11

Changing immigration, settlement and identities in the Pacific Rim

“Pathways, Circuits and Crossroads: New Research on Population, Migration and Community Dynamics”,

Wellington, New Zealand, May 17, 2007

Wei LiFulbright Visiting Research Chair in Ethnicity and Multicultural Citizenship

Department of Political Studies and Department of GeographyQueen’s University, Canada (2006-2007)

Tel. 613/533-6000 X74279; Email: 6wl7@queensu.ca

On leave 2006-2007: Associate ProfessorAsian Pacific American Studies Program; School of of Geographical Sciences

Arizona State University; P. O. Box 874401; Tempe, AZ 85287-4401, USATel. 480/727-6556; Fax 480/727-7911; Email: wei.li@asu.edu

22

Stephen Castles: ‘Global sociology of migration’Stephen Castles: ‘Global sociology of migration’ ““The starting point for middle-range The starting point for middle-range

theorisation of contemporary migration theorisation of contemporary migration could be the analysis of a particular could be the analysis of a particular migration system linking specific countries migration system linking specific countries of origin, transit, and destination, within the of origin, transit, and destination, within the context of the wider social relations of context of the wider social relations of globalisation and social transformation” globalisation and social transformation” (2007; p.365)(2007; p.365)

““Some basic methodological principles for a Some basic methodological principles for a critical migration sociology include:critical migration sociology include:

interdisciplinarityinterdisciplinarity Historical understandingHistorical understanding Comparative studiesComparative studies Take a holistic approachTake a holistic approach Examine transnational dimensions of social Examine transnational dimensions of social

transformation… an interaction between transformation… an interaction between global, national, regional and local global, national, regional and local factors…”(factors…”(ibid.ibid. p.367) p.367)

33

Outline of the PresentationOutline of the Presentation

1. Immigration policies and 1. Immigration policies and consequences in the four major consequences in the four major Pacific Rim immigrant receiving Pacific Rim immigrant receiving countries: Australia, Canada, New countries: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the U.S.Zealand, and the U.S.

2. Changing immigrant settlements2. Changing immigrant settlements

and identities in the era of and identities in the era of globalizationglobalization

3. Social cohesion and national 3. Social cohesion and national identityidentity

44

OverviewOverview Migration framework: traditional international Migration framework: traditional international

migration is considered to be a combination of “push” migration is considered to be a combination of “push” factors from countries of origin – including economic factors from countries of origin – including economic desperation, political or religious persecution, and/or desperation, political or religious persecution, and/or population pressure – and “pull” factors from population pressure – and “pull” factors from destination countries – including economic destination countries – including economic opportunities and/or political or religious freedom; as opportunities and/or political or religious freedom; as result, immigrants were largely ‘huddled masses’ result, immigrants were largely ‘huddled masses’ gravitated to developed countries with higher wages; gravitated to developed countries with higher wages;

Changing dynamics in countries of origin: rapid Changing dynamics in countries of origin: rapid economic growth, social polarization (NICs, China and economic growth, social polarization (NICs, China and India, and ASEAN)India, and ASEAN) greater numbers of capitalists and greater numbers of capitalists and highly-skilled professionals joining emigration flow; highly-skilled professionals joining emigration flow; brain drain to brain circulation. brain drain to brain circulation.

Changing immigration admission policies in destination Changing immigration admission policies in destination countries: historically, policies in all four countries countries: historically, policies in all four countries were exclusionary (Canada and the US) and restrictive were exclusionary (Canada and the US) and restrictive (Australia and New Zealand) (Australia and New Zealand) transition period during transition period during WWII WWII contemporary non-discriminative but selective contemporary non-discriminative but selective – part of the global competition for investors and – part of the global competition for investors and talents.talents.

resulting in immigrant profiles, communities and resulting in immigrant profiles, communities and identitiesidentities

55

Top Three Migrant Sending Countries Top Three Migrant Sending Countries

CountryCountry Estimated Diaspora (millions)Estimated Diaspora (millions) ChinaChina 35.035.0

IndiaIndia 20.020.0The Philippines The Philippines 7.0 7.0

__________________________________________________________________world totalworld total 193193

Traditional countries of immigrationTraditional countries of immigration Australia Australia Canada Canada New Zealand New Zealand United StatesUnited States

Source: http://www.iom.int/jahia/page255.htmlSource: http://www.iom.int/jahia/page255.html

Asia Pacific as Origin & Destination of ImmigrantsAsia Pacific as Origin & Destination of Immigrants

66

United StatesUnited States(Fiscal Year 2005;(Fiscal Year 2005;

Quota system)Quota system)

CanadaCanada(2004;(2004;

Point system)Point system)

AustraliaAustralia(2004-2005;(2004-2005;

Point system)Point system)

New ZealandNew Zealand(financial yr 04-05;(financial yr 04-05;

Point systemPoint system))

Total LPR;Total LPR;new arrivalnew arrival

(1,122,373; (1,122,373; 384,071 384,071 i.e. 66% onshorei.e. 66% onshore))Skills*: 22%; Skills*: 22%; 7.0%7.0%

Family: 57.8%; 81.2%Family: 57.8%; 81.2%Refugees/humanitarian:Refugees/humanitarian:

12.7%12.7%

Others: 7.4%; 11.8%Others: 7.4%; 11.8%

Overall intakeOverall intake(220,000-245,000)(220,000-245,000)

Skills*: 58.0%Skills*: 58.0%

Family: 24.6%Family: 24.6%Refugees/Refugees/humanitarian: humanitarian: 14.6%14.6%

Others: 2.8%Others: 2.8%

Overall intakeOverall intake (132,470)(132,470)

Skills*: Skills*: 58.7%58.7%

Family: Family: 31.3%31.3%

Refugees/Refugees/humanitarian: humanitarian: 10%10%* Including dependents* Including dependents

Overall intakeOverall intake(48,815)(48,815)

Skills*: 61.1%Skills*: 61.1%Family: Family: 27.7%27.7%

Refugees/humanitarian:Refugees/humanitarian:

2.2%2.2%

Others: 6.1%Others: 6.1%

Temporary Skilled Temporary Skilled MigrantsMigrants (2,074,572)(2,074,572)

Temp workers: Temp workers: 53.1%53.1%

Int’l students: Int’l students: 46.9%46.9%

Total Skilled: Total Skilled: 2,101,4502,101,450

Temporary skilled in Temporary skilled in total skilled : 98.7%total skilled : 98.7%

Temporary Skilled Temporary Skilled MigrantsMigrants (156,300)(156,300)

Foreign workers: Foreign workers: 63.8%63.8%Int’l students: Int’l students: 36.2%36.2%

Total: Total: 290,046290,046

Temp skilled in Temp skilled in total skilled total skilled migrants: 53.9%migrants: 53.9%

Temporary Skilled Temporary Skilled MigrantsMigrants (618,564)(618,564)

Business entrants: Business entrants: 54.9% 54.9%

Working holiday Working holiday makers: makers: 16.9%16.9%

Int’l students: Int’l students: 28.3%28.3%

Total skilled:Total skilled:696,364696,364Temp skilled in total Temp skilled in total skilled migrants: skilled migrants: 88.8%88.8%

Temporary Skilled Temporary Skilled MigrantsMigrants (126,905)(126,905)Labor mkt tested work Labor mkt tested work permits: permits: 22.3%22.3%

Working holiday Working holiday makers: 1makers: 16.6%6.6%Int’l students: 61.1%Int’l students: 61.1%

Total skilled:Total skilled:156,731156,731

Temp skilled in total Temp skilled in total skilled mig: 81.0%skilled mig: 81.0%Sources: US - http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/yearbook/2005/OIS_2005_Yearbook.pdf;

Canada, Australia and New Zealand - Birrell et al. 2006 table 4.1

Table 1 Immigrants & temporary skilled migrantsTable 1 Immigrants & temporary skilled migrants

77

US - http://www.migrationinformation.org/USFocus

/display.cfm?ID=414

Canada: http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=348

Percents of Total Immigration The U.S. 1986-2005 (top) and in Canada 1980-2004 (bottom)

88

PERCENTAGE OF ADMISSIONS OF IMMIGRANTS FROM ASIA TO

AUSTRALIA, CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1970-1974 1975-1979 1980-1984 1985-1989 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2002

Year

Percentage

Australia

Canada

United States

AVERAGE ANNUAL NUMBER OF ADMISSIONS OF IMMIGRANTS TO AUSTRALIA, CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1970-1974 1975-1979 1980-1984 1985-1989 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2002

Year

Number (Thousands)

Australia

Canada

United States

Data Source: http://www.iom.int//DOCUMENTS/PUBLICATION/wmr_sec03.pdf

Changing Sources of Immigration

99

Cities with Large No. of Foreign-born ResidentsCities with Large No. of Foreign-born Residents

From: Price and Benton-Short, forthcoming “Immigrants and World From: Price and Benton-Short, forthcoming “Immigrants and World Cities: From the Hyper-Diverse to the Bypassed”Cities: From the Hyper-Diverse to the Bypassed”

1010

Immigrants (both highly-skilled and low-skilled) Immigrants (both highly-skilled and low-skilled) disproportionably reside in urban areas:disproportionably reside in urban areas:

- In the US: 92% of all immigrants settled in metropolitan In the US: 92% of all immigrants settled in metropolitan areas in the 1990s; 31.2% of all new legal immigrants lived areas in the 1990s; 31.2% of all new legal immigrants lived in three metro areas (NY, LA and Miami) in FY 2005;in three metro areas (NY, LA and Miami) in FY 2005;

- In Canada: 94% of immigrants settled in cities in the 1990s;In Canada: 94% of immigrants settled in cities in the 1990s; 62.3% of all immigrants lived in the three largest census 62.3% of all immigrants lived in the three largest census metropolitan areas in 2001 (Montréal, Toronto, and metropolitan areas in 2001 (Montréal, Toronto, and Vancouver; dubbed as “MTV”);Vancouver; dubbed as “MTV”);

- In Australia, <40% new settlers settle in Sydney annuallyIn Australia, <40% new settlers settle in Sydney annually - In New Zealand, 30% of recent migrants lived in Auckland In New Zealand, 30% of recent migrants lived in Auckland

LMAs in 2001; ~50% of skilled migrants work in Auckland LMAs in 2001; ~50% of skilled migrants work in Auckland alone during 1998-2005 period alone during 1998-2005 period

Changing traditional immigrant neighborhoods: Changing traditional immigrant neighborhoods: revitalization, commercialization v displacement revitalization, commercialization v displacement

Emerging new immigrant communities: commercial Emerging new immigrant communities: commercial districts and multiethnic suburbsdistricts and multiethnic suburbs

Changing identities associated with immigration Changing identities associated with immigration contextscontexts

Spatial Consequences and Settlement PatternsSpatial Consequences and Settlement Patterns

1111

Table 2 Changing Asian Communities in N AmeTable 2 Changing Asian Communities in N Ame Time Time PeriodPeriod

Settle-Settle-ment: ment: main main

charactericharacteristicsstics

CommunCommun-ity-ity

ImmigratiImmigration Policy/on Policy/

QuotasQuotas

Urban Urban StructureStructure

ExampleExample

Pre-Pre-exclusexclusionion

Dispersal:Dispersal:small and small and isolated isolated areasareas

Rural: Rural: mining mining fields; fields; railroad or railroad or construct construct ion sitesion sites

““Open” Open” immigrat-immigrat-ion; labor ion; labor recruit-recruit-mentment

West West frontier; frontier; fewfewmajor major citiescities

Locke, Locke, CACA

ExclusExclusion ion eraera

ClusteredClusteredChina-China-town, town, Little Little Tokyo as Tokyo as ghettosghettos

Forced Forced segregatiosegregationn

internal internal ethnic ethnic economyeconomy

Exclusion Exclusion law in law in effect (for effect (for most most Asians) Asians)

Job and Job and housinghousingmarket market discrimi-discrimi-nationnation

S.F./S.F./VancouverVancouverChina-China-town; LA- town; LA- Little Little TokyoTokyo

TransiTransitiontion

Mainly Mainly clustered clustered enclaves:enclaves:ChinatownChinatown /little /little ManilaManila

Declining/Declining/

survivingsurvivinginner city inner city enclaves & enclaves &

starting starting dispersal dispersal to suburbto suburb

Transition-Transition- limited limited quotas quotas with with naturalizatnaturalization rightsion rights

Both job Both job and and housinghousingmarket market open toopen toAsiansAsians

San San FranciscoFranciscoBay AreaBay Area

ImmigrantImmigrant identityidentity

Home Home villagevillage

Home Home village village and home and home countrycountry

Home Home country country and the and the

U. S. or U. S. or CanadaCanada

1212

Table 2 Changing U.S. Asian Communities (cont.)Table 2 Changing U.S. Asian Communities (cont.) Time Time Per-Per-iodiod

SettlemenSettlementt

main main charactericharacteri

sticsstics

Commun-Commun-ityity

Immigration Immigration Policy/QuotaPolicy/Quota

Urban Urban StructureStructure

ExampleExample

Non-Non-discrdiscriminiminativeative

: : 19651965/196/196

77

Clustered Clustered & & dispersal:dispersal:downtown downtown v uptownv uptown

emerging emerging ethnoburbethnoburb

Revival Revival inner city inner city enclaves;enclaves;dispersal dispersal to suburbto suburbemerging emerging ‘satellites’‘satellites’

1965 / 1967 1965 / 1967 Immigration Immigration Acts; 1980 Acts; 1980 Refugee Act Refugee Act (US); (US); investors; investors; and business and business mig (Canada)mig (Canada)

SuburbaniSuburbanization ofzation ofjob & job & housing; housing; Economic Economic restructurrestructur-ing-ing

New York:New York:

Manhattan Manhattan Chinatown Chinatown v. suburbsv. suburbs

Vancouver:Vancouver: ChinatownChinatown

v v RichmondRichmond

SelecSelective:tive:

19901990s and s and 20002000

ss

From From clustered clustered totodispersal: dispersal: globalizingglobalizingethno-ethno-spectrumspectrum

GlobalizingGlobalizing

growing growing “EthniCity”“EthniCity”

booming booming ethnoburb;ethnoburb;

Reoccurring Reoccurring or emergingor emerging

‘‘invisiburb’/invisiburb’/

‘‘cultural cultural community’/community’/’heterolocali’heterolocalism’sm’

Selection: Selection: 1990 Immig.1990 Immig.Act: Act: increasing increasing employment-employment-based visas; based visas;

creating creating investor EB-5 investor EB-5 visa; H-1B visa visa; H-1B visa (US);(US);

Changing Changing point system point system requirements requirements (2001)(2001)

Fast pace Fast pace of globalof globaleconomic economic integratiointegrationn& & competitioncompetition

increasing increasing demandsdemandsfor for hetero-hetero-immigrantsimmigrants

Chinatown;Chinatown;Flushing Flushing NY;NY;Silicon Silicon Valley;Valley;

PhoenixPhoenixSt. LouisSt. Louis

GTA GTA (greater (greater Toronto Toronto Area)Area)

ImmigraImmigrant nt identityidentity

Revival Revival Home Home country; country;

Class; Class;

The US/ The US/ CanadaCanada

Thriving Thriving Home Home area/area/

country; country;

Class; Class;

The US/ The US/ CanadaCanada

IncreasiIncreasingly ngly transnattransnationalional

1313

1414

1515

LA Downtown ChinatownLA Downtown Chinatown Contemporary Contemporary

Chinatown is the Chinatown is the 33rdrd one in LA, one in LA, dating back to dating back to 19381938

North of North of downtown LAdowntown LA

Businesses Businesses owned by ‘old-owned by ‘old-timer’ Chinese timer’ Chinese Americans and Americans and ethnic Chinese ethnic Chinese from SE Asiafrom SE Asia

1616

San Gabriel Valley Multiethnic SuburbSan Gabriel Valley Multiethnic Suburb Ethnoburbs are suburban Ethnoburbs are suburban

ethnic clusters of residential ethnic clusters of residential areas and business districts in areas and business districts in large metropolitan areas. They large metropolitan areas. They are multi-racial/multiethnic, are multi-racial/multiethnic, multicultural, multilingual, and multicultural, multilingual, and often multinational often multinational communities, in which one communities, in which one ethnic minority group has a ethnic minority group has a significant concentration, but significant concentration, but does not necessarily comprise does not necessarily comprise the majority. They are likely to the majority. They are likely to be created through the be created through the deliberate efforts of that deliberate efforts of that group; and grow with chain group; and grow with chain migration. migration.

Ethnoburbs replicates some Ethnoburbs replicates some features of the enclave and features of the enclave and some features of the suburb some features of the suburb lacking a specific minority lacking a specific minority identity. Thus they form an identity. Thus they form an alternative type of immigrant alternative type of immigrant settlement and coexist along settlement and coexist along with traditional ethnic ghettos with traditional ethnic ghettos and enclaves in inner cities to and enclaves in inner cities to form multiple clusters of urban form multiple clusters of urban and suburban ethnic and suburban ethnic settlements.settlements.

1717

SGV Multiethnic Suburb (Ethnoburb)SGV Multiethnic Suburb (Ethnoburb) ““Want to know why I moved Want to know why I moved

here? Let me tell you here? Let me tell you something: I usually have a something: I usually have a morning walk along Monterey morning walk along Monterey Park's streets. You know Park's streets. You know what? All I see are Chinese, what? All I see are Chinese, there are no there are no foreignersforeigners at all!” at all!” (emphasis added)(emphasis added)” – an old ” – an old Chinese female resident,1992Chinese female resident,1992

• ““The community is a much-The community is a much-mixed one [in terms of ethnic mixed one [in terms of ethnic composition]. This is not your composition]. This is not your traditional ethnic enclave, like traditional ethnic enclave, like you think in terms of you think in terms of Chinatown or Little Tokyo. This Chinatown or Little Tokyo. This is not that at all. ... I see is not that at all. ... I see Monterey Park is a community Monterey Park is a community of different ethnic groups, of different ethnic groups, trying to get along with one trying to get along with one another. That is my challenge. another. That is my challenge. That is the challenge that we That is the challenge that we all are facing all are facing ” – Judy Chu” – Judy Chu

1818

Changing Pop and School DemographyChanging Pop and School Demography

1919

Changing Residential LandscapeChanging Residential Landscape““Monster HousesMonster Houses”:”:

““Unneighborly Houses or Unneighborly Houses or Unwelcome Chinese”? Unwelcome Chinese”?

(Peter S. Li, 1994)(Peter S. Li, 1994)•wealthy Chinese and other wealthy Chinese and other Asian immigrants settling Asian immigrants settling into affluent suburban into affluent suburban white neighborhoodswhite neighborhoods

•““architecturally unpleasant architecturally unpleasant and environmentally and environmentally destructive”destructive”

•result of the four result of the four Pac Rim immigrant - Pac Rim immigrant - receiving countries’ receiving countries’ immigration policies immigration policies

in the last two in the last two decades to court decades to court affluent and affluent and professional immig.professional immig.

   

2020

Backlash; Inclusion v ExclusionBacklash; Inclusion v Exclusion White flight: “will the last American leaving town please bring White flight: “will the last American leaving town please bring

American flags along?”American flags along?”

On lion dances during July 4On lion dances during July 4thth parade: “what the hell are they parade: “what the hell are they doing here? Don’t they know it’s the 4th of July, it’s doing here? Don’t they know it’s the 4th of July, it’s Independence Day, we shouldn’t have all of these foreign Independence Day, we shouldn’t have all of these foreign things here.”things here.”

““[T]hey started a God-damned Chinese Little League. It’s bad [T]hey started a God-damned Chinese Little League. It’s bad enough that kids can’t play together and now there’s this enough that kids can’t play together and now there’s this thing that Chinese people have started so White kids can’t thing that Chinese people have started so White kids can’t play on it.” A Chinese woman, the mother of one of the kids play on it.” A Chinese woman, the mother of one of the kids that was on it, was in tears and said, “[Y]ou don’t understand. that was on it, was in tears and said, “[Y]ou don’t understand. When we came over from the old country, our children didn’t When we came over from the old country, our children didn’t play baseball from the time they were 3 years old. if we put play baseball from the time they were 3 years old. if we put them into a regular team, they’d sit on the bench and they them into a regular team, they’d sit on the bench and they don’t get to play. If we put them into our own league, and don’t get to play. If we put them into our own league, and teach them how to do it, 3 or 4 years and they’re playing with teach them how to do it, 3 or 4 years and they’re playing with everybody else.” And so that was a good example of everybody else.” And so that was a good example of something that everybody said, “[O]h, they’re being something that everybody said, “[O]h, they’re being exclusionary.” Well, in fact, exclusionary.” Well, in fact, they were not being exclusionary, they were not being exclusionary, they had been kept out, and they were finding a way to get in. they had been kept out, and they were finding a way to get in. That’s the great American way, I mean that should be. [It That’s the great American way, I mean that should be. [It depends on] how you look at it.depends on] how you look at it.

   

2121

(interaction)

Inter-Group Relations Intra-Group Relations

((

(assimilation) (enrichment) (immigration) (dependence)

(competition) (return migration)

(interaction) (conflicts)

(enhancement) (dependence) (conflicts)

(attracting) (enhancement) (enhancement) (enhancement) (dependence) (conflicts) (undermining)

Other Ethnic Groups

Rich Poor

ETHNOBURB Immigrants & Others in the

Group

Ethnicity (identity & solidarity) Rich Poor

U.S. Society International Community

Ethnoburb in Socio–Economic ContextEthnoburb in Socio–Economic Context

2222

http://www. civicpride.com

Sangingham, Auckland as

an Indian Ethnoburb

(Friesen et al. 2005)

Ethnoburbs as harbinger for future?Ethnoburbs as harbinger for future?

2323

   

Cupertino Village, Silicon Cupertino Village, Silicon Valley, CA: Valley, CA: ““Asian Theme Asian Theme Mall” and identity Mall” and identity transformation of a Hong transformation of a Hong Kong-born Chinese Kong-born Chinese American developerAmerican developer

Emerging concept of Emerging concept of “Asian Americans” in the “Asian Americans” in the US and US and “Visible “Visible minorities” in Canada: minorities” in Canada: both for gov’t stats and both for gov’t stats and group mobilizationgroup mobilization

Vincent Chin Murder 1982Vincent Chin Murder 1982

Wen Ho Lee Case 1999-Wen Ho Lee Case 1999-20002000

Racialized Identity: Racialized Identity: Individual and Collective Identity TransformationIndividual and Collective Identity Transformation

2424

changing American racial dynamics beyond Black and changing American racial dynamics beyond Black and White/Canadian society beyond biculturalism; involves White/Canadian society beyond biculturalism; involves reconceptualization of racial identity politics, especially in reconceptualization of racial identity politics, especially in immigrant gateway cities (Browning, Marshall, and Tabb 2003; immigrant gateway cities (Browning, Marshall, and Tabb 2003; Clark and Blue 2004; DeLeon 200X; Hollinger 1995; Smith 2001; Clark and Blue 2004; DeLeon 200X; Hollinger 1995; Smith 2001; Wu 2001)Wu 2001)

Propositions: first generation adult immigrants’ identity Propositions: first generation adult immigrants’ identity may be transformed to that of a racialized minoritymay be transformed to that of a racialized minority • ““Economically disadvantaged” immigrants are more likely to Economically disadvantaged” immigrants are more likely to

participate in community grassroots politics to seek workers’ participate in community grassroots politics to seek workers’ and immigrants’ rightsand immigrants’ rights

• ““Culturally disadvantaged” immigrants – linguistically Culturally disadvantaged” immigrants – linguistically isolated and relying on ethnic network for survival and isolated and relying on ethnic network for survival and information exchange – are likely to tune into homeland information exchange – are likely to tune into homeland politicspolitics

• Middle- or upper-class professional immigrants are likely the Middle- or upper-class professional immigrants are likely the most vocal groups in seeking political cloutmost vocal groups in seeking political clout

• those immigrants who live in large metropolitan areas with those immigrants who live in large metropolitan areas with pre-existing ethnic neighborhoods and economic and socio-pre-existing ethnic neighborhoods and economic and socio-cultural networks are likely to be more aware of American/ cultural networks are likely to be more aware of American/ Canadian racial dynamics, more active and better organized Canadian racial dynamics, more active and better organized in seeking racial, economic and civic/political equalityin seeking racial, economic and civic/political equality

Irony: “if they don’t participate, they are blamed of not-Irony: “if they don’t participate, they are blamed of not-assimilating; if they do, they are blamed for ‘taking over our assimilating; if they do, they are blamed for ‘taking over our city/country”– power sharing in multiethnic communitiescity/country”– power sharing in multiethnic communities

Racialized Identity: PropositionsRacialized Identity: Propositions

2525

Multiple and Shifting IdentitiesMultiple and Shifting Identities After 18 years in the U.S., are you a(n):After 18 years in the U.S., are you a(n):

- - ChineseChinese - Ethnic Geographer- Ethnic Geographer

- Chinese American- Chinese American - Geographer- Geographer

- Asian American- Asian American - Asian Americanist- Asian Americanist

- American- American - Immigrant Scholar- Immigrant Scholar

- Woman of color- Woman of color - Scholar- Scholar

Personal identityPersonal identity Professional Professional identityidentity

My answer would beMy answer would be

All of the above…All of the above…

2626

Immigration and IdentityImmigration and Identity Castles: global Castles: global

migration studies migration studies (2007)(2007)

- nat’l approaches, deriving nat’l approaches, deriving from historical projects of from historical projects of nation-building, have often nation-building, have often been dominant; Move been dominant; Move beyond the fixation on the beyond the fixation on the nation-state to conceptualise nation-state to conceptualise processes of global processes of global integration and social integration and social transformationstransformations

- Assimilation was the Assimilation was the dominant paradigm;dominant paradigm;

- Rise of critical sociology of Rise of critical sociology of race, ethnicity, gender and race, ethnicity, gender and class in 1960s and 1970s;class in 1960s and 1970s;

- Transnationalism in the Transnationalism in the 1990s;1990s;

- Hierarchisation of the right Hierarchisation of the right to migrate can be seen as a to migrate can be seen as a new form of transnational new form of transnational racismracism

Waldginger: turning Waldginger: turning foreigners to foreigners to Americans (2007)Americans (2007)

- AssimilationAssimilation

- Nationals, believing in Nationals, believing in the idea of the national the idea of the national community, endeavour community, endeavour to implement it, making to implement it, making sure that membership is sure that membership is only available to some, only available to some, and signaling to the and signaling to the newcomers that newcomers that acceptance is acceptance is contingent on contingent on conformity (p.344)conformity (p.344)

- TransnationalTransnational

2727

Social Cohesion and National IdentitySocial Cohesion and National Identity

Traditionally, “migrants who maintained their own Traditionally, “migrants who maintained their own languages, religions and cultures and who languages, religions and cultures and who clustered together were seen as a threat to social clustered together were seen as a threat to social cohesioncohesion” (Castles 2007, p.356)” (Castles 2007, p.356)

How is “Social Cohesion” defined in contemporary How is “Social Cohesion” defined in contemporary contexts? contexts?

2828

Social Cohesion and IdentitySocial Cohesion and Identity Under what conditions that “social cohesion” in a Under what conditions that “social cohesion” in a

country becomes possible?country becomes possible?

From: McGrath et al. 2005From: McGrath et al. 2005

2929

Social Cohesion and IdentitySocial Cohesion and Identity

Will “social cohesion” cease to be a goal Will “social cohesion” cease to be a goal for a country? If so, under what for a country? If so, under what circumstances?circumstances?

How do the principle of, and the search How do the principle of, and the search for, social cohesion affect identities at for, social cohesion affect identities at individual, local, national and individual, local, national and transnational levels? transnational levels?