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Chapter 1

•Cases show the grammatical function of each noun. Nouns that use the same pattern of endings belong to the same declension.

•First Declension Nouns:•have nominative singular in -a and genitive singular in -ae.

•All are feminine, unless they refer to a person who would have been a man in antiquity

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Singular Plural

Nominative

patria patriae

Genitive patriae patriarum

Dative patriae patriis

Accusative

patriam patrias

Ablative patriä patriis

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•Nominative Case:•Subject of the Sentence•Predicate Nominative

Asia est provincia.Asia is a province.

•Genitive Case (“magic word”=“of”):•Genitive of Possession•What goes into the genitive is the person/thing doing the possession, not

agricolae patria = the farmer’s fatherland (the fatherland of the farmer)

•Ablative Case•Used with certain prepositions to answer the question “Where?”

in villä = in the farmhouse

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Chapter 1 Vocabularyagricola, -ae (m.): farmerfemina, -ae (f.): womanpatria, -ae (f.): fatherland, native landprovincia, -ae (f.): provincepuella, -ae (f.): girlsilva, -ae (f.): forestterra, -ae (f.): landvia, -ae (f.): way, road, streetvilla, -ae (f.): farmhouse, villain (prep. with abl.): in, onest: is, there issunt: are, there aren.b. when est/sunt mean there is/there are, they precede the subject

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The 1st Conjugation: Present Tense

1st Person voco (-m in other tenses) vocamus2nd Person vocas vocatis3rd Person vocat vocant

Verbs agree with subjects in number (singular or plural)and in person (1st=I, 2nd=you,3rd = he/she/it, they in plural)

Latin present tense corresponds to 3 types of English verb1. Simple Present (they call)2. Present Progressive (they are calling)3. Emphatic/Question (they do call/do they call?)

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•Accusative Case•The Accusative Case is used for the direct objectReginam puella laudat.The girl praises the queen.

•Ablative of Accompaniment•Uses the preposition cum.

Agricola cum puellis navigat.The farmer is sailing with the girls.

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Apposition: A noun used to describe another noun is in apposition to the noun.Ms. Haviland’s dog, Klea, ate too much play-dough.In Latin, a noun in apposition must be in the same case as the noun it is describing.

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Chapter 2 Vocabulary•fabula, -ae (f.): story•familia, -ae (f.): household•filia, -ae (f.): daughter•poeta, -ae (m.): poet •regina, -ae (f.): queen•vita, -ae (f.): life

•amo, amare: love, like•habito, habitare: live, dwell•laudo, laudare: praise•narro, narrare: tell, narrate•voco, vocare: call

•cum (prep. with abl.): with•et (conjuntion)=and; as an adverb=even

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Singular Plural

1st Person

sum sumus

2nd Person es estis

3rd Person est sunt

Sum is a linking verb (takes predicate nominative, not direct objectWhen sum is placed before the subject, it means “there is” or “there are.”

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Expressions of Place

•Accusative of Place to Which (AccPTW)•with ad, in sub

•Ablative of Place Where (AblPW)•with in and sub

•Ablative of Place From Which (AblPFW)•with a/ab, de, e/ex

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Questions

•To make a yes-no question, add -ne to the end of the first word.

•Other interrogative words are used for questions that don’t have a yes-no answer.

• quo = to where

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Chapter 3 Vocabulary

•a/ab (preposition with abl.): from, away from•ad (preposition with acc.): to, towards•de (+prep. with abl.): from, down from, concerning•e/ex (+ abl.): from, out of•in (+ abl.): in, on•in (+ acc.): into, onto, against•sub (+ abl.): under, at the foot of (no motion)•sub (+ acc.): (to) under, up to, to the foot of

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Chapter 3 Vocabulary (cont.)•dea, -ae (f.): goddess•nauta, -ae (m.): sailor

•ambulo, ambulare: walk•navigo, navigare: sailoccupo, occupare: seize•specto, spectare: look at, watch•sum, esse: be

•non (adverb): not•quo (interrogative adverb) (to): where?, or as relative adverb: to which place, to which•ubi (interrogative and relative adverb): where•unde (interrogative adverb) from where?, or as relative adverb: from which place, from which•super (+ accus.): over, above

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Singular

Plural

N. amicus amici

G. amici amicorum

D. amico amicis

Acc.

amicum amicos

Abl.

amico amicis

Second Declension

Singular

Plural

N. verbum verba

G. verbi verborum

D. verbo verbis

Acc.

verbum verba

Abl.

verbo verbis

Masculine Neuter

* some masculine 2nd declension nouns have nom. sing. in -er

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Predicate Accusative:

With verb s of making, naming, choosing.

Filiam voco Emmam.

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary•ager, agri (m.): field, territory•amicus, -i (m.): friend•auxilium, -i (n.): help, aid•bellum, -i (n.): war•legatus, -i (m.): legate, envoy•nuntius, nunti (m.): message, news, messenger•oppidum, -i (n.): town•puer, pueri (m.): boy•verbum, verbi (n.): word•vir, viri (m.): man, husband, hero

•paro, parare: prepare•porto, portare: carry

•contra (+ acc.): against (as adverb= on the contrary, on the other hand•itaque (conjunction): and so, therefore

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N. Sing. malus mala malum

G. Sing. mali malae mali

Dat. Sing.

malo malae malo

Acc. Sing.

malum malam malum

Abl. Sing.

malo malä malo

N. Pl mali malae mala

G. Pl. malorum malarum malorum

D. Pl. malis malis malis

Acc. Pl. malos malas mala

Abl. Pl. malis malis malis

First/Second Declension Adjectives ending in -us

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N. Sing. miser misera miserum

G. Sing. miseri miserae miseri

Dat. Sing.

misero miserae misero

Acc. Sing.

miserum miseram miserum

Abl. Sing.

misero miserä misero

N. Pl miseri miserae misera

G. Pl. miserorum

miserarum

miserorum

D. Pl. miseris miseris miseris

Acc. Pl. miseros miseras misera

Abl. Pl. miseris miseris miseris

First/Second Declension Adjectives ending in -er, retaining -e-

If the -e- remains in the feminine form, it remains in all forms.

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N. Sing. pulcher pulchra pulchrum

G. Sing. pulchri pulchrae pulchri

Dat. Sing.

pulchro pulchrae pulchro

Acc. Sing.

pulchrum pulchram pulchrum

Abl. Sing.

pulchro pulchrä pulchro

N. Pl pulchri pulchrae pulchra

G. Pl. pulchrorum

pulchrarum

pulchrorum

D. Pl. pulchris pulchris pulchris

Acc. Pl. pulchros pulchras pulchra

Abl. Pl. pulchris pulchris pulchris

First/Second Declension Adjectives ending in -er, dropping -e-

If the -e- drops in the feminine form, it is gone from all but masc. nom. sing.

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An adjective must agree with the noun it modifies in gender, number, and case. Note that the endings will often (for now) be identical, but what is important is that they agree in gender, number and case. They won’t always “match.”

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Chapter 5 Vocabulary•fuga, -ae (f.): flight, a running away, escape•periculum, -i (n.): danger

•amicus, amica, amicum: friendly•ferus, -a, -um: wild, savage•inimicus, -a, -um: unfriendly, hostile•magnus, -a, -um: great•malus, -a, -um: bad, evil, wicked•miser, misera, miserum: unhappy, poor, wretched•multus, -a, -um: much, many•pauci, paucae, pauca (only pl.): few•pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum: beautiful, fine

•aedifico, aedificare: build

•sed (conjunction): but

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Vocative Case• Used for direct address• In plural, it is always the same as the nominative• In the singular, it is the same as the nominative EXCEPT

• Nouns and adjectives in -us have vocative in -e amicus nuntius --> amice nuntie• Proper names ending in -ius and filius have vocatives in -i Vergilius-->Vergili• meus, mea, meum--> mi

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Some Irregular Declensions (you will occasionally see these in readings, but I will not test you on them).

Sing.

Plural

N. deus dei, dii, di

G. dei deorum

D. deo deis, diis, dis

Acc.

deum deos

Abl.

deo deis, diis, dis

Sing.

Plural

N. dea dea

G. deae dearum

D. deae deabus

Acc.

deam deas

Abl.

deä deabus

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Formation of Adverbs•1st/2nd declension adjectives normally form adverbs by adding -e to the base (genitive stem)•Some adverbs are irregular

(bene, not bone)

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Chapter 6 Vocabulary•deus, dei (m.): god•filius, fili (m.): son•liberi, liberorum (m., pl. only): children•servus, -i (m.): slave

•altus, -a, -um: high, deep•bonus, -a, -um: good•liber, libera, liberum: free•longus, -a, -um: long•meus, -a, -um: my, mine•noster, nostra, nostrum: our, ours• tuus, -a, -um: your, yours (one person’s)•vester, vestra, vestrum: your, yours (more than one person’s)

•bene (adverb): well•male (adverb): badly

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Present System•Formed from present stem (drop vowel-re from 2nd princ. part)•To form imperfect, add vowel+ ba+personal ending•Imperfect us translated as “I was calling/I used to call,” etc.voc+a+ba+

mvoc+a+ba+mus

voc+a+ba+s

voc+a+ba+tis

voc+a+ba+t

voc+a+ba+nt

•To form future, add vowel+ bi+personal ending•Future is translated as “I will call,” etc.

voc+a+bo voc+a+bi+mus

voc+a+bi+s

voc+a+bi+tis

voc+a+bi+t

voc+a+bu+nt

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•“Magic Word” for Dative =“to” or “for”•Dative of Indirect Object•Verbs of giving, saying, showing, etc.

•English can use “to” or “for” (but doesn’t always)Filiae fabulam narro.I am telling a story to my daughter/I am telling my daughter a story

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Chapter 7 Vocabulary•annus, -i (m.): year•donum, -i (n.): gift•equus, -i (m.): horse•porta, -ae (f.): gate•somnus, -i (m.): sleep

•latus, -a, -um: wide, broad

•supero, superare: surpass, overcome, defeat•volo, volare: fly, move swiftly, speed, rush

•olim (adv.): once, at one time (in past), at some time (in future)•post (adv.): afterward, behind•saepe (adv.): often

•per (+ acc.): through, (in oaths) by•post (+ acc.): after, behind•-que (enclitic conjunction): and

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Imperfect and Future of SumImperfect

eram eramus

eras eratis

erat erant

•Future

ero erimus

eris eritis

erit erunt

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Ablative of Means or Instrument•In English, we usually use the words “with” or “by,” but other words may be used as well.•The means or instrument should not be a person.•In Latin, no preposition is usedgladio = with a swordpaucis verbis = in a few wordsequo = on a horse

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Chapter 8 Vocabulary•caelum, -i (n.): sky, heaven•campus, -i (m.): plain, meadow•fortuna, -ae (f.): fortune•regnum, -i (n.): kingdom, kingship, reign

•convoco, convocare: call together•exspecto, exspectare: wait for, await

•ante (adv.): before, earlier•cur (interrog. adv.): why?

•iam (adv.): now, already; non iam: no longer•interim (adv.): meanwhile, in the meantime•nunc (adv.): now, at this time•tum or tunc (adv..): then, at that time

•ante (+ acc.): before, in front of•trans (+ acc.): across

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Principal Parts of Verbs•First conjugation verbs normally have principal parts in -o, -are, -avi, -atum•Principal parts of sum are sum, esse, fui, futurus

Perfect Tense•Find perfect stem (drop -i from 3rd principal part)•Add perfect endings

vocavi vocavimus

vocavisti vocavistis

vocavit vocaverunt

Translation of perfect tense is “I called”/”I have called.”

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Interrogative Particles•Num: suggests that the answer to the question will be no.

Num stultus est? He’s not stupid, is he? (of course not!)•Nonne: suggests that the answer to the question will be yes.

Nonne stultus est? He’s stupid, isn’t he? (yes!)•Utrum: Implies that that there are only two possible answers.

Utrum venis an non?Are you coming or not?

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Chapter 9 Vocabulary•insula, -ae (f.): island•lingua, -ae (f.): tongue, language•umbra, -ae(f.): shadow, shade, ghost

•parvus, -a, -um: little, small

•do, dare, dedi, datum: give•sto, stare, steti, statum: stand, stand still

•cras (adv.): tomorrow•heri (adv.): yesterday•hodie (adv.): today•ibi (adv.): there, in that place•modo (adv.): only, just; just now

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Pluperfect Tense: start with perfect active stem, use the imperfect of sum as an ending. Translation “I had called,” etc.

Future Perfect Tense: start with the perfect active stem, use the future of sum as an ending. Translation “I will have called,” etc.

vocaveram vocaveramus

vocaveras vocaveratis

vocaverat vocaverant

vocavero vocaverimus

vocaveris vocaveritis

vocaverit vocaverint

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Coordinating Conjunctions (join 2 principal clauses): meaning “and”atque/acetitaque-quemeaning “but”atautemsedmeaning “for”enimnammeaning “or”anautvelmeaning “nor” neque/nec

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Conjunctions that introduce subordinate clauses (clauses which cannot stand alone as complete sentences):

nisi: if…not; unlessquo: to which place, to whichquod: becausesi: ifubi: when, whereunde: from which place, from whichut: as

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Chapter 10 Vocabulary•amicitia, -ae (f.): friendship•ara, -ae (f.): altar•dominus, -i (m.): master•frumentum, -i (n.): grain•inopia, -ae (f.): lack, need•locus, -i (m.): place (plural loca, locorum, n.)•magister, magistri (m.): master (of a school or ship), teacher, captain, steersman

•populus, -i (m.): a nation or people•socius, soci (m.): ally, comrade

•sacer, sacra, sacrum: sacred

•nuntio, nuntiare, nuntiavi, nuntiatum: announce, report•pugno, pugnare, pugnavi, pugnatum: fight

•diu (adv.): for a long time

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Passive VoiceIn the present system, change active endings to passive to make passive forms

vocor vocamur

vocaris vocamini

vocatur vocantur

Present

vocabar vocabamur

vocabaris vocabamini

vocabatur vocabantur

Imperfect

vocabor vocabimur

vocaberis vocabimini

vocabitur vocabuntur

Future

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Ablative of Personal Agent•The person by whom a passive verb is performed is put in the ablative, with the preposition a/ab.

Vocabatur a filiä. He was being called by his daughter.

Predicate Nominative with Passive Verbs•A verb of making, naming, choosing can take a predicate accusative when active. In the passive, a predicate nominative is used.active: Filiam meam voco Emmam. I call my daughter Emma.passive: Filia mea vocatur Emma. My daughter is called Emma

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Chapter 11 Vocabulary•copia, -ae (f.): supply, abundance, opportunity•fama, -ae (f.): rumor, report, reputation•ira, -ae (f.): anger•telum, -i (n.): weapon, spear

•laetus, -a, -um: joyful, glad•novus, -a, -um: new•paratus, -a, -um: ready, prepared

•clamo, clamare, clamavi, clamatum: shout•demonstro, demonstrare, demonstravi, demonstratum: point out, show•laboro, laborare, laboravi, laboratum: toil, suffer, be in difficulties•servo, servare, servavi, servatum: save, keep, guard

•rursus (adv.): back, again•semper (adv.): always, continually

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Passive Voice, Perfect SystemUses the 4th principal part, with forms of sum as helping verbs.The participle must agree with the subject in gender and number.vocatus, -a, -

um sumvocati, -ae, -a sumus

vocatus, -a, -um es

vocati, -ae, -a estis

vocatus, -a, -um est

vocati, -ae, -a sunt

vocatus, -a, -um eram

vocati, -ae, -a eramus

vocatus, -a, -um eras

vocati, -ae, -a eratis

vocatus, -a, -um erat

vocati, -ae, -a erant

vocatus, -a, -um ero

vocati, -ae, -a erimus

vocatus, -a, -um eris

vocati, -ae, -a eritis

vocatus, -a, -um erit

vocati, -ae, -a erunt

Perfect Pass.I was called/have been calledPluperfectI had been calledFut. PerfI will have been called

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Imperative MoodUsed for giving commands. We will use only the present tense, the second person singular and plural.

Singular Plural

narra narrate

Sum has irregular imperative forms

Singular Plural

es este

There are passive imperative forms as well, but we will notuse them until 2nd year. Future imperative forms have been eliminated from your readings.

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Chapter 12 Vocabulary•anima, -ae (f.): breath, life, soul•animus, -i (m.): spirit, mind, soul; pl. = morale•aqua, -ae (f.): water•consilium, -i (n.): plan, advice, counsel

•captivus, -a, -um: captive•foedus, -a, -um: foul, filthy, horrible, detestable•gratus, -a, -um: pleasing, welcome•verus, -a, -um: true, real

•confirmo, confirmare, confirmavi, confirmatum: strengthen, establish, encourage•iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutum: help, assist, delight, please

•circum (+ acc.): around; as adv. = around, round about•inter (+ acc.): among, between•prope (+ acc.): near; as adv.=nearby, nearly

•mox (adv.): soon

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3rd Declension Nouns, M & FMasc. Fem.frater soror salusfratris sororis salutisfratri sorori salutifratrem sororem salutemfratre sorore salute

fratres sorores salutesfratrum sororum salutumfratribus sororibus salutibusfratres sorores salutesfratribus sororibus salutibus

*NB You must get the stem from the genitive singular. You cannot predict the stem from the nominative form!

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Dative with AdjectiveAdjectives often used with dative:amicus, -a, -um: friendlyinimicus, -a, -um: unfriendly, hostilecarus, -a, um: dearfinitimus, -a, -um: neighboringpropinquus, -a, -um: nearvicinus, -a, -um: neighboringgratus, -a, -um: pleasingidoneus, -a, -um: suitablenotus, -a, -um: known

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Chapter 13 Vocabulary•amor, amoris (m.): love•flamma, -ae (f.): flame•frater, fratris (m.): brother•mater, matris (f.): mother•nepos, nepotis (m. or f.): grandson or granddaughter•pater, patris (m.): father•soror, sororis (f.): sister

•carus, -a, -um: dear, expensive•finitimus, -a, -um: adjacent, neighboring•idoneus, -a, -um: suitable•notus, -a, -um: known, well-known•propinquus, -a, -um: near, close; (as a noun, kinsman, relative)•vicinus, -a, -um: near, neighboring

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3rd Declension Nouns, NeuterMasc.decusdecorisdecoridecus decore

decoradecorumdecoribusdecora decoribus

Remember: You must get the stem from the genitive singular. You cannot predict the stem from the nominative form!

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Objective GenitiveWith a noun that has a verbal idea (e.g. love, flight, memory), the genitive can represent what would be the direct object if instead of the noun you used the related noun.

I have a love of dogs <--> I love dogs.

Sometimes an objective genitive has to be translated with a preposition other than “of” in English.fuga malorum --> a flight from evils `

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Chapter 14 Vocabulary•auctor, auctoris (m.): founder, author•cupido, cupidinis (f.): longing, desire•cura, -ae (f.): care, anxiety•decus, decoris (n.): ornament, honor, glory (in pl.=honorable exploits)•gratia, -ae (f.): pleasantness, influence, gratitude•(genitive) + gratiä = for the sake of (genitive)•imperium, imperi (n.): command, empire•laus, laudis (f.): praise, fame, glory

•memoria, -ae (f.): memory•munus, muneris (n.):duty, funeral, gift, gladiatorial show•numen, numinis (n.): nod, divine will, divine spirit, divinity•pectus, pectoris (n.): breast, heart•timor, timoris (m.): fear•virtus, virtutis (f.): manliness, courage

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Third Declension Adjectivesfollow a variation of 3rd declension

One Termination par, paris (MFN nominative, MFN genitive)M F Npar par parparis paris parispari pari pariparem parem parpari pari pari

pares pares pariaparium parium pariumparibus paribus paribusparïs parïs pariaparibus paribus paribus

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Two Terminations omnis, omne (MF nominative, N nominative)M F Nomnis omnis omneomnis omnis omnisomni omni omniomnem omnem omneomni omni omni

omnes omnes omniaomnium omnium omniumomnibus omnibus omnibusomnïs omnïs omniaomnibus omnibus omnibus

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Three Terminations celer, celeris, celere (M nominative, F nominative, N Nom.)M F Nceler celeris celereceleris celeris celerisceleri celeri celericelerem celerem celereceleri celeri celeri

celeres celeres celeriacelerium celerium celeriumceleribus celeribus celeribusceleres celeres celeriaceleribus celeribus celeribus

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Formation of adverbs from 3rd Declension Adjectives

Get stem from genitive singular, add -iter

celer, celeris, celere --> celeriter

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Chapter 15 Vocabulary•iter, itineris (n.): route, way, journey•multitudo, multitudinis (f.): large number, multitude•nomen, nominis (n.): name

•acer, acris, acre: sharp, fierce, keen•celer, celeris, celere: swift•dignus, -a, -um: worthy•ingens, ingentis: huge

•memor, memoris: mindful (+ gen.)•omnis, omne: all, every•par, paris: equal•similis, simile: like, alike (+ dative)•vetus, veteris: old

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Third Declension I-Stem Nouns -M/F1. Most nouns ending -is or -es in nom. and

same # of syllables in nominative and genitive.

2. Nouns ending in -ns or -rs in the nominative singular.

3. Nouns of one syllable with a base ending in 2 or more consonants.

• I will always tell you if a noun is an I-Stem – you don’t haveto memorize these rules

navis navesnavis naviumnavi navibusnavem naves *nave navibus

*The book uses –is as the ending here, but this is in factan alternate ending that you won’t be responsible for

until 3rd year.

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Third Declension I-Stem Nouns -Neuter1. Neuter nouns that end in -e, -

al, -ar(again, if a noun is an I-Stem, I

will tell you!)

mare mariamaris mariummari maribusmare maria mari maribus

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Partitive Expressions

Genitive of the Whole (Partitive Genitive)Just like in English, “of…” can indicate the whole that something is a part of.Pars urbis occupata est.Part of the city has been taken.

Some expressions that would not use a partitive in English do use a partitive in Latin:nihil: nothingparum: too littleplus, pluris: moresatis: enough

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Chapter 16 Vocabulary•amnis, amnis (m. i-stem): river•arx, arcis (f i-stem.): citadel, castle•caedes, caedis (f i-stem.): slaughter, murder•hostis, hostis (m.i-stem): enemy (of the state)•ignis, ignis (m. i-stem): fire•imber, imbris (m. i-stem): rainstorm, shower•mare, maris (n. i-stem): sea

•mors, mortis (f. i-stem): death•navis, navis (f. i-stem): ship•parens, parentis (m. or f. i-stem): parent•pars, partis (f. i-stem): part, share, role•urbs, urbis (f. i-stem): city•vis, vis (f. irreg.): force, violence; in plural = strength

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2nd Conjugation - Infinitive in -ëre

habebam habebamus

habebas habebatis

habebat habebant

habebo habebimus

habebis habebitis

habebit habebunt

habeo habemus

habes habetis

habet habent

Present

Imperfect

Future

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2nd Conjugation - Active Imperatives (passive imperatives are in the textbook but we will not usethem this year)

habe habete

Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect, active and passive, are formed the same for all conjugations (using the 3rd and 4th principal parts, respectively)

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Ablative Of Separation

With a verb of separation with no motion implied, “from” is expressed in Latin by an ablative of separation.

Usually no preposition (a preposition may be used with a person or with a concrete noun).

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Chapter 17 Vocabulary•careo, carëre, carui, --: lack (+ abl. of separation)•habeo, habëre, habui, habitum: have, hold, consider•iaceo, iacëre, iacui, iacitum: lie, be situated•maneo, manëre, mansi, mansum: remain•teneo, tenëre, tenui, tentum: hold, grasp•timeo, timëre, timui, --: fear

•video, vidëre, vidi, visum: see

•prae (+ abl.) before, ahead of•pro (+ abl): before, out in front of, on behalf of

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3rd Conjugation - Infinitive in -ere. Note shifting theme vowel!!

mittebam mittebamus

mittebas mittebatis

mittebat mittebant

mittam mittemus

mittes mittetis

mittet mittent

mitto mittimus

mittis mittitis

mittit mittunt

Present

Imperfect

Future - No -bo, -bis,-bit!!

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3rd Conjugation - Active Imperatives

pone ponite

Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect, active and passive, are formed the same for all conjugations (using the 3rd and 4th principal parts, respectively)

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Ablative of Manner

• Answers the question “how?”• Can replace an adverb• If the noun in the ablative is not modified by an adjective, cum is necessary• If the noun in the ablative is modified by an adjective, cum is optional, and word order is always adjective + cum + noun

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Chapter 18 Vocabulary•dolor, doloris (m.): pain, grief•dux, ducis (m.): leader•gaudium, gaudi (n.): joy•homo, hominis (m.): human being, person•rex, regis (m.): king

•cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum: move, yield (+ dative)•duco, ducere, duxi, ductum: lead•mitto, mittere, misi, missum: let go, send•peto, petere, petivi, petitum: aim at, seek, attack•pono, ponere, posui, positum: put•rego, regere, rexi, rectum: rule

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3rd Conjugation I-Stem: Infinitive in -ere, 1st principal part in -io.

capiebam capiebamus

capiebas capiebatis

capiebat capiebant

capiam capiemus

capies capietis

capiet capient

capio capimus

capis capitis

capit capiunt

Present - I of stem only appears when ending doesn’t start with -i

Imperfect - I of stem shows up in all forms

Future - Remember, no -bo, -bis,-bit!!I of stem shows up in all forms

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3rd Conjugation I-Stem: Infinitive in -ere, 1st principal part in -io.

capiebantcapiebat

capiebatiscapiebas

capiebamuscapiebam

capientcapiet

capietiscapies

capiemuscapiam

capiuntcapit

capitiscapis

capimuscapio Present - I of stem only appears when ending doesn’t start with -i

Imperfect - I of stem shows up in all forms

Future - Remember, no -bo, -bis,-bit!!I of stem shows up in all forms

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3rd Conjugation I-Stem - Active Imperatives

cape capite

Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect, active and passive, are formed the same for all conjugations (using the 3rd and 4th principal parts, respectively)

I of stem does not appear in imperative forms

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Chapter 19 Vocabulary•anguis, anguis (m. or f.): snake•carmen, carminis (n.): song, poem•herba, -ae (f.): grass•lex, legis (f.): law, rule•uxor, uxoris (f.): wife

•aspicio, aspicere, aspexi, aspectum: look at behold, see•respicio, respicere, respexi, respectum: look back a, (of a god) look with favor upon

•capio, capere, cëpi, captum: take, capture•facio, facere, fëci, factum: make, do

•denique (adv.): finally, at last•paene (adv.): almost•statim (adv.): immediately

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4th Conjugation : Infinitive in -ire, 1st principal part in -io.

audiebam audiebamus

audiebas audiebatis

audiebat audiebant

audiam audiemus

audies audietis

audiet audient

audio audimus

audis auditis

audit audiunt

Present - I of stem only appears when ending doesn’t start with -i

Imperfect - I of stem shows up in all forms

Future - Remember, no -bo, -bis,-bit!!I of stem shows up in all forms

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Chapter 20 Vocabulary•aurum, -i (n.): gold•gens, gentis (f.): family, clan, nation

•pius, -a, -um: loyal, dutiful•tristis, -e: mournful, grim

•aperio, aperire, aperui, apertum: open, uncover, make known•audio, audire, audivi, auditum: hear, listen to

•erro, errare, erravi, erratum: wander, stray, be wrong•misceo, miscëre, miscui, mixtum: mix•moveo, movëre, movi, motum: move•muto, mutare, mutavi, mutatum: change, exchange•reperio, reperire, repperi, repertum: find, discover•venio, venire, vëni, ventum: come

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Masculineunusuniusuniunumuno

Feminineunauniusuniunamunä

Declension of Unus (one)has some 1st/2nd decl endings and some 3rd. It also shares some endingswith the pronouns (which we haven’t seen yet, but will)

Neuterunumuniusuniunumuno

Declension of Duo (two)

Masculineduoduorumduobusduosduobus

Feminineduaeduarumduabusduasduobus

Neuterduoduorumduobusduoduobus

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M/Ftrestriumtribustristribus

Declension of Tres (three) – a regular 3rd declension adj.

Neutertriatriumtribustriatribus

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Partitive Expressions with Numerals

You use de or ex + abl. with numbers,not a partitive genitive:

quinque de/ex puerisfive of the boys

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Genitive and Ablative of Description

A phrase in either the ablative or genitive can

describe a noun:

vir magnae virtutis = a man of great courage

vir magno capite = a man with a big headeither one can be translated as “with” or “of,”

whichever works in English

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Chapter 21 Vocabulary

•altitudo, altitudinis (f.): height, depth•forma, -ae (f.): form, shape, beauty•latitudo, latitudinis (f.): width, breadth•longitudo, longitudinis (f.): length•mons, montis (m.): mountain•nemo, neminis (m., no plural): no one, nobody•fortis, forte: strong, brave

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Demonstratives

iseius

eieumeo

eaeius

eieameä

ideius

eiideo

Is, Ea, Id (this, that, he, she, it)

eieorumeiseoseis

PluralM F N

eaeearumeiseaseis

eaeorumeiseaeis

SingularM F N

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We are skipping Chapter 22

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hichuius

huichunchöc

haechuius

huichanchäc

hochuius

huichochöc

Hic, Haec, Hoc (this (here, close by))

hihorumhishoshis

PluralM F N

haeharumhishashis

haechorumhishaechis

SingularM F N

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illeillius

illiillum

illo

illaillius

illiillam

illä

illud

illius

illiillud

illo

Ille, Illa, Illud (that (there, far away))

illiillorum

illisillosillis

PluralM F N

illaeillarum

illisillasillis

illaillorum

illisillailla

SingularM F N

iste, ista, istud is a contemptuous demonstrativethat follows the same declension as ille, illa, illud

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Chapter 23 Vocabulary•arma, armorum (n., only plural): arms (defensive and offensive)•castra, castrorum (n., only plural): (military) camp•tempus, temporis (n.): time

•clarus, -a, -um: clear, bright, famous•iuvenis, iuvenis (no neuter): young•mirus, -a, -um: amazing, wonderful•talis, tale: such, of such a kind•tantus, -a, -um: so great, so large•tot (indecl. adj.): so many

•ergo (adv.): therefore•iterum (adv.): again, a second time•totiens (adv.): so often

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ubi: where/whenquo: (to) whereunde: from wherecum: whenut: aspostquam: aftersimul atque (ac): as soon asquod: becausequia: becausequoniam: sincesi: ifnisi: unlesssin: but ifsive…sive: whether…or (also seu…seu)

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Chapter 24 Vocabulary•corpus, corporis (n.): body•os, oris (n.): mouth, face•virgo, virginis (f.): girl, maiden

•gravis, -e: heavy, serious•vivus, -a, -um: alive, living

•iacio, iacere, iëci, iactum: throw•vincio, vincire, vinxi, vinctum: bind, tie•vinco, vincere, vici, victum: conquer•vivo, vivere, vixi, victum: live, be alive

•etiam (adv.): even, yet, still, also•quoque (adv.): also, too•tamen (adv.): nevertheless, yet, still•-ve (enclitic conjunction): or, or possibly

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“I/Me”egomeimihimeme

“We/Us”nosnostrum/nostrinobisnosnobis

“You (s.)”tu tuitibitete

“You (pl.)”vosvestrum, vestrivobisvosvobis

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Reflexive PronounsFor first and second person, reflexive and non-reflexivePronouns are the same

Me vides. = You see me.Te vides.=You see yourself.

But for 3rd person there is a special reflexive pronoun.The same form is used for 3rd person singular and 3rd Person plural.

Miles se videt.=The soldier sees himself.Miles eum vident.=The soldier sees him (i.e. someone else)

Miltites se vident.=The soldiers see themselves.Milites eos vident.=The soldiers see them (i.e. other people)

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Declension of 3rd Person Reflexive Pronoun

(no nominative)SuisibiseSe

Remember, the same forms are used forSingular and plural.

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The only time you use a genitive of a pronounTo express possession is in the 3rd person nonreflexive.If there is a possessive adjective, you use that insteadOf the genitive of possession. (This is just like English --You would never say “The book of me” instead of“my book”

My=-meus, -a, umYour (s.)= tuus, -a, -umHis/Her/Its (use genitive of is, ea, id)Our=noster, -ra, -rumYour (pl.)=vester, -ra, -rumTheir (use genitive plural of is, ea, id)

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Accusative of Extent of Space (without a preposition)He will sail for 100 feet.Navigabit centum pedes.

Expressions of Time (no prepositions)Accusative of Extent of TimeQuinque horas = for five hours

Ablative of Time WhenQuartä horä = at the 4th hour

Ablative of Time Within WhichQuinque horis perveniet. He will arrive within 5 hours.

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Chapter 25 Vocabulary•civis, civis (m. or f.): citizen•fors (defective, ablative = forte; f.): chance•hora, -ae (f.): hour•litus, litoris (n.): shore•natura, -ae (f.): birth, nature•nox, noctis (f., i-stem): night•sanguis, sanguinis (m.): blood•ceteri, ceterae, ceteri (pl. only): the other, the rest (of)

•felix, felicis: lucky, successful, happy

•fugio, fugere, fügi, fugitum: flee, flee from•inquam (defective verb): say

•quidem (postpositive adv.): in fact, to be sure, at any rate•ne…quidem: not even

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Relative Pronouns

Get their number and gender from the antecedent, their case from their function in the relative clause

Masc.quicuiuscuiquemquo

Fem.quaecuiuscuiquamquä

Neuterquodcuiuscuiquodquo

Masc. quiquorumquibusquosquibus

Fem.quaequarumquibusquasquibus

Neut.quaequorumquibusquaequibus

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Haec est puella.

Ei pecuniam dedi.

Haec est puella _________ pecuniam dedi.

Hae sunt puellae __________ pecuniam dedi.

Hae sunt puellae.

Eae navigaverunt.

Hae sunt puellae _________ navigaverunt.

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Interrogative PronounsWho is it?What is it?To whom did you give it?

These decline almost exactly like the relative pronoun. Differences are in purple.

Masc./Fem.quiscuiuscuiquemquo

Neuterquidcuiuscuiquidquo

Masc. quiquorumquibusquosquibus

Fem.quaequarumquibusquasquibus

Neut.quaequorumquibusquaequibus

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Interrogative adjectives:Who did it? (interrogative pronoun)What teacher did it? (interrogative adjective)To whom did you give the money? (pronoun)To what child did you give the money? (adjective)

The forms of the interrogative adjective areexactly the same as the forms of the relative pronoun!

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Chapter 26 Vocabulary•aedes, aedis (f., i-stem): temple•aetas, aetatis (f.): age, lifetime•caput, capitis (n.): head•imago, imaginis (f.): image, likeness, portrait, statue•mens, mentis (f., i-stem): mind•modus, -i (m.): measure, degree, manner, way

•absum, abesse, afui, afuturus: be away, be absent, be distant•ardeo, ardëre, arsi, arsum: burn (intransitive)•colo, colere, colui, cultum: cultivate, worship•lego, legere, lëgi, lectum: pick read•relinquo, relinquere, reliqui, relictum: leave behind, leave, abandon•trado, tradere, tradidi, traditum: hand over, hand down

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Skipping Chapter 27-28

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Fourth Declension:Mostly Masculine, except for domus and manusMany are made from the 4th principal part of verbs

M (and F) Nmanus manüs cornu cornuamanüs manuum cornüs coruummanui manibus cornu cornibusmanum manüs cornu cornuamanu manibus cornu cornibus

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The Irregular Noun Domus(Feminine, some 2nd masc. forms, some 4th declension forms)

domus domüsdomüs domuumdomui domibusdomum domosdomo domibus

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Double Accusative

Some verbs (e.g. rogo (ask, ask for) and doceo (teach)) can take a direct object of a person, or a thing, or both

Magistram naves rogamus.We ask the teacher for ships.

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Chapter 29 Vocabulary•cor, cordis (n.): heart•cornu, cornüs (n.): horn, wing (of an army)•cursus, cursüs (m.): running, course•domus, domüs (f.): home•impedimentum, -i (n.): hindrance•manus, manüs (f.): hand, band (of men)•milia, milium (n., pl. only): thousands•passus, passüs (m.): pace

• salus, salutis (f.): health, welfare, safety, salvation•usus, usüs (m.): use, usefulness, advantage, habit, practice

•doceo, docëre, docui, doctum: teach•rogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatum: ask, ask for

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Fifth Declension

dies diesdiei dierumdiei diebusdiem diesdie dies

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Chapter 30 Vocabulary•dies, diei (m.): day•facies, faciei (f.): appearance, face•fides, fidei (f.) faith, trust, belief•humus, humi (m.): ground, earth, soil•res, rei (f.): thing, affair, matter•rus, ruris (n.): country, countryside, country place

• species, speciei (f.): sight, appearance, show, kind•spes, spei (f.): hope, expectation

•publicus, -a, -um: public, belonging to the people (poplulus)•rusticus, -a, -um: of the country, of farming

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The forms of possum, posse, potui, potitum (to be able)

To form the present, imperfect, and future of possum, take the form of sum, add pot- as a prefix, and when necessaryfor easy pronunciation change pot- to pos- when the form of sum begins with “s”

Presentpossum possumuspotes potestispotest possunt

Imperfectpoteram poteramuspoteras poteratispoterat poterant

Futurepotero poterimuspoteris poteritispoterit poterunt

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The perfect system is completely normal, formed from the perfect stem potu- from the3rd principal part.

There are no passive forms (it only has a4th principal part because this will be used to make other forms next year.

The verb possum takes a Complementary Infinitive.

Nos possumus linguam Latinam legere.We are able to read Latin.We can read Latin.

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Chapter 31 Vocabulary•metus, metüs (m.): fear, dread•versus, versüs (m.): a turning a verse (of poetry), a line (of prose)

•adsum, adesse, adfui, adfuturus: be present, be present at (+ dat.)•fero, ferre, tuli, latum: bear, bring, take, relate•impono, imponere, imposui, impositum: put something (in acc.) on something/someone (in dative), deceive

• insto, instare, institi, -- (+ dat.): stand in, stand on, follow closely, press•ostendo, ostendere, ostendi, ostentum: display, show•praesto, praestare, praestiti, praestitum (+ dat.) stand before, excel•promitto, promittere, promisi, promissum: send forth, promise (+ dat.)•prosum, prodesse, profui, profuturus (+ dat.): be useful, be advantageous

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End of Latin I

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