1

Evaluating and Estimating the Effect ofLand use Changed on Water Quality

at Selorejo Reservoir, Indonesia

Mohammad SholichinMohammad SholichinFaridah OthmanFaridah Othman

Shatira AkibShatira Akib

University of Malaya &University of Malaya &Brawijaya UniversityBrawijaya University

20062006

2

Selorejo Reservoir

3

•MethodologyMethodology

•ResultsResults

Scheme Scheme

•IntroductionIntroduction

•ConclusionConclusion

4

IntroductionIntroduction

• .

Recently, Non Point Sources (NPS) pollution has Recently, Non Point Sources (NPS) pollution has become the focus of water quality and watershed become the focus of water quality and watershed management. management.

Nitrogen and phosphorous are the two nutrients Nitrogen and phosphorous are the two nutrients originating from inorganic and organic fertilizer originating from inorganic and organic fertilizer that affect the reservoir water quality due to that affect the reservoir water quality due to intensive agricultural farming. intensive agricultural farming.

High existence of Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus High existence of Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) in the Selorejo Reservoir (P) in the Selorejo Reservoir indicates the problem in the water quality of the reservoir.

5

Objectives

The objectives of this study are :The objectives of this study are :

To identify the sources of pollutants from agricultural and urban area

To apply the Soil and Water Assessment Tool Model (SWAT)

To evaluate the present reservoir water quality status

To predict the reservoir water quality which may change the land use scenario in future

6

Study Area• Brantas River is located in East Java Province

on the Java Island, Indonesia • It is the second biggest river in Java Island

that has a watershed of about 11,800 km2 and stretches about 320 km

• Brantas is divided into six sub basins : 1. Lesti River (625 km2), 2. Konto River (687 km2) 3. Widas River (1,539 km2), 4. Upstream Brantas River (6,719 km2), 5. Ngorowo River (1600 km2) and 6. Surabaya River (631 km2)

7

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Dam Genteng

Mt. Limas

Mt. Bromo

Mt. Semeru

Mt. Kelud

Mt. Anjasmoro

Mt. Arjuno

Mt. Wilis

Mt. Butak

Mt. Kawi

Sta. Pacet Sta. Trawas

Sta. Kedungrejo (5120)

Sta. Pujon (5103)

Sta. Batu (1101)

Sta. Doko (5106)

Sta. Tunggorono (1107)

Sta. Sutami Dam (0006)

Sta. Sengguruh (0004)

Sta. Kepanjen (1401)

Sta. Wagir (5009) Sta. Kayutangan (5021)

Sta. Tangkil (5001)

Sta. Jabung (1107)

Sta. Tumpang (1108)

Sta. Poncokusumo (5003)

Sta. Dampit (5014)

Sta. Selorejo (0020)

Sta. Porong (5510)

Sta. Tampung (0023)

Sta. Mojokerto (5501)

Sta. Jombang (5205)

Sta. Blimbing (3113)

Sta. Pare (3207)

Sta. Wates Kediri (0015)

Sta. Kertosono (5217)

Sta. Kediri (2102)

Sta. Tapan (2207)

Sta. Campur Darat (2220)

Sta. Besuki (2104)

Sta. Kampak (2225)

Sta. Tugu (5418)

Sta. Bendo (2217)Sta. Sooko (9904)

Sta. Pagerwojo (0024)

Sta. Jeli (0014)

Sta. Wilis (0016)

Sta. Sawahan (5311)

Sta. Berbek (0022)

Sta. Nganjuk (2410)

Sta. Tulung (9961)

Sta. Waduk Pacal (9902)

Sta. Wlingi Dam (8013)

Sta. Babadan

Sta. Ngadirenggo

Sta. Bantaran

Sta. Birowo (5126)Sta. Lodoyo (2313)

Sta. Sbr. Agung (0009)

Sta. Semen (5105)

Sta. Blitar (5112)

Sta. Kalidawir (5407)

LEGEND :

RIVER

BASIN BLOCK BOUNDARY

RAINFALL STATION

WATER LEVEL STATION

RAINFALL & METEOROLOGICAL STATION

0810

0900

0910

0930

0940

0950 0960

0990

0995

1000

4100

4110

1010

4600

1030

1020

1035

10391040

1060

1045

4600

1050

4700

1100

0780

0770

0730

0720

0700

0630

0610

0570

3020

3030

3010

0600

0500

0470 0450

04600440

04300400

0390

0380

0350 0290

0310

0300

0160

0150

0130

0100

0140

0750

0740

Stasiun Pemantauan Kualitas Air

Stasiun Pemantauan Kualitas Air (Lokasi Kajian Studi)

0280

0 5 10 15 20 25km

MALANG

BLITARTRENGGALEK

KEDIRI

TULUNGAGUNG

NGANJUK

JOMBANG

SURABAYA

SIDOARJO

SELAT M

AD

UR

A

8

Brantas River Basin Map

Selorejo watershed

9

Konto River Basin

• The study area is The study area is Selorejo Reservoir Selorejo Reservoir that located at that located at upstream of Konto upstream of Konto River Basin. River Basin.

• Selorejo watershed Selorejo watershed has a Catchment area has a Catchment area of 235 kmof 235 km22

• The maximum The maximum reservoir capacity is reservoir capacity is 62.30 Mm62.30 Mm33, with an , with an effective reservoir effective reservoir capacity of 50.10 Mmcapacity of 50.10 Mm33

10

The function of Selorejo Reservoir

• Water Supply• Water

irrigation• Hydro power• Tourism

11

Selorejo Watershed & Sub-basinSelorejo Watershed & Sub-basin

4

1

3

4

2

12

Land use in Selorejo WatershedLand use in Selorejo Watershed

4

Selorejo Dam

River

outlet!.

Legend

Mixed - Dry Field

Forest

Rice Field

Dry Field

Urban Area

6

5

4

3

2

Land Use Selorejo Cacthment

Selorejo Sub Basin

4

Land use 2000

Urban Area 20.64

Forest 92.66

Dry Field 36.35

Mixed – Dry Field 30.01

Rice Field 55.51

Total (km2) 235.17

13

Soil Type in Selorejo WatershedSoil Type in Selorejo Watershed

Selorejo Dam

River

outlet!.

Legend

ANDOSOL

MEDITERAN

REGOSOL

GRUMOSOL

Soil Type

Soil Type Area (km2)

%

Regosol 16.41 6.976

Grumosol 164.31 69.869

Mediteran 27.03 11.492

Andosol 27.42 11.662

Total (km2)

235.17 100%

14

MethodologyMethodology

Pre field-workPre field-work

(literature review, data gathering etc)(literature review, data gathering etc)Field-workField-work

(site visit, water samples on stream (site visit, water samples on stream and reservoir, etc)and reservoir, etc)

Modeling & SimulationModeling & Simulation

( set up model, input data, ( set up model, input data, calibration, etc)calibration, etc)

15

SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool)SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool)

The SWAT model was developed by the Agricultural Research Service-US Department of Agriculture.

The model predicts the impact of land management of practices on:- water- sediment- agricultural chemical yields

For use on large, complex watersheds withvarying soils, land use, and managementconditions over long periods of time

16

SWAT Input DataSWAT Input Data

Digital topography map Land use (land cover) Soil type Precipitation-

temperature Discharge Fertilizer-pesticide Tillage

Urban area Stream water quality Pond/reservoir data Ground water Soil chemical data Water use Water Management

17

18

Schematic of input and outputs of the SWAT model

19

Land use change scenario Land use change scenario

2000 2005 Land use 2000 2005 Change

(%)

Urban Area 20.64 22.71 9.11

Forest 92.66 88.96 -4.16

Dry Field 36.35 5.06 -86.08

Mixed – Dry Field 30.01 21.43 -28.59

Rice Field 55.51 97.01 42.78

Total (km2) 235.17 235.17Selorejo Dam

River

outlet!.

Legend

Mixed - Dry Field

Forest

Rice Field

Dry Field

Urban Area

6

5

4

3

2

Land Use Selorejo Cacthment

Selorejo Sub Basin

4

20

2005 2010

Land use 2005 2010 Change (%)

Urban Area 22.71 28.98 21.64

Forest 88.96 79.4 -12.04

Dry Field 5.06 12.56 59.71

Mixed – Dry Field 21.43 13.57 -57.92

Rice Field 97.01 100.66 3.63

Total (km2) 235.17 235.17   Selorejo Dam

River

outlet!.

Legend

Mixed - Dry Field

Forest

Rice Field

Dry Field

Urban Area

6

5

4

3

2

Land Use Selorejo Cacthment

Selorejo Sub Basin

4

21

-

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2/14

/00

4/14

/00

6/14

/00

8/14

/00

10/1

4/00

12/1

4/00

2/14

/01

4/14

/01

6/14

/01

8/14

/01

10/1

4/01

12/1

4/01

Years

Dis

char

ge (m

3/dt

)Measured

Simulated

Period 2000-2001 Period 2000-2001

Discharge CalibrationDischarge Calibration

22

ResultsResults

Result of SWAT simulation was divided into Result of SWAT simulation was divided into three phases, three phases,

Land AreaLand Area StreamStream ReservoirReservoir

23

Land AreaLand Area

The average monthly surface runoff for 2000, 2005 and 2010 The average monthly surface runoff for 2000, 2005 and 2010

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Jan Feb Mar Ap mei Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nop Des

Run

off (

mm

)

2000

2005

2010

24

Average Organic N (kg/ha)Average Organic N (kg/ha)

Average Monthly N Organic (kg N/ha) SUB Basin 3

0.000

0.100

0.200

0.300

0.400

0.500

0.600

0.700

0.800

Jan Feb Mar Aprl Mei Jun Jul agst Sept Oktb Nov Dec

Month

Org

an

ic N

(k

g N

/ha

)

2000 2005 2010

25

Average Organic P (kg/ha)Average Organic P (kg/ha)

Monthly P Organic (kg P/ha) SUB Basin 3

0.000

0.020

0.040

0.060

0.080

0.100

0.120

0.140

0.160

Jan Feb Mar Aprl Mei Jun Jul agst Sept Oktb Nov DecMonth

Org

anic

P (

kg P

/ha)

2000 2005 2010

26

StreamStream

Average Monthly Organic N Transported With Water Into Reach The Sub Basin 1

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

Jan Feb Mar Aprl Mey Jun Jul Agst sept Oktbr Nov Dec

Month

Org

anic

N (

g/l

t)

organic n 2000 organic n 2005 organic N 2010

27

Average Monthly Organic N Transported With Water Into ReachThe Sub Basin 4

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

Jan Feb Mar Aprl Mey Jun Jul Agst sept Oktbr Nov Dec

Month

Org

anic

N (

g/lt

)

organic n 2000 organic n 2005 organic N 2010

Nitrogen

28

Average Monthly Organic P Transported With Water Into ReachThe Sub Basin 1 Outlet

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.20

Jan Feb Mar Aprl Mey Jun Jul Agst sept Oktbr Nov DecMonth

Org

anic

P (

g/lt

)

organic P 2000 organic P 2005 organic P 2010

Phosphorous

29

Comparison of annual Nitrogen concentration Comparison of annual Nitrogen concentration from 2000-2005from 2000-2005

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Years

Nit

rog

en

(m

g/l)

Simulation

Measurement

Reservoir

30

Correlation between simulation and measurement Correlation between simulation and measurement RR22=0,61=0,61

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

Measured

Sim

ulat

ed

Nitrogen

R2 =0,61

31

PhosphorousPhosphorousComparison of annual P concentration from Comparison of annual P concentration from

2000-20052000-2005

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.50

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Years

Ph

os

ph

oro

us

(m

g/lt

)

Simulation

Measurement

32

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Mesured

Sim

ulat

ed

Phosphorous

R2=0,78

Correlation between simulation Correlation between simulation and measurement (Rand measurement (R22 =0,78) =0,78)

33

ConclusionConclusion

Available data land use from 2000-2005 and forecast Available data land use from 2000-2005 and forecast data from 2005-2010 was used to evaluate and estimate data from 2005-2010 was used to evaluate and estimate the changes of water quality of Selorejo Reservoirthe changes of water quality of Selorejo Reservoir

SWAT model has been applied to evaluate and estimate SWAT model has been applied to evaluate and estimate the Selorejo reservoirthe Selorejo reservoir

The simulation result was found to be under estimatedThe simulation result was found to be under estimated The change of land use may not have the direct and The change of land use may not have the direct and

significant effect to the drop of water quality significant effect to the drop of water quality Further study on other parameters is required to Further study on other parameters is required to

determine the causes of the drop of water quality in determine the causes of the drop of water quality in Selorejo ReservoirSelorejo Reservoir

34

AcknowledgementAcknowledgement

We would like to thank you the following for making this study possible– Department of Agriculture, Indonesia

– Department of Surveying, Indonesia

– East Java local authority

– University of Malaya, Malaysia

– Brawijaya University, Indonesia

35

YOUYOUTT HH AA NN KK