1 energy recovery linacs sverker werin max-lab 8 july 2003
TRANSCRIPT
2
Energy recovery linacs
Sverker WerinMAX-lab
8 July 2003
• Source development
• What is an ERL?
• Quality of radiation
• Special ERL topics
• Instabilities and limitations
• Challenges and development
• ERLs yesterday, today and tomorrow
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S. Werin
Path of development
Light sources
• 1st generation parasitic SR on high energy physics storage rings
• 2nd generation dedicated bending magnet sources
• 3rd generation dedicated undulator sources
• 4th generation…. Need in the future
• Coherence
• Power
• Fs pulses
• Diffraction limited radiation
• Brilliance – average/peak
Have today
• Repetition rate
• Stability
• Tunability
• Polarisation
• Brilliance – average/peak
FEL
ERL
?
3.5th gen
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S. Werin
Gives us
• Coherence
• Power
• Pulse slicing fs pulses
• Some diffraction limited radiation
• Brilliance – average/peak
3.5 generation storage ring
http://www.diamond.ac.ukhttp://www.soleil.u-psud.fr
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S. Werin
Gives us
• Coherence
• Power
• Fs pulses
• Diffraction limited radiation
• Brilliance – average/peak
• Low repetition rate
Free electron laser
http://www.bessy.de/publications/01.felscientific/sc.html
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S. Werin
Energy Recovery Linac
Gives us
• Coherence
• Power
• Fs pulses
• +Diffraction limited radiation
• Brilliance – average/peak
• Medium repetition rate
Cornell ERL D. Bilderback, SRN 2/27/01.
Articles on "ERL" or "Energy Recovery Linac"
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
EP
AC
96
PA
C 9
7
EP
AC
98
PA
C 9
9
EP
AC
00
PA
C 0
1
EP
AC
02
PA
C 0
3
M. Tigner, Nuovo Cimento 37 (1965)1228.
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What is an ERL?
Linac
injection
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What is an ERL? Step 2
Opposite phase Deceleration
Energy given back to linac structure and stored there
• Emittance defined by source/gun ( not ring equilibrium)
<=0.1 nmRad
• Brilliance >= storage rings
• Pulse length small (not ring equilibrium)
< 100 fs
• SC linac – save RF power, independent of current
• CW operation (gun limit)
KHz-MHz
• Low dump energy, less radioactivity
<10 MeV
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S. Werin
Linac power
swall Z
LEP
ˆ
wallPQ
W
Q
t
eEE
10
Loading of a cavity
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4
Time
Fie
ld
Loading of a cavity
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4
Time
Fie
ld
Loading of a cavity
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4
Time
Fie
ld
Shunt impedance
Q-value
QNC ~ 1*104
QSC-TESLA ~ 3*109
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S. Werin
Brilliance
2'
2''
22
''24
rxx
rxx
yyxx
FluxBrilliance
Peak brilliance
During the peak of a bunch
Average brilliance
Forever or during a macro pulse from the accelerator
ABWs
photonsFlux
%1.0
What counts
To compare
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S. Werin
Brilliance
2'
2''
22
''24
rxx
rxx
yyxx
FluxBrilliance
1E+15
1E+17
1E+19
1E+21
1E+23
1E+25
1E+27
1E+1 1E+2 1E+3 1E+4 1E+5 1E+6
Energy (eV)
Ave
rag
e B
rilli
ance
(p
h/s
*mR
ad^2
*mm
^2*0
.1%
BW
)
Peak brilliance Average brilliance
TESLA
TTF
LCLS
Diamond
SPring8ESRF
APS
BESSY II
Cornell ERL
USRLS
1E+19
1E+21
1E+23
1E+25
1E+27
1E+29
1E+31
1E+33
1E+35
1E+1 1E+2 1E+3 1E+4 1E+5 1E+6
Energy (eV)
Pea
k B
rilli
ance
(p
h/s
*mR
ad^2
*mm
^2*0
.1%
BW
)
TESLA
TTFLCLS
SPring8
APSBESSY II
ESRFDiamond
Cornell ERL
USRLS
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Diffraction limit
Diffraction emittance -
0,01
0,1
1
10
100
0,0E+00 5,0E+02 1,0E+03 1,5E+03 2,0E+03
Photon energy (eV)
Em
itta
nc
e (
nm
Ra
d)
2'
2''
22
''24
rxx
rxx
yyxx
FluxBrilliance
2
rr
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Emittance comparison
Vertical emittance
Ring
3
2
periodicity
Emittance
ERL/Linac
1Emittance
Horisontal emittance
Ringvert ≈ 0.05 hor
ERLvert= hor
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S. Werin
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 2 4 6 8 10
Energy (GeV)
Em
itta
nc
e -
nm
Ra
d
Ring
ERL
ESRF
APS
SPring8
ERL-1
M4-X
M4-SoftX
ALS
Diamond
BESSY II
Soleil
USRLS
ERL/Linac1 mm mRad
Ring
3
2
M
1
Emittance comparison
Horisontal emittance
Vertical emittance
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S. Werin
Pulse length
Storage ring 10 ps Lifetime sacrifice
+ bunch slicing 50 fs Low flux, simple
Linac (FEL, ERL) ~ 20 fs Photo cathode laser, space charge, CSR (coherent synch.rad.), slippage
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S. Werin
Quick duty
30 6015 45
Discuss with your neighbour
A 20 fs electron bunch passes a 100 period long undulator producing radiation at a wavelength of 60 nm.
How long is the radiation pulse?
The radiation from one e- consists of a wave train with 100 periods at 60 nm 100*60 nm = 6*10-6 m
The length in time is 6*10-6/c = 6*10-6/3*108 = 20 fs
Add the pulse length and the total length will be 20 + 20 = 40 fs
Please talk!
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S. Werin
A 100 mA 5 GeV electron beam carries 500 MW
power.
Stornorrfors powerstation
591 MW @ 1000 m3/s
Energy savings …?
Save energy!
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S. Werin
Energy savings go superconducting
LBL LUX proposal
600 MeV linac – 4 recirculations
10 KHz
NC SC
RF-power peak 240 MW 0.288 MW
RF-power average 6 MW 0.288 MW
Cooling power 0 ~3.5 MW
6 MW 3.8 MW
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S. Werin
Energy savings (nasty version)
Cornell ERL2 - 5 GeV 100 mA
v.
ESRF - 5 GeV 200 mA
Cornell ESRF
RF-power peak 1.1 MW 2.6 MW
RF-power average 1.1 MW 2.6 MW
Cooling power 16.4 MW 0
17.5 MW 2.6 MW
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Radiation savings …?
100 mA5 GeV
RecoveryDump @ 10 MeV
1 MW
NO recoveryDump @ 5 GeV
500 MW
ESRF200 mA, 5 GeV
24 hours, c 850 m31 mW
Dump beam powers
Much less neutron
production
ERL
linac
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S. Werin
Limitations
Increasecurrent
Shorterbunches
Wakefields
HOMs
Heat upof SC cavities
CSR
Energy spread
Emittanceincrease
Coolingpower
increase
Space chargeeffects
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Beam Break Up (BBU)
Displacement of the bunch due to transverse wakefields induced by a previous bunch beeing off center.
Damp modes
Good alignment
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Coherent Synchrotron Radiation
A sufficiently short bunch will radiate coherently.
The radiation from the tail can irradiate the head of the bunch.
Energy spread
Emittance growth if dispersion
Cure:
Longer bunches, less current
Shielding, larger radius
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S. Werin
Challenges
Guns ► CW
Optics in arcs ► Multi energy, CSR
Control of RF ► The beam ”runs” the RF
Beam loss ► Messes up RF
Instabilities (BBU…) ► Limits current
HOM cooling ► More power to SC cooling
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S. Werin
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Around the world
MUSL Univ of Illinois, 1977
SCA, Stanford, 1986
S-DALINAC, 1990CEBAF, 1995IR FEL Jlab, 1999JAERI, 2002
LUX (LBL)
CornellPERL (NSLS)
4 GLS (Daresbury) ERLSYN (Erlangen) KEK…
M. Tigner, Nuovo Cimento 37 (1965)1228.
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MUSL-2 – Univ. Of Illinois
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Stanford SCA
First energy recovery
T.I. Smith, et al, NIM A 259 (1987) 1-7
50 MeV
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JAERI – ERL + FEL
17 MeV
5 mA
In operation
N. Nishimori et.al., EPAC 2002, Paris
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S. Werin
S-DALINAC - Darmstadt
http://linac.ikp.physik.tu-darmstadt.de/linac/introduction.html
130 MeV
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S. Werin
Jlab FEL
http://www.jlab.org/FEL/feldescrip.html
IR Demo FEL
In operation since 1999
40 MeV
5 mA
FEL upgrade
2003 -
160 MeV
10 mA
Jefferson LabNewport News, VA
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S. Werin
MARS Multipass Accelerator Recuperator Source
Novosibirsk
G. Kulipanov et.al. SRI 2001, ERL workshop
undulator
undulator
undulator
undulator
Linac 700 MeV
Gun Injector
Linac
Dump
6 GeV
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CEBAF
CEBAF 6 GeV (12 GeV upgrade)
Jefferson LabNewport News, VA
http://www1.jlab.org/ul/jpix/high/upgrade_187.jpg
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S. Werin
LUX - LBL
http://jncorlett.lbl.gov/FsX-raySource/
3 GeV proposal
Multi-user facility proposalRepetition rate 10 kHzPulse length < 100 fsCurrent 10 µA
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Cornell-Jefferson ERL
Proposal
Cornell, Ithaca NY
Energy 100 MeV phase I 5 GeV phase II
Current 10/100 mA
D. Bilderback, SRN 2/27/01.
Cornell ERL
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PERL
J. Murphy, SRI 2001, ERL workshop
NSLS, Long Island
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4 GLS
http://www.4gls.ac.uk/
Daresbury, UK
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ERLSYN
http://www.erlsyn.uni-erlangen.de/
3.5 GeV
Erlangen, Germany
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S. Werin
KEK ERL
http://conference.kek.jp/JASS02/23_harada.pdf
Photon Factory - KEK
Energy 2.5 ~ 5.0 GeV
Beam Current ~100 mA
Horizontal Emittance ~0.01 nmRad
Bunch Length 1 ps ~ 100 fs
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S. Werin
Summary ERLs will give us
Fs pulses (some tricks needed)
CW (almost) KHz-MHz repetition rate
Brilliance ≥ new rings above 5 GeV
Diffraction limited < 2-5 KeV = ”Ultimate source”
Reduced radiation from dump (v. linacs)
Proof of principle done
Many new proposals, especially in the US
Compact CW driver for FEL
But
• Small energy savings
• Instabilities limits current
• HOMs limits short bunches
Diffraction limit
Coherence Fs pulses
Multi user
Brilliance,average
Brilliance, peak
Rep. rate
Storage ring -hor, +vert - - + 0 - +
FEL 0 + + 0 0 + -
ERL 0 - + + 0 - 0
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