1 distributed systems causal broadcast prof r. guerraoui distributed programming laboratory
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Distributed systems
Causal Broadcast
Prof R. GuerraouiDistributed Programming
Laboratory
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OverviewIntuitions: why causal broadcast?Specifications of causal broadcastAlgorithms:
A non-blocking algorithm using the past and A blocking algorithm using vector clocks
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Broadcast
B
A
C
m
m
deliver
broadcast
deliver
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Intuitions (1)So far, we did not consider ordering among messages; In particular, we considered messages to be independent Two messages from the same process might not be delivered in the order they were broadcast A message m1 that causes a message m2 might be delivered by some process after m2
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Intuitions (2)Consider a system of news where every new event that is displayed in the screen contains a reference to the event that caused it, e.g., a comment on some information includes a reference to the actual information Even uniform reliable broadcast does not guarantee such a dependency of delivery Causal broadcast alleviates the need for the application to deal with such dependencies
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Modules of a process
request
indication
indication
indication
request
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OverviewIntuitions: why causal broadcast?Specifications of causal broadcastAlgorithms:
A non-blocking algorithm using the past and A blocking algorithm using vector clocks
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Causal broadcastEvents
Request: <coBroadcast, m>
Indication: <coDeliver, src, m>
• Property:
• Causal Order (CO)
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CausalityLet m1 and m2 be any two messages: m1 -> m2 (m1 causally precedes m2) iff
C1 (FIFO order). Some process pi broadcasts m1 before broadcasting m2
C2 (Local order). Some process pi delivers m1 and then broadcasts m2
C3 (Transitivity). There is a message m3 such that m1 -> m3 and m3 - > m2
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Causal broadcastEvents
Request: <coBroadcast, m>
Indication: <coDeliver, src, m>
• Property:
• CO: If any process pi delivers a message m2, then pi must have delivered every message m1 such that m1 -> m2
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Causality ?
p1
p2
p3
m2delivery
delivery
delivery
m1
m1delivery
m2
delivery
delivery
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Causality ?
p1
p2
p3
m2delivery
delivery
m1
m1delivery
m2
delivery
delivery
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Causality ?
p1
p2
p3
m2
delivery
delivery
delivery
m1
m1delivery
delivery
delivery
m2
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Reliable causal broadcast (rcb)
Events
Request: <rcoBroadcast, m>
Indication: <rcoDeliver, src, m>
• Properties:
• RB1, RB2, RB3, RB4 +
• CO
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Uniform causal broadcast (ucb)
Events
Request: <ucoBroadcast, m>
Indication: <ucoDeliver, src, m>
• Properties:
• URB1, URB2, URB3, URB4 +
• CO
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OverviewIntuitions: why causal broadcast?Specifications of causal broadcastAlgorithms:
A non-blocking algorithm using the past and A blocking algorithm using vector clocks
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AlgorithmsWe present reliable causal broadcast algorithms using reliable broadcast
We obtain uniform causal broadcast algorithms by using instead an underlying uniform reliable broadcast
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Algorithm 1Implements: ReliableCausalOrderBroadcast (rco).
Uses: ReliableBroadcast (rb).
upon event < Init > do
delivered := past := empty;
upon event < rcoBroadcast, m> do
trigger < rbBroadcast, [Data,past,m]>;
past := past U {[self,m]};
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Algorithm 1 (cont’d)upon event <rbDeliver,pi,[Data,pastm,m]> do
if m not in delivered then
(*) forall [sn, n] in pastm do
if n not in delivered then
trigger < rcoDeliver,sn,n>;
delivered := delivered U {n};
past := past U {[sn, n]};
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Algorithm 1 (cont’d) (*)
…
…
…
trigger <rcoDeliver,pi,m>;
delivered := delivered U {m};
past := past U {[pi,m]};
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Algorithm 1
p1
p2
p3
m2(m1)
m2
m1
m1
m1
m1 m2(m1)
m2
m2m1
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Algorithm 1
p1
p2
p3
m1
m1
m2(m1)
m2(m1)
m2 m1
m1 m2
m2m1
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Uniformity
Algorithm 1 ensures causal reliable broadcast
If we replace reliable broadcast with uniform reliable broadcast, Algorithm 1 would ensure uniform causal broadcast
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Algorithm 1’ (gc)Implements: GarbageCollection (+ Algo 1).
Uses:
ReliableBroadcast (rb).
PerfectFailureDetector(P).
upon event < Init > do
delivered := past := empty;
correct := S;
ackm := (for all m);
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Algorithm 1’ (gc – cont’d)upon event < crash, pi > do
correct := correct \ {pi}
• upon for some m delivered: self ackm do
• ackm := ackm U {self};
• trigger < rbBroadcast, [ACK,m]>;
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Algorithm 1’ (gc – cont’d)upon event <rbDeliver,pi,[ACK,m]> do
ackm := ackm U {pi};
if forall pj correct: pj ackm do
past := past \ {[sm, m]};
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Algorithm 2Implements: ReliableCausalOrderBroadcast (rco).
Uses: ReliableBroadcast (rb).
upon event < Init > do
for all pi S: VC[pi] := 0;
upon event < rcoBroadcast, m> do
VC[self] := VC[self] + 1.
trigger < rbBroadcast, [Data,VC,m]>;
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Algorithm 2upon event <rbDeliver, pj, [Data,VCm,m]> do
wait until ( (VC[pj] VCm[pj] – 1) and
(for all pk ≠ pj: VC[pk] VCm[pk]));
trigger < rcoDeliver, pj, m>;
if pj ≠ self then
VC[pj] := VC[pj] + 1.
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Algorithm 2
p1
p2
p3 m2
m1
m1
m1
m1
m2
m2
m2m1
[2,0,0]
[1,0,0]
[1,0,0]
m2[2,0,0]
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Algorithm 2
p1
p2
p3
m2
m1
m1
m1
m1
m2
m2[1,0,0]
[1,1,0]
[1,1,0]
[1,0,0]
m2
m1
m2