1 energy star ® : a strategy to improve the efficiency of power supplies andrew fanara us epa...
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ENERGY STAR®: A Strategy to Improve the Efficiency of Power Supplies
Andrew Fanara
US EPA
Climate Protection Partnerships Division
ENERGY STAR Program
Product Specifications Team Leader
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Leveraging an Intersection of Interests
Power Supply Mfrs
End Use Device Mfrs
Co
nsu
mers
Ret
aile
rsEnvironmental Protection
Utilities
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Program Basics
• Our Vision: Maximize energy savings to reduce greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change
• Government-backed label making it easy for purchasers to identify energy-saving products
• Strict energy performance criteria & test procedures set by US EPA & DOE
• Voluntary partnership
• Market-based ingredient brand
• Used in several other countries
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ENERGY STAR Accomplishments
• 76 specifications in > 40 ENERGY STAR product categories, many with external or internal power supplies
• 1,250 manufacturers; 400 retailers (20,000+ storefronts)
• 1 billion products purchased by American consumers
• 56% of US consumers recognize the ENERGY STAR
• In 2003 alone, ENERGY STAR:– saved > $9 billion on consumer energy bills
– reduced GHG emissions equal to removing 18 million cars from the road for 1 year
– saved enough electricity to power 20 million homes
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Guiding Principles for Specification Development
• Significant energy savings potential
• Purchasers will recover their investment in increased energy efficiency within a reasonable time period
• Product performance can be maintained or enhanced
• Efficiency can be achieved with multiple technology options that are diffuse in the market
• Product energy consumption & performance can be measured and verified with testing
• Labeling would differentiate products & be visible to purchasers
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10 Billion Power Supplies in Use Worldwide (est.)
• Computers• Printers• Monitors• Scanners• PDAs• Barcode scanners• Servers• Camcorders• CD/DVD Players• TVs/VCRs
• Set-top boxes• Cell phones• Cordless phones• Power tools• Modems• Medical Equipment• Avionics/Navigation Equipment• Test and Measurement Equip.• Appliances
… to name a few
2004 CE shipments expected to be nearly $100 billion – Consumer Electronics Association, Market Research, Jan. 2004
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5 to 10 External Power Supplies in Average US Home
Number of Portable Products is Increasing…
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Large Opportunity for Energy Savings in US Alone
• Active Mode accounts for nearly ¾ of all power supply energy use; focus to date has been on Standby
• Many current designs are 30 to 60% efficient, but 90% or more is feasible
• Estimated savings of 32 billion kWh/year– Cut national energy bill by $2.5 billion/year– Reduce carbon dioxide emissions by more than
24 million tons/year– Displace the output of seven large power plants
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EPA’s Power Supply Strategy
Guiding Vision
• To transform the North American power supply market for key product segments by improving the average efficiency of typical power supplies
– Different, but concurrent approaches to improve the efficiencies of external and internal ac-dc power supplies
EPA’s Power Supply (PS) Strategy & Implementation Plan
External PS Specification
Existing ENERGY STAR products
Ex: printers & cordless phones
Internal PS Specification(s)
Non-ENERGY STAR products
Ex: PDAs, network routers & cable modems
In Development
Ex: televisions, computers & copiers
Mobile Phones
Replacement Power Supplies Sold Separately
Future Demand Driver for ENERGY
STAR External Power Supplies
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Internal PS Strategy Builds on Recent Developments
Specification 20% Loading 50% Loading 100% Loading
2004 Required 60% 70% 70%
2004 Recommended
67% 80% 75%
• Intel’s design guide requires OEMs to include internal power supply with improved efficiency
• Addresses both partial & full loading
• For More Information: www.formfactors.org
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Today’s Power Supply Announcements
1) Single, Standardized Test Procedure for External Power Supplies (EPS)
2) Draft ENERGY STAR EPS Specification• Proposed ENERGY STAR partnership with power
supply manufacturers
3) International Cooperation Between US and China
4) Design Competition• Will address both internal and external power
supplies
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Development of Standardized EPS Test Procedure
• January 2002: First power supply workshop in San Francisco
• Summer 2003: Draft test procedure first posted for comment– Built upon IEC 62301 and IEEE 1515-2000
• November 2003: Second power supply workshop– Refined standardized test procedure
• December 2003: Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, and US expressed support for single test procedure
• Final test procedure available at:– www.efficientpowersupplies.org &– www.energystar.gov/productdevelopment
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Input vs. Output = Opportunity?
Power Consumed by a 9 Volt Linear Power Supply for a Cordless Phone
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Fraction of Rated Current (300mA)
Wat
ts
Input
Output
Power Consumed by a 9 Volt Switching Power Supply for a Cordless Phone
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Fraction of Rated Current (300mA)
Wat
ts
Output
Input
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Range of Average External Power Supply Efficiencies
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Rated Output Power (Watts)
Effi
cien
cy
China
Australia
U.S.
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• Minimum performance levels are based on test results from 634 EPS models using newly developed test procedure– No battery chargers; under investigation– EPS models with wattage ratings < 180 watts (subject to change)
• Technical specification consists of two parts– Active and No-Load performance thresholds
– Models must meet both to comply
• Testing results– 24.8% of models meet or exceed Active thresholds– 26% of models meet or exceed No-Load threshold
• No-Load levels = EU Code of Conduct Specification 1/1/05– 12% of models meet both thresholds
First Draft ENERGY STAR EPS Specification
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First Draft ENERGY STAR EPS Specification (cont.)
• Average Active Mode efficiency value is derived from measuring rated current output at 100%, 75%, 50%, & 25%
• Efficiency curve consists of 3 equations based on wattage range
Nameplate Output Power (Pno)
Average Efficiency in Active Mode (expressed as
decimal)
0 to <1 watt > 0.5 * Pno
1 to 51 watts > 0.09 * Ln (Pno) + 0.5
> 51 watts > 0.85
Top Quartile of Power Supplies in Active Mode
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Eff
icie
ncy
Proposed Specification
China
Australia
U.S.
One to 51 WattsEfficiency > 0.09Ln(Watts) + 0.50
Greater than 51 Watts
Efficiency > 85%
Less than One WattEfficiency > 0.5 * Rated Output Power
Percent of Qualifying Power Supplies = 24.8%
Rated Output Power (Watts)
Close-up of 0-10W Units in Active Mode
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Eff
icie
nc
y
Proposed Specification
China
Australia
U.S.
Less than One WattEfficiency > 0.5 * Rated Output Power
One to 51 WattsEfficiency > 0.09Ln(Watts) + 0.50
Percent of Qualifying Power Supplies = 24.8%
Rated Output Power (Watts)
Top Quartile of Power Supplies in Standby/No-Load
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175
Mea
sure
d N
o L
oad
Po
wer
(A
C w
atts
) China
Australia
U.S.
No Load Specification
European Commission No Load Power Consumption Targets for 2005
26% of measured power supplies qualify for 2005 no load power target12% qualify for both the active and no load specifications
Rated Output Power (DC watts)
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EPA Wants to Partner with Power Supply Manufacturers
1) Initially, partnership in ENERGY STAR will be offered to
external power supply manufacturers
– Interested manufacturers sign the ENERGY STAR Partnership
Agreement (PA)
2) Power supply manufacturing Partners may submit qualifying
EPS models -- provided they meet the following requirements:– Tested according to ENERGY STAR EPS Test Procedure
– Meet performance thresholds for both Active and No-Load
3) Partners self-certify and submit test results for EPS model(s) to
EPA
4) Partners must abide by the ENERGY STAR Partner
Commitments
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ENERGY STAR Partnership Agreement (PA)
Three Expected Commitments:
• Annual submission of available product models
• Annual submission of ENERGY STAR unit shipment or market penetration data (not sales)
• Use of the ENERGY STAR label
– At this time, expected use of the label will be limited to wholesale business to business transactions
• Label not permitted directly on external power supply
– Further specific guidance forthcoming
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Specification Time Line
• Feb. 23: APEC announcements & request for manufacturer test data
• April 15: Comments due to EPA on EPS Draft #1
• Early May: Stakeholder Meeting (Date and Location TBD)
• Early June: EPS Draft #2 released– Subsequent Drafts & Stakeholder Meetings to follow
• Later 2004: Target for Final Specification– EPA will sign up Charter power supply manufacturing partners
• On effective date, partners may begin to qualify and market EPS models
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International Interest in Promoting Efficient Power Supplies
• Many countries share EPA’s interest in implementing policy measures to encourage the design & sale of energy-efficient power supplies– Support for single Test Procedure
– Support for voluntary high efficiency and mandatory minimum efficiency specifications
• EPA will harmonize, where appropriate, on voluntary specifications
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China and US Collaboration
• Home to significant share of power supply manufacturing capacity
• World’s fastest growing market for power supplies
• Working closely with the China Certification Center for Energy Conservation Products (CECP) to:– Employ the same EPS test procedure– Harmonize specifications and timeline
Contact:
Mr. Li Tienan
Director
Ph: (86)10-8463-4191
E-mail: [email protected]
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Design Competition
• Cosponsored by the California Energy Commission & US EPA– Endorsed by PSMA
• Three major competition categories to:– Address internal & external designs
– Encourage ENERGY STAR partners to work with their vendors
• Competition will run throughout 2004– Winners announced at APEC 2005
• Visit www.efficientpowersupplies.org
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For More Information
At APEC:
• Press Conference following Plenary Session in Coronado
Room (press credentials required)
• Visit the PSMA Booth at APEC
• Attend Session 8A: Power Supply Efficiency Standards on
Tuesday, Feb. 24 at 8:30 a.m.
After APEC:
• Andrew Fanara, US EPA
Ph: (202) 343-9019
E-mail: [email protected]
Web: www.energystar.gov