1. changes in society have caused major changes in families. before industrial revolution-families...
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Until the 1700’s, parents were the only ones to meet children’s physical needs for food, clothing, shelter, and safety. When children reached age 4-7, they were expected to work long days in factories or on farms. Children were considered an asset because they helped the family earn money. (That’s why our grandparents and great- grandparents had so many children). Child labor laws put a stop to this, promoting children to lead the lives of children as we now think of children. 3TRANSCRIPT
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Families Today
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Changes in society have caused major changes in families.Before Industrial Revolution-families built their
own home, made their own clothing, and grew their own food. Grandparents and family members lived nearby.
During Industrial Revolution-families left farms and moved to cities to work in factories, no longer producing their own goods.The immediate family became very important for
love and security. When these needs weren’t met within the family, divorce rates increased.
Changes Affecting Families Today
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Until the 1700’s, parents were the only ones to meet children’s physical needs for food, clothing, shelter, and safety. When children reached age 4-7, they were
expected to work long days in factories or on farms. Children were considered an asset because they helped the family earn money. (That’s why our grandparents and great-grandparents had so many children).Child labor laws put a stop to this, promoting
children to lead the lives of children as we now think of children.
Changes in Family Roles
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When you think of the typical family, what type of family comes to mind?
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Family Types
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A father, mother, and their biological child or children who live together form a nuclear family.Often thought of as the most common family in our
society, however this is no longer the case.Disadvantages:
Relatives do not live in the homeChildren get less experience with other peopleRelatives may be far awayParents may not get along and child is exposed to arguing
Advantages:Family members can easily share responsibilitiesChildren can see how spouses should act
Nuclear
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Single-Parent Families: Families headed by one adultParent death, divorce/separation, or adoptionOn the rise, especially among never married
Women head most single-parent families, however single-fatherhood is on the rise.
Although both parents are legally responsible for providing financial support, often only one provides care, supervision, and guidance.
Many single parents feel overwhelmed with a lack of support.
Single-Parent Families
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Well-adjusted children in a single-family home often have a very strong relationship with the parent. They also show more independence at an earlier age. They also are happier than children in unhappy two-parent homes.
Joint custody: Court ordered sharing of legal right to provide care and makes decisions about their children's lives.
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Extended Families: More than two generations living together.Very common in many countries around the
world, however not nearly as common in the U.S
Disadvantages: More people to deal with.Decisions are made for the good of the family
rather than the needs of each person.Advantages:
Children learn to interact with people of all agesMore family history is sharedMore people to share tasks with
Extended Families
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Stepfamilies are formed when a single parent marries another person. Very common
Families in which the children of both spouses will live with the couple are called blended families.The Brady BunchUnique because stepparents need to relate to
stepchildren, and stepchildren need to relate with each other.
Stepfamilies
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Adoption legally ends the rights and responsibilities between a child and the birthparents.
Fewer birth parents plan adoptions now than in the past. Therefore there are fewer babies to adopt. Many children available for adoption are older, have special needs, are born outside the U.S., or are living in foster/group homes.
Families with Adopted Children
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An adoption agency is an agency licensed by the state to handle adoptions. The agency works out the details between the birthparents and adoptive parents. Final legal aspects of the adoption are handled in state courts.
In an independent adoption, a person, such as a lawyer or physician, works out the details between the birthparents and adoptive parents. All independent adoptions are handled in state
courts and thus follow state laws.Foreign adoptions can be either agency or
independent adoptions.
Adoption Agencies & Independent Adoptions
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Illegal market adoption: buying/selling a child for adoption.
Closed adoption: the identity of the birthparents and adopting family are not revealed.The birthparents have a right to know about
the type of family in which the child will be placed.
The state governs what information can be made available. Sometimes an adult who was adopted as a child cannot obtain information about their birth parents.
Adoption Options and Rights
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Open adoption: Adoption that involves some degree of communication between the birthparents and adoptive family.Very common todayBirth parents may pick and meet adoptive
parentsMuch easier for adopted children to realize the
adoption decision was made in a loving way. Easier for adopted adults to get in contact with
their biological parents.
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People wanting to adopt may be on a waiting list for many years, then one day they get a phone call that the baby will be ready the next day.
Parents do not have 9 months to prepare for parenthood.
Birthparents may want to see the child and become part of the child’s life.
Older children who are adopted may miss their birthparents
Adoption Issues
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Provide temporary homes for children who cannot live with their birthparents.
They assume parenting responsibilities for the children until they are reunited with birthparents or placed in adoptive homes.
Children enter foster homes because of problems in their birth families. In cases of abuse the court intervenes to protect the children.Children will receive counseling and treatmentThe goal is to reunite the child with birthparents
Foster Families
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Guardian: Someone chosen by the biological parents to take responsibility for a child in the event of the birthparents; death or extended absence.Usually a family member or close friend of the
family.Must be legally appointed by the court.
Guardians
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Family Life CycleFamily life cycle: 6 stage changes families progress through
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The couple is a family of two. The couple is getting to know each other better. They decide when/if they want to become parents.Couples in this stage without children will stay
in this stage until they reach the mid-years stage
Beginning Stage
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The family grows as parents give birth to one or more children.
Parents learn their roles in caring for and guiding children through their earliest years.
Childbearing Stage
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This stage begins when a family is complete.Parents focus on guiding and nurturing their
children.They are preparing their children to become
productive members of society.Children begin to learn more from teachers
and peers, rather than just the parents.Children are trying to gain more
independence. Parents begin to treat children as adults
Parenting Stage
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Children start to leave home to make their own lives.
Parents generally feel lonelier and as though their children no longer need them.
A new challenge occurs when grown children return home after the launching stage. Becoming more popular
Launching Stage
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Parents may find more time for themselves than they did when their children lived at home.
Parents may devote more time to hobbies and interests.
The parents may now becoming grandparents.
The parents are focusing on retirement.
Mid-Years Stage
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This stage lasts from retirement to death of both partners.
The couple may pursue new hobbies and spend more time with family and friends.
They may have health concerns, therefore the entire family may need to make adjustments.
Aging Stage
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Role of Parents
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Children learn how to live in a group and interact with people by watching how their parents interact with other people.
Parents pass down values to their children.
Teaching how to socialize helps children learn how to fit into their culture.
Socialization
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Nurturance includes the physical aspects of child care, such as feeding, dressing, and bathing children.
Meeting social, emotional, and mental needs, such as helping children feel secure and loved.
Nurturance
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Guidance: includes the words and actions parents use to influence their child’s behavior.By showing children they are not upset when
they do not get their way, parents are modeling good behavior.
Discipline: the use of methods and techniques to teach children self-control.Children learn to act in ways that society finds
acceptable.Punishment: a consequence for a misdeed
Guidance and discipline teach children to think and act in safe and acceptable ways.
Guidance and Discipline
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Occurs when parents use or threaten to use some form of physical punishment or deny privileges. (corporal punishment)The child fears the parent, as the child grows
physically, fear lessens and the technique no longer works
Parents may threaten, “Don’t let me catch you doing that again!” therefore the child weighs the chances of being caught and how much trouble they will get in. The child is not be guided on right from wrong.
Double standard (I was told not to hit a friend so now I get hit??)
Spanking??
Types of Discipline: Power Assertion
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Parents threaten children or suggest some form of parent/child separation.“I won’t love you” or “I’ll give you away”
Milder form would give ignoring or giving the child the silent treatment.
Considered emotional abuse.
Love Withdrawal
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Happens when parents discipline by reasoning and explaining. Parents use logical consequences-if two
children are fighting over a toy, the parent takes the toy away. Then the parent explains to the child why they should or should not use certain behavior.
Children disciplined this way tend to show better self-control, display more concern for others, and take responsibility for their own failures.
Induction
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Parenting StylesAuthoritarian, permissive, and democratic
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The main objective is to make children completely obedient. They expect children to respect authority with little or no explanation as to why they should obey.These parents are likely to use physical
punishment when children don’t behave.Children may fear their parents and even rebel
against them when they get older.
Not recommended by experts
Authoritarian
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Parents give children almost no guidelines or rules. Children should make their own decisions about right and wrong.They don’t want children to feel unhappy or
unloved, however many children feel lost without guidelines.
Children may have a hard time getting along with others later in life because they never had to follow rules.
Not recommended by experts
Permissive
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Parents set some rules, but allow children some freedom.
When rules are set, parents explain to children why the rules are needed.
Children may be allowed to help set some rules and decide some punishments.
Children learn self-discipline in a positive, encouraging setting.
Experts promote this form of parenting style.
Democratic(authoritative)
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Signs of a healthy family:Durability??: families ability to stay together
for many years (however some families stay together even though they aren’t happy)
Spouses enter relationship with shared valuesAccepting each other’s differencesTogethernessShare responsibilitiesCommunication
Characteristics of Health Families
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Culture: a way of life for a certain group of people.
Cultural diversity: More than on culture represent the people of a country (the U.S. is very culturally diverse)
Cultures differ in the way they view the concept of family.
The use and meaning of body language can vary from group to group.
Cultural Influences on Families
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Two or more cultural groups are represented.Two people of different cultures marry and have a child
together.Things to consider when enter a multicultural
relationship:Verbal/nonverbal communication differences between
culturesDiffering cultural expectations, roles, beliefs, and valuesDiffering traditions including religious beliefs, rituals,
and holidaysDiffering views regarding family lifeExpressions of bias or exclusion from others, especially
family members
Multicultural Families