotes arose from prokaryotes and developed into larger more complex organisms.
•Eukaryotes are cells that contain a nucleus and organelles surrounded by a membrane
![Page 14: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Two Theories of Origin•Autogenic vs. Endosymbiotic
![Page 15: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Eukaryote
•Can be both unicellular or multi-cellular
•Examples of eukaryotes are:
•All fungi, plant, and animal cells
![Page 16: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif
![Page 17: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif
![Page 18: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Summary of differences!
Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic cells
small cells 1um-10um) larger cells (10 um-100um)
always unicellular often multicellular
no nucleus or any membrane-bound organelles in cytosol
always have nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles in
cytosol
DNA is circular, without proteinsCalled a nucleoid
DNA is linear and associated with proteins to form chromatin
ribosomes are small (70S) ribosomes are large (80S)
no cytoskeleton always has a cytoskeleton
cell division is by binary fission cell division is by mitosis or meiosis
reproduction is always asexual reproduction is asexual or sexual
![Page 19: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Nucleus
The Control Center Stores genetic
material (DNA) Double membrane
with pores Largest organelle
Nucleolus – dark center where ribrosomes are made
Chromatin – complex of DNA and protein that makes up chromosomes
![Page 20: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Cytoskeleton Long slender protein tubes and fibers that
extend from the nucleus to the plasma membrane.
Provide the interior framework of an animal cell.
The cytoskeleton contains three types of elements responsible for cell shape, movement within the cell, and movement of the cell:
Actin filaments MicrotubulesIntermediate filaments
![Page 21: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Cytoskeleton Actin filaments
Muscle fibers used in locomotion
Actin/myosinShape – expand
and contract
![Page 22: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
MicrotubulesTubulinhollowTransportatio
n system – railroad tracks that move•Protein
complexes•RNA
Cytoskeleton
![Page 23: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Cytoskeleton
MicrotubulesFlagellumSpindle fibres
![Page 24: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Cytoskeleton Intermediate filaments
Frame for confinementAnchors proteins together so they can
work as a complexSolid
![Page 25: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Cytoskeleton
![Page 26: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
o Found in ALL cells
o Membrane that encloses the cytoplasm.
Cell Membrane
o Called plasma membrane
o Controls what enters and leaves the cell
![Page 27: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Cell MembraneFluid Mosaic Model
![Page 28: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Ribosomes
Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes composed of two subunits that join and attach to messenger RNA.site of protein synthesisAlone in cytoplasm
• makes proteins for use within the cellAttached to ER
• makes proteins for export out of the cell
![Page 29: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Endoplasmic ReticulumER –Made up of a lipid bilayer
with embedded proteins•Rough ER - studded with ribosomes
•Site of protein synthesis and processing
•Smooth ER - lacks ribosomes
•Site of synthesis of phospholipids and the packaging of proteins into vesicles
![Page 30: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Endoplasmic reticulum
![Page 31: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Golgi apparatusGolgi bodies
•Stacked flattened sacks
•Site where cell products are packaged for export
• Proteins are modified by being combined with fats or carbohydrates
![Page 32: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Golgi apparatus
Vesiclebuddingfrom roughendoplasmicreticulum
Fusionof vesiclewith Golgiapparatus
Migratingtransportvesicle
Protein
Proteins
Transportvesicle
Golgiapparatus
Ribosome
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
![Page 33: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
Lysosomes
Vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus.
Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes and are involved in intracellular digestion of food particles, disease causing bacteria and worn out cell parts
![Page 34: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Organelles With DNA
Mitochondria site of cell
respiration
Chloroplastssite of
photosynthesis
![Page 35: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
Mitochondria
Very active cells have more mitochondria
Has its own DNA Found in both plants and animals
![Page 36: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
Chloroplasts
• Chloroplasts are larger and more complex than mitochondria
•Contain green pigment called chlorophyll that absorbs sunlight in the first step of photosynthesis
•Found ONLY in PLANTS
![Page 37: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Chloroplasts
•Thylakoids are the site of photosynthesis
•Grana – stacked thylakoids
•Stroma – fluid around the grana
![Page 38: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
Cell Wall
•provides support
•Found in PLANT cells only
•Made from cellulose
![Page 39: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
Vacuoles
Found in PLANT and ANiMAL cells The vacuole acts a container, storing
water and dissolved particles Plants have a large central vacuole
for water storageTurgor Pressure
Unicellular animals can use contractile vacuoles for movement
![Page 40: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
Plant vs. Animal Cells
PLANT CELL
ANIMAL CELL
Cell membraneMitochondria
Golgi apparatusNucleus
CytoskeletonRibosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Lysosomes
HAVE:Cell Wall
LARGE vacuolesChloroplasts
DO NOT HAVE:Cell Wall
LARGE vacuolesChloroplasts
![Page 41: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
Eukaryotic Plant Cell
![Page 42: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
Eukaryotic Animal Cell
![Page 43: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
Endosymbiosis Endosymbiosis theory suggests that
eukaryotes arose from a symbiotic relationship between various prokaryotes.
Heterotrophic bacteria became mitochondria.
Cyanobacteria became chloroplasts.
Host cell was a large eukaryotic cell.
![Page 44: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
Cell Differentiation Cell specialization occurs during the
development of a multi-cellular organism. The genetic information necessary for all
cellular functions remains in each cell but may not be used.
![Page 45: 1 Cellular Structure. 2 Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649f465503460f94c67c4d/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
Cell Humor