1 cleaner production & meas: the linkage cpc workshop
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Cleaner Production & MEAs:
The Linkage
CPC Workshop
Cleaner Production: Revisited
The continuous application of an integrated preventive environmental strategy applied to processes, products and services to increase overall efficiency and reduce risks to humans and the environment
Related terms include:– Pollution prevention (P2) – North America– Produccion Mas Limpia (PL) – Latin America– Waste minimisation– Eco-efficiency– Green business– Sustainable business
Cleaner Production: Revisited
Production processes– Conserving raw materials and energy,
reducing, minimising and eliminating use of toxic materials and their release to the environment
Products– Reducing negative impacts along the
life-cycle of a product Services
– Incorporating environmental concerns into designing and delivering services
Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs)
International instrument binding three or more nations
Take measures to remedy, mitigate or otherwise deal with global and/or regional environmental concerns
Contribute to sustainable development
What are MEAs?
International legal instruments that:– have a goal of environmental
protection (sustainable development)– are concluded between a large number
of states or international organizations as parties
– concluded in written form– governed by international law– can be embodied in a single instrument
or in two or more related instruments
How MEAs come into Force
International legal instrument agreed and signed between the states (signatories)
MEAs include provision on number of ratification from signatories needed to come into force
Once a country ratifies, accepts, approves or accedes an MEA, the country (or “Party”) is subject to the provisions under the MEA
MEA Implementation Implementation of an MEA
– a process of converting international commitments and requirements into national law and policy in order to induce behavioral change of target groups, i.e. those actors causing the problem in question.
Compliance – refers to whether the countries adhere to the
agreement provisions and undertake implementation measures, including procedural measures (e.g. national reporting)
Effectiveness – whether a MEAs resolved a problem that
caused its creation
Institutional Elements of MEAs
Conference of Parties (COP)– Ultimate decision-making body on
implementation and development of their respective MEAs
Secretariat– Supports COP and performs a number of
varied functions depending on the mandate of the MEA
Executive and subsidiary bodies– Generally advisory in nature, report to COP
on scientific, technical, or financial matters
Institutional Elements of MEAs
Clearinghouses– Facilitate exchange of information
(websites, databases operated usually by the Secretariats)
Implementation actors on national level
– Represented by the national authorities and/or institutions, training and information centres
Financial mechanisms
Financial Mechanisms Regime Budgets
– MEAs can establish one of more of mandatory or voluntary trust funds, most often administered by the international organizations that provide the Secretariats. Budgets are proposed by Parties and approved by the COPs
Development Assistance– Funds can be provided via foundations (e.g. UN
Foundation), bilateral arrangements, private sector donors and NGOs
Other multilateral financing mechanisms – Global Environment Facility, The Kyoto Protocol
climate-related mechanisms, the World Bank
Main MEA Clusters
Biodiversity Atmosphere Land Chemicals and hazardous waste Regional seas and related
MEA Clusters: Biodiversity
Consists of MEAs related to protection and conservation of biodiversity
Main MEA - Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
Others include CITES, CMS, Ramsar Convention on Wetlands etc.
Protection of biodiversity is directly relevant to pollution management and efficient use of
resources and therefore to Cleaner Production
MEA Clusters: Atmosphere
MEAs aimed at protection of atmosphere from pollutants
– Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
– The Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
Implementation of the atmosphere cluster MEAs requires effective management of emissions to air
and therefore directly relevant to Cleaner Production
MEA Clusters: Marine Environment
17 Regional Seas Conventions Global Program of Action for the
protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities (GPA)
Most MEAs in the marine cluster are multi-sectoral agreements based on
precautionary and preventive approaches and hence direct relevance to CP
MEA Clusters: Chemicals & Hazardous Waste Deal with hazardous impacts of wastes
and chemical pollution Main treaties under the cluster:
– Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal
– Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade
– Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
Cleaner Production is relevant to all Conventions under this cluster and helps to enhance
synergies among them
MEA Clusters: Land
Main MEA: UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
Linked to Climate Change and Biodiversity Conventions (Three Rio Conventions)
No direct linkage, but some relevance to Cleaner Production
Three Core MEAs (with direct relevance to CP activities) Chemical and hazardous waste
– Basel Convention – Stockholm Convention on POPs
Atmosphere– Kyoto Protocol (UNFCCC)
MEA Comparison
Basel Kyoto Stockholm Hazardous Waste
(HW) Greenhouse
Gases (GHG) Persistent Organic
Pollutants (POPs) In force Not yet in force Entry into force
(17 May 2004) Minimize
generation Reduce
movements Disposal close to
source Prevention focus
recently added
Stabilize/Reduceemissions of GHG
Eliminateproduction anduse
Reduce releases Manage/destroy
existing stockpilesin sound manner
MEAs: Strengths & Weaknesses
Strengths:– Growing commitment to explore synergies– Increased attention to principles of
precaution and prevention Weaknesses:
– Lack of synergies among MEAs– Inadequate implementation and
coordination of MEAs at the national level– Inadequate compliance and enforcement– Lack of environmental and performance
indicators to measure the effectiveness of MEAs
– Inadequate funding for selected MEAs
CP & MEA Integration: Why?
“promotion of its implementation, and coordinating functions arising from increasing number of international legal instruments”
(Chapter 38 of Agenda 21, 1992)
“apparent conflict” between conventions(UNEP Technology and Economic Assessment Panel
under Montreal Protocol and IPCC, 2000)
“fragmentation, duplication and overlap”, compliance rates are at best patchy”
(Geo 3. UNEP, 2002)
-> MEAs can lead to greater Cleaner Production implementation and vice-versa
CP & MEAs: Building on Commonalities
Common goal: sustainable development (triple bottom line)
Cross-cutting issue: assessment and management of pollution, emissions, wastes etc.
Deal with current and future environmental issues
Precautionary approach Continuous environmental
improvement Promote synergies
What can CP do for MEAs?
CP can contribute to:– wider use of prevention as the best
strategy of environmental protection– issue linkage and providing positive
incentives for compliance and implementation
– strengthening synergies among MEAs– adding flexibility to the agreements
What can CP do for MEAs?
Cross-cutting and capacity building activities of CP:
– Policy advice– Technical and financial assistance – Assessment and management of
pollution – Education and awareness– Information exchange– Strengthened participation of all
stakeholders in the decision-making– International partnership
Current Status: Where are we now?
CP experiences and expertise are readily available but widespread awareness about CP is lacking
Links starting between MEA implementation and CP related bodies, tools, methodologies - but more needed
Implementation focus on regulation, end-of-pipe
Survey: NCPC’s Familiarity with Conventions (in 2002)
unfamiliar 70%
familiar 30%
Basel Convention
unfamiliar 80%
familiar 20%
Stockholm Convention
unfamiliar 60%
familiar40%
UNFCCC
What Should it Be (Vision)?
CP widely used in MEA implementation strategy
Multi-stakeholder partnerships including MEA/CP bodies
Effective implementation of MEAs through prevention leading to sustainable development
What Gaps Need to be Bridged?
Catalytic actors and activities needed
Awareness of CP by MEA-related bodies
Awareness of MEAs by CP-related bodies
More joint efforts/co-ordination
CP & MEAs:Matching of Skills and Needs
Experiences in Cleaner Production have some relevance to certain MEAs
– Hazardous waste management (Basel)– Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)– Energy efficiency (UNFCCC-Kyoto)
Technical assistance can be provided based on previous Cleaner Production experiences and activities
– Training and demonstration projects– Technical manuals– Material substitution and process change– National Implementation Plan (NIP) preparation
CP practitioners have unique skills:– deep knowledge of local conditions
and industries– confidence of local industry and
recognition at all levels– good industry, government contacts– extensive networks of technical
specialists– links with government and
international organisations
CP & MEAs:Matching of Skills and Needs
Cleaner Production practitioners have some needs to be met:
– direct experience with MEAs– knowledge on MEAs– Understanding of MEA financial
mechanisms– experience with government MEA
agencies– training materials, relevant information
CP & MEAs:Matching of Skills and Needs
CP & MEA: Why Integrate?
Awareness raisingInformation exchange
Commitment/partnership building
Demonstration projectsEducation & Training
Building capacityTechnical assistance
Policy advice/developmentMore...?
Summary: CP & MEA Linkage
Global drive towards promoting and implementing sustainable development
– Increasing number of MEAs– Tighter/comprehensive environmental
legislation Realised benefits from making the shift
from reactive to proactive/preventive approach to environmental management
– Cleaner production– Sustainable consumption
The need to be aware and be prepared to capitalise on potential opportunities