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Chapter 11: Chapter 11:

SELF AND PERSONALITYSELF AND PERSONALITY

By: Susan GuptonBy: Susan Gupton

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A SIMPLE REMINDER!Module 11 is harder than the last few modules! The best description I can give of this module is that it is very similar in nature to that of Module 2. It is similar in that there are several theories to keep straight in order to SUCCESSFULLY PASS MODULE 11!!!

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In this presentation we will try In this presentation we will try to master the following:to master the following:

• Erikson’s Theory vs. Freud’s TheoryErikson’s Theory vs. Freud’s Theory

• Erikson’s Eight StagesErikson’s Eight Stages

• Social Learning Theory vs. Social Learning Theory vs. Psychoanalytic vs. PsychometricPsychoanalytic vs. Psychometric

• State vs. Trait (stability of personality)State vs. Trait (stability of personality)

• Goodness of FitGoodness of Fit

• Personality changes with agePersonality changes with age

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These objectives are not all you need to know. However, we have found that this is the material students often have the most trouble mastering!

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Erikson v. FreudErikson v. Freud

More emphasis on More emphasis on social influencessocial influences

Development Development continued continued throughout life throughout life (womb to tomb)(womb to tomb)

Emphasis on Emphasis on rational egorational ego

More emphasis on More emphasis on sexual urgessexual urges

Development was Development was complete in early complete in early childhoodchildhood

Emphasis on Emphasis on irrational idirrational id

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Erikson’s Eight StagesErikson’s Eight Stages

• Trust v. MistrustTrust v. Mistrust (Birth-1)(Birth-1)

• Autonomy v. ShameAutonomy v. Shame (1-3)(1-3)

• Initiative v. GuiltInitiative v. Guilt (3-6)(3-6)

• Industry v. InferiorityIndustry v. Inferiority (6-12)(6-12)

• Identity v. Role ConfusionIdentity v. Role Confusion (12-20)(12-20)

• Intimacy v. IsolationIntimacy v. Isolation (20-40)(20-40)

• Generativity v. StagnationGenerativity v. Stagnation (40-65)(40-65)

• Integrity v. DespairIntegrity v. Despair (65-older)(65-older)

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Erikson’s view on the word Erikson’s view on the word “CRISIS”“CRISIS”

• Crisis does NOT mean a problem that Crisis does NOT mean a problem that the person has.the person has.

• It is an encounter between the It is an encounter between the INDIVIDUAL’S maturing EGO and the INDIVIDUAL’S maturing EGO and the demands of the SOCIAL WORLDdemands of the SOCIAL WORLD

• THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT AND I CAN THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT AND I CAN PROMISE YOU THAT YOU WILL SEE PROMISE YOU THAT YOU WILL SEE THIS AGAIN!!! THIS AGAIN!!! HINT HINT!!!!!!HINT HINT!!!!!!

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YesYes NoNo

YesYes

NoNo

Committment

Crisis

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YesYes NoNo

YesYes

NoNo

Committment

Crisis

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YesYes NoNo

YesYes AchievementAchievement

NoNo

Committment

Crisis

1111

YesYes NoNo

YesYes AchievementAchievement

NoNo

Committment

Crisis

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YesYes NoNo

YesYes AchievementAchievement MoratoriumMoratorium

NoNo

Committment

Crisis

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YesYes NoNo

YesYes AchievementAchievement MoratoriumMoratorium

NoNo

Committment

Crisis

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YesYes NoNo

YesYes AchievementAchievement MoratoriumMoratorium

NoNo ForeclosureForeclosure

Committment

Crisis

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YesYes NoNo

YesYes AchievementAchievement MoratoriumMoratorium

NoNo ForeclosureForeclosure

Committment

Crisis

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YesYes NoNo

YesYes AchievementAchievement MoratoriumMoratorium

NoNo ForeclosureForeclosure DiffusionDiffusion

Committment

Crisis

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Three Important Learning Three Important Learning TheoriesTheories

• Social LearningSocial Learning• PsychometricPsychometric• PsychoanalyticPsychoanalytic

• It is important to know how each theory It is important to know how each theory compares with the others and to note the compares with the others and to note the similarities and differences between similarities and differences between them.them.

• Think Chapter 2!!!!!Think Chapter 2!!!!!

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IMPORTANT TERMS TO IMPORTANT TERMS TO REMEMBER!REMEMBER!

• STATE STATE depends on situations that depends on situations that the individual is going through at thethe individual is going through at the timetime Example: you are anxious about examsExample: you are anxious about exams

• TRAIT TRAIT stable through life across time stable through life across time and and

situations situations Example: you are an anxious person atExample: you are an anxious person at

every age and in most situations every age and in most situations

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PSYCHOANALYTIC V. PSYCHOANALYTIC V. PSYCHOMETRICPSYCHOMETRIC

• Has stagesHas stages

• People undergo People undergo similar personality similar personality changes at similar changes at similar stagesstages

• Age-related Age-related

• TRAITTRAIT

• NO stagesNO stages

• People undergo People undergo similar personality similar personality changes in five changes in five dimensionsdimensions

• StableStable

• TRAITTRAIT

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SOCIAL LEARNING V. PSYCHOANALYTICSOCIAL LEARNING V. PSYCHOANALYTIC

• Influenced by Influenced by environmentenvironment

• Personality can Personality can change at any timechange at any time

• People change if People change if environment changesenvironment changes

• Situational influences Situational influences on behavioron behavior

• STATESTATE

• Has stagesHas stages

• People undergo People undergo similar personality similar personality changes at similar changes at similar stagesstages

• UniversalUniversal

• Age-relatedAge-related

• TRAITTRAIT

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SOCIAL LEARNING V. SOCIAL LEARNING V. PSYCHOMETRICPSYCHOMETRIC

• Influenced by Influenced by environmentenvironment

• Personality can Personality can change at any timechange at any time

• People change if People change if environment changesenvironment changes

• Situational influences Situational influences on behavioron behavior

• NO stagesNO stages

• People undergo People undergo similar personality similar personality changes in five changes in five dimensionsdimensions

• StableStable

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GOODNESS OF FIT GOODNESS OF FIT

• The fit between biological dispositions and The fit between biological dispositions and environmental expectationsenvironmental expectations

• Example: Personality is STABLE if Example: Personality is STABLE if goodness of fit between your personality goodness of fit between your personality and environmental expectationsand environmental expectations

• IF fit is NOT good there is less stability and IF fit is NOT good there is less stability and more change in personality more change in personality

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GOODNESS OF FIT IS A VERY IMPORTANT

TERM!

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I hope this presentation has been helpful and you will find the material beneficial not only to pass the quiz but to apply to everyday life!

I created a self test on the material presented. You can turn your work in to a tutor or Dr. Ironsmith. This will earn you 5 Imperial Credits (so make good use of this opportunity) GOOD LUCK!!!!!!!!

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1.1. Which theorist believed Which theorist believed in the following?in the following?

• Development was completed in early Development was completed in early childhood and stages end in childhood and stages end in adolescence adolescence

• Placed the most emphasis on Placed the most emphasis on irrational IDirrational ID

• Emphasis was placed mainly on Emphasis was placed mainly on biological and sexual urgesbiological and sexual urges

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For the following two examples, For the following two examples, identify which of Erikson’s eight stages identify which of Erikson’s eight stages best matches with the examplesbest matches with the examples

2)2) Sammy wants to pour the milk on his Sammy wants to pour the milk on his cereal by himself. When mommy starts to cereal by himself. When mommy starts to pour the milk, he puts his hands over the pour the milk, he puts his hands over the bowl and shouts, “No! Me Do It!”bowl and shouts, “No! Me Do It!”

3)3) Hannah sees Dr. Eppler teaching Elizabeth Hannah sees Dr. Eppler teaching Elizabeth how to knit, and Hannah begs us to also how to knit, and Hannah begs us to also teach her how to knit. That same day, teach her how to knit. That same day, Hannah also pleads to be allowed to help Hannah also pleads to be allowed to help make Joey’s birthday cake. make Joey’s birthday cake.

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For the following three examples, For the following three examples, identify whether they best fit the identify whether they best fit the Social Learning Theory, Psychometric, Social Learning Theory, Psychometric, or Psychoanalytic modelsor Psychoanalytic models

4)4) Stable across the lifespan, and is Stable across the lifespan, and is different for each individual different for each individual

5)5) Universal/age related changes, similar Universal/age related changes, similar for different people at the same agefor different people at the same age

6)6) Can change at any time in a person’s Can change at any time in a person’s life, depends on the situation at hand life, depends on the situation at hand and is strongly influenced by the and is strongly influenced by the environmentenvironment

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7)7) Which theorist believed Which theorist believed the following?the following?

• Development continued throughout a Development continued throughout a person’s lifeperson’s life

• More emphasis was placed on social More emphasis was placed on social influencesinfluences

• Emphasis was placed on the rational Emphasis was placed on the rational egoego

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8) Which theorist is being 8) Which theorist is being described in the following described in the following statements?statements?• Emphasis was placed on learning Emphasis was placed on learning

experiences and child rearingexperiences and child rearing

• Emphasis was placed on modeling Emphasis was placed on modeling and imitation and imitation

• No stages – development is No stages – development is continuous continuous

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9) Which identity status is 9) Which identity status is being described?being described?

• Have not yet experienced a crisisHave not yet experienced a crisis

• Accepted identity which was merely Accepted identity which was merely suggested to you by your parentssuggested to you by your parents

A)A) DiffusionDiffusion

B)B) MoratoriumMoratorium

C)C) ForeclosureForeclosure

D)D) Achievement Achievement

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10)10)Which identity status is Which identity status is being described?being described?

• Have not thought about who you are Have not thought about who you are

• Have not committed to an identityHave not committed to an identity

A)A) DiffusionDiffusion

B)B) ForeclosureForeclosure

C)C) AchievementAchievement

D)D)MoratoriumMoratorium

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Answers for the self test:Answers for the self test:

1)1) FreudFreud2)2) Autonomy v. ShameAutonomy v. Shame3)3) Initiative v. GuiltInitiative v. Guilt4)4) PsychometricPsychometric5)5) PsychoanalyticPsychoanalytic6)6) Social Learning TheorySocial Learning Theory7)7) EriksonErikson8)8) Bandura Bandura 9)9) C- ForeclosureC- Foreclosure10)10) A- DiffusionA- Diffusion