1

Domingo Jiménez-Beltrán, Executive Director

TERM 2001TERM 2001

Indicators on transport and Indicators on transport and environment integration in the environment integration in the

EUEUJoint Transport and Environment Informal

Council, 14-16 September 2001

Leuven, Ottignies- Louvain-la-Neuve

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The 'three corridors model' to The 'three corridors model' to follow progress in sustainable follow progress in sustainable developmentdevelopment

Strategy for Sustainable Development(Gothenburg Summit June 2001 to RIO+10 June 2002)

Structural Indicators

Lisbon agenda (socio-economic policies)('Synthesis report' to Stockholm Summit, March 2001)

Sectoral integration ind.Sectoral

strategies & action programmes(Economic councils for Gothenburg Summit, June 2001)

Environmental issue indicatorsEnvironmenta

l action plan(Env council, 6EAP for Gothenburg 2001 and specific development plans)

Integrated Monitoring and reporting

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Monitoring transport Monitoring transport and environment and environment integrationintegration

C TP, 6E A P, sustainab le d evelo p m ent strateg y, security o f energ y sup p ly

O b jectives and SM A RT targ ets:• stab ilisatio n mo d al sp lit;• d eco up ling transp o rt and

eco no mic g ro w th; • K yo to , N atio nal emmisio ns

ceiling s d irective, N atura 2000 P ro mo tio n o f renew ab le energ y...•

Im p lem entatio n m easures & targ ets

fair and effi cient p ricing investmentstechno lo g y stand ard ssp atial p lanninginfo rmatio n…

•••••

M easuring and evaluating p ro g ress to targ etsM easuring effectiveness o f m easures

TE RM

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Policy objectives and Policy objectives and targetstargets

• Various environmental targets exist (STAR), BUT: hardly any are transport-specific

• There are few 'integration' targets • Sector targets should include targets for

• The sector's environmental performance• The sector's growth and composition (modal

split)• Various policy areas where environment can

be integrated: pricing, investments, spatial planning, technology, …

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33 %43 % 47 %

41 %42 % 40 %

15 %8 % 7 %

0 %

25 %

50 %

75 %

100 %

1980 1998

2010 projected

Oil pipelines

Inland waterways

Rail

Short sea shipping

Road

Shift towards road and aviation continues

Source: Eurostat, 2001, European Commission, 2001

Objective:Objective: stabilisation of stabilisation of modal split modal split by 2010 at '98 by 2010 at '98 levelslevels

Modal shares in tonne-km

2010 target

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0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1980 1985 1990 1995

Ind

ex (

1980=

100)

GDPtotal tkm

tkm road

tkm rail

tkm short sea shipping

tkm pipelines

tkm air

Source: Eurostat, 2001

Trends in tonne-km

and GDP, EU 15

Transport growth strongly linked to GDP growth

Objective:Objective: restrain transport restrain transport growthgrowth

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Objective:Objective: Improving Improving transport transport

eco-efficiencyeco-efficiency

Sources: Eurostat, 2001; EEA, 2001

Transport CO2 emissions increased by 15 % between 1990 and 1998

Trends in transport

and its environmental pressures,

EU 15

50

75

100

125

150

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

Ind

ex

(19

90

=1

00

)

Freight transport

Land take by motorways

Passenger transport

Energy consumption

Emissions ofgreenhouse gases

Emissions ofacidifying substances

Emissions of tropospheric ozone precursors

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Objective:Objective: Meet EU air quality Meet EU air quality standards standards for protection of human for protection of human healthhealth

0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 %

2010

1995

2010

1995

2010

1995

2010

1995

CO

Benze

ne

NO

2PM

10

% of urban population potentially exposed

Other sourcesTraffic

Urban air quality is improving, but pollution levels still pose health risks

Source: ETC/AQ (2001)

Urban population potentially exposed to

exceedances of EU air quality

standards

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Transport infrastructure increasingly fragments the EU territory

Objective:Objective: preserve connectivity preserve connectivity between between nature areasnature areas (Natura (Natura 2000)2000)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Finland

Sweden

Greece

Spain

Ireland

France

Portugal

Italy

United Kingdom

Austria

Netherlands

Denmark

Germany

Luxembourg

Belgium

Average size of non-fragmented

land parcels, 1997

Source: EEA-ETC/LC, 2000

km2

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Country targets and Country targets and comparisons?comparisons?Terrestrial tonne-km: modal share EU (1998)

Terrestrial tonne-km: modal share AC (1999)

Sources: Eurostat, UNECE, 2001

0 % 50 % 100 %

Greece

Ireland

Italy

UK

Spain

Denmark

Portugal

France

Finland

Belgium

Luxembourg

Germany

Sweden

Netherlands

Austria

EU 15

0 % 50 %

100 %

Turkey (1998)

Hungary

Czech Republic

Slovak Republic

Slovenia

Poland

Lithuania

Romania

Bulgaria (1997)

Estonia

Latvia (1998)

EU 15 (1998)

Road

Rail

Inlandwaterways

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Country targets and Country targets and comparisons?comparisons?Transport NOx emissions: % change1990-1999

Transport CO2 emissions: % change 1990-1999

Source: EEA ETC-AE, 2000

EU-15

GreeceIreland

PortugalSpain

AustriaBelgium

ItalyDenmark

FranceFinland

NetherlandsLuxembourgGermany

SwedenUnited Kingdom

-50%-40%-30%-20%-10% 0% 10% 20% 30%

EU14Ireland

PortugalSpain

AustriaGreece

BelgiumNetherlandsItaly

DenmarkFrance

GermanySweden

United KingdomFinland

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

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Objective:Objective: internalisation of marginal internalisation of marginal external costsexternal costs

A B DK FIN F D EL IRL I L NL P E S UK

Air pollution Rail transport Aviation

Water transport

Road freight

Road passenger

CO2 Rail transport Aviation

Water

Road freight

Road passenger

Noise Rail transport Aviation

Water transport

Road freight

Road passenger

Non-fuel related internalisation measures (transport taxes and charges)

Internalisation instruments are being established, but barriers to implementation

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Eu

roce

nt

pe

r to

nn

e-k

m

0

5

10

15

20

25

Road Rail Aviation Waterborne

Upstream ProcessUrban EffectsNature & LandscapeClimate ChangeAir PollutionNoiseAccidents

External costs per tonne-

km, EU 17, 1995

Source: INFRAS/IWW, 2000

Transport externalities: ± 8% of GDP

Objective:Objective: fair and efficient fair and efficient pricingpricing

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Dropping freight transport prices

boost transport

Objective:Objective: fair and efficient fair and efficient pricingpricing

Freight transport

prices in the Netherlands

Source: CE, 20000

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1985 1990 1995

Road

Rail

Inland shipping

Air

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Objective:Objective: fair and efficient fair and efficient pricingpricing

Source: Eurostat, 2001; CE 2000

Transport fuel price trends do not

encourage energy efficiency

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

1985

=10

0

Unleaded petrol price

Diesel price

GDP

Transport energy consumption

Trends in transport

energy consumption

and fuel prices, EU 15

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Objective:Objective: improve energy improve energy efficiency efficiency

Rail freight

Source: Odyssee

Not much improvement in energy efficiency

of freight transport

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

1980 1985 1990 1995M

J pe

r to

nne-

km

AustriaFinlandFranceItalyNetherlandPortugalEU

Road freight

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

1980 1985 1990 1995

MJ

pe

r to

nn

e-k

m

Denmark

France

Italy

Netherlands

Sweden

UK

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Objective:Objective: increase load increase load factorsfactors

Road freight load

factors

Empty haulage trucks:

25-40 % of total vehicle-km

Source: Eurostat, 2001

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

1980 1985 1990 1995

Tonn

e-km

per

veh

icle

-km

Denmark

Netherlands

Sweden

Finland

Germany

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Objective:Objective: optimal use of existing optimal use of existing infrastructure; infrastructure; promote rail, inland promote rail, inland waterways, waterways,

short sea shippingshort sea shipping

Motorway length increased

by 70% since 1980

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

1980 1985 1990 1995

19

80

=1

00

Motorway length

Road investments

Rail investments

Railway length investments

Source: Eurostat, 2001, ECMT, 1999

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Good practices are Good practices are emerging - information emerging - information needs to be pooledneeds to be pooled“ Reductions in environmental impacts

generate a double dividend. Companies benefit from reduced costs and an improved competitive position. They will be more attractive to customers eager to buy ‘green’ products and services. Environmental criteria are moving to the forefront in business decisions today ”

Source: DG ENV

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To restrain transport growth, To restrain transport growth, efforts efforts are also needed in other sectorsare also needed in other sectors

• The transport sector’s dependency on fossil fuels clearly runs counter to the objective of securing the energy supply.

• Tourism travel is the fastest growing category of passenger transport.

• Industry needs to develop more transport-efficient production and distribution systems and logistics

• Agri-subventions are boosting agri-food related transport

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Sustainable Sustainable mobility: mobility: a matter of a matter of lifestyle? lifestyle?

Boosting sales figures of 4 wheel drives lead to disruptive off-road mobility

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TERM:TERM: future future challengeschallenges

• Filling of data gaps and improving indicator definition

• 'Enlargement' of TERM• Including wider sustainability issues (i.e.

socio-economic indicators)• Coordination with reporting systems on

other sectors and with national and urban indicator systems

• Improvement of networking with countries, both at policy and at expert level

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TERM challenges:TERM challenges:policy effectiveness policy effectiveness and prospective analysesand prospective analyses

1986

7

8

6

4

5

0

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

1982

1984

reference emissions

actual emissions

Shift petrol to diesel3-way catalystsHeavy duty vehicle emission standards (stage 1)Emission standards passenger cars and heavy duty vehicles

Million tonnes NOx

Significant NOx reduction due to cleaner fuels and technologies, but not sufficient to reach EU targets

Source: ETC-AE,2000

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Most Most importantlyimportantly• Avoid 'decoupling' between the

TERM and policy making: i.e. • USE the indicators to support policy

making, and • review and adjust the indicator

selection regularly to match emerging policies and targets

• Ensure the long-term continuity and funding of TERM