1 chapter 5: biomes and biodiversity principles of environmental science - inquiry and applications,...
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Chapter 5: Biomes and Biodiversity
Principles of EnvironmentalScience - Inquiry and Applications,
3rd Editionby William and Mary Ann Cunningham
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Part 1: Biomes
Biomes
• Broadly defined life zones
• Environments with similar climates, topographies, soil conditions, and biological communities
• Distribution mainly dependent on temperature and precipitation
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ADD FIG. 5.1
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Biomes of the World
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ADD FIG. 5.4
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Part 2: Biodiversity
• Genetic diversity - variety of different versions of the same genes within a species
• Species diversity - number of different kinds of organisms within an ecosystem
• Ecological diversity - complexity of a biological community (number of niches, trophic levels, etc.)
Biodiversity - the variety of living things - three types essential:
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How many species are there?
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Biodiversity Hotspots
Most of the world's biodiversity concentrations are near the equator (tropical rainforests, coral reefs).
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Part 3: How do we benefit from biodiversity?
• Food
• Drugs and medicines
• Ecological benefits
• Aesthetic and cultural benefits
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Fig. 5.21
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Aesthetic and culturalbenefits
Bird watching and other wildlife observationcontribute more than $29 billion each year to the U.S. economy.
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Part 4: What Threatens Biodiversity?
Extinction - the elimination of a species
• Natural process - one species lost every 10 years
• Process been accelerated by human impacts on populations and ecosystems
• E.O. Wilson - we are currently losing thousands of species a year
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Part 5: Human-Caused Reductions in Biodiversity
• Habitat destruction and fragmentation• Hunting and fishing• Commercial products and live specimens• Predator and pest control• Exotic species introduction• Diseases• Pollution• Genetic assimilation
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About 200 years ago, the American passenger pigeon was probably the world's most abundant bird.
Population: 3-5 billion
Over hunting and habitat destruction caused its extinction.
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Trade in Products from Endangered Species
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Trade in Wildlife
About 75% of all saltwater tropical aquarium fish sold come from coral reefs of the Philippines and Indonesia, where they are commonly caught with dynamite or cyanide.
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Part 6: Protecting Biodiversity
• Hunting and fishing laws• The Endangered Species Act (ESA)• Recovery plans• Reintroductions• Minimum viable population• Private land and critical habitat• Reauthorization of the ESA• International wildlife treaties
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