1 culture 2 the nature of culture a “personality” customized to a physical environment culture
TRANSCRIPT
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Culture
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The Nature of Culture
A “personality” customizedto a physical environment
Culture
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Cultural Universals
• confronting common problems– Eating/food– Shelter– Raising children– Common problems associated with daily living
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Two Sides of a Coin
• Culture– the way of life for a group
of people
• Society– the interaction of a group
of people who share a particular culture
– self-sufficient
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Culture is Lens
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Culture is taken-for-granted
• Cultural shock
• Ethnocentrism
• Cultural Relativism
• Culture provides the answers• Culture, a survival guide
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Defining Culture
Culture – all of the shared products of human group Includes both physical objects and the
beliefs, values, and behaviors shared by a group
• The “language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that are passed from one generation to the next” (Henslin 2007a:36).
– A social heritage
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Composition of culture
– Material cultural products– Nonmaterial cultural products
Material Culture – Formed by the physical objects that people create – Cars, clothing, books, buildings, computers– Archeologists refer to these items as artifacts
Nonmaterial Culture – Abstract human creations (can’t touch it)
– Language, family patterns, work practices, political and economic systems
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In Summary, so far…
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Characteristics of Culture
• Culture is shared
• Culture if learned
• Culture is taken-for-granted
• Culture is symbolic
• Culture varies across time & place
• Culture is relative
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Components of Culture
• 1. Physical Objects
• 2. Symbols
• 3. Language
• 4. Values
• 5. Norms
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Components of Culture Physical Objects
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Physical Objects
• Not only the “Physical” objects, but also the RULES for using those objects
• Technology: The combination of objects AND rules.
• *Also, tools used to manipulate the environment• Ex. Computer= Physical• Surfing the Web= Rules and skills related to
COMPUTER
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Components of CultureSYMBOLS:
• - Anything that stands for (or shared meaning attached to it) something else
• “something to which people attach meaning and that they then use to communicate with one another” (Henslin 2007a:39)
• - Any word, gesture, image, sound, physical object, event can serve as a symbol as long as people recognize that it carries a particular meaning
• - Ex. Class ring, word hello, handshake = all symbols
• Symbols vary from culture to culture
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Components of Culture Symbols
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Components of CultureLanguage
– a complex system of symbols that can be combined any number of ways that represent not only material cultural products, but for communicating our nonmaterial cultural products as well
– Organization of written or spoken symbols into a standardized system
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis • Language shapes perceptions• Language leads people to think in
particular ways
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Components of Culture Beliefs&Values
• Beliefs– The statements that people of a culture believe to be
true
• Values– Abstract concepts about the way society should be– Standards of judgment
• Shared beliefs about what is good or bad, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable
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ValuesDiffer from culture to culture• Ex. Yanomamo: Brazil :Napoleon Chagnon… “Fierce
People”• Warlike; Highly competitive• 30% of people die from war wounds• Communities usually break apart because of
competition and never get larger than 200 people• Ex. San: Highly cooperative. Each family owns territory
and does not “trespass” on each others soil• Most members share various vital roles in societyTypes of values held by a group determine the character of its people
– A society that values war and displays of physical strength will be different from one that places more emphasis on sharing and cooperation
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Components of Culture Norms
• Shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations• Behavioral boundaries regulating social interactions
• Norms are expectations, not actual behavior – doesn’t mean that actions of all individuals will be in line with norms.o Ex. Norm is to be financially responsible – some don’t pay bills
• Lots of norms in society: unimportant (cover mouth when yawning) to very important (don’t kill anyone)• Some apply to everyone while some are specific
o Ex. Nobody in US is allowed to marry more than one person. Selected groups (some clergy and children) are not allowed to marry at all
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Components of Culture Types of NormsTypes of Norms
Folkways Mores Laws
Informal rules guiding everyday
behavior
Ex. Eating salad with a spoon “Abnormal; not
illegal”
Behaviors essential for
society
Has the potential to become a dysfunction of societyAre usually enforced by Laws
Ex. Killing someone
Formal rules guiding behavior
Written rule of conduct enacted and enforced for
good of society
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STATUSESSocial Interaction ROLES
values
beliefs
norms
LANAGUAGESym
bols Symbols Symbo
ls
Building Blocks of Culture and Society
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Heredity –transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to children.
Environment –social and cultural conditions that influence the life of an individual or community
Role – behavior – the rights and obligations – expected of someone occupying a particular status
Assimilation – blending of culturally distinct groups into a single group with a common culture and identity
Stereotype – oversimplified, exaggerated, or unfavorable generalization about a category of people
Prejudice – unsupported generalization about a category of people
Discrimination – denial of equal treatment to individuals based on their group membership
‘Discriminations prevents someone from sharing their ‘gifts’ with another person.’
Nature vs. Nurture
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Culture - Terms• Heredity –transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to children.• Environment –social and cultural conditions that influence the life of an individual or
community• Role – behavior – the rights and obligations – expected of someone occupying a
particular status• Assimilation – blending of culturally distinct groups into a single group with a common
culture and identity• Stereotype – oversimplified, exaggerated, or unfavorable generalization about a
category of people• Prejudice – unsupported generalization about a category of people• Discrimination – denial of equal treatment to individuals based on their group
membership• ‘Discriminations prevents someone from sharing their ‘gifts’ with another person.’
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Three Levels of Culture
• Culture Trait: Individual tool, act, or belief that is related to a certain situation (Spoon, Baseball..etc)
• Culture Complex: Cluster of interrelated traits (Silverware, Baseball Equipment…etc)
• Culture Pattern: Combination of culture complexes (Sports…not just baseball…etc)
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Cultural Diversity
• A “social mosaic of people from different racial and ethnic backgrounds, nationalities, religions, and cultures” (Thompson and Hickey 2005:6)
• The “spice” of society (instructor’s view)
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Cultural Diversity con’t
Cultural Diffusion
Cultural Leveling
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Cultural Diversity con’t
• Subcultures
• Countercultures
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Cultural Diversity con’t
• “Ideal” verses “Real” Culture– Cultural Lag– Technology
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Theoretical Perspectives on Culture
• Functionalism– Cultural ecological approach– Durkheim’s collective consciousness
• Conflict– Stresses the importance of power and coercion in cultural
evolution (Inciardi and Rothman 1990:77) – Focus on social tension created by competing cultures, and
subcultures• Symbolic Interactionism
– Micro level aspect of culture– How culture is generated, sustained, and changed in a society by
people and not social institutions (Renzetti and Curran 1998:75)
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Theoretical Perspectives on Culture con’t• In summary…
– Functionalism & Conflict—culture constrains human behavior
– Symbolic Interactionism—culture is a human creation