• 1) Evolutionary Theory - “State evolved from family” the head of the primitive family was the authority that served as the government.

• 2) Force Theory –emerged when all the people were brought under the authority of one person or group.

• 3) Divine Right Theory – The Gods have given the leaders the right to rule. (Ancient China, Egypt, etc)

• 4) Social Contract Theory – When the people give/surrender the power needed to maintain order to the state. Thomas Hobbs- people surrender rights in return for protection with no right to break contract; John Locke – Yes, but if gov’t fails to protect rights, people may justly break contract.

Chap 1, Sect 1

• Population:

• Territory: political boundaries defining a specific area

• Sovereignty: The state has supreme and absolute authority, within the territorial boundaries.

• Government: organized and with the power to make and enforce laws

Four Essential Features of a StateFour Essential Features of a State

Chap 1, Sect 1

• Maintain Social Order-

• Provide Public Services- • Provide National Security-.

• Provide for & control an Economic System

Purposes of GovernmentPurposes of Government

Chap 1, Sect 1

Additional Vocabulary• Consensus – agreement on basic means of government –

can encompass opposing points of view

• Nation – sizable group of people unified by common bonds (race, language, customs, etc.)

• Nation-State – when nation and state boundaries coincide

• Government - institution by which a state provides the four main purposes of gov’t

Chap 1, Sect 1

The Formation of GovernmentsThe Formation of Governments

Chapter 1, Section 2Chapter 1, Section 2

Chap 1, Sect 2

• Unitary System- gives all key powers to the national or central government. (local gov’t has limited power)

• Federal System- divides the powers of government between the national government and state or provincial governments.

Government SystemsGovernment Systems

Chap 1, Sect 2

• A constitution serve several major purposes.• 1.) sets out ideals that people are bound by the

constitution believe in and share. • 2.) It establishes the basic structure of government

and defines the governments powers and duties. • 3.) Provides the supreme law for country.

• Constitutions may be written or unwritten.

• Constitutional Government - constitution has authority to place clearly recognized limits on the powers that govern.

Chap 1, Sect 2

• Constitutions are important but Incomplete Guides to how a county is actually governed.

• 1) written constitution cannot spell out all laws, customs, & ideas

• 2) The constitution doesn’t always reflect the actual practice of government in a country.

• A Statement of Goals is set out in preamble.• Body of constitution may establish a framework

Chap 1, Sect 2

• Constitution provides the supreme law.

• Constitution law involves the interpretation and application of the constitution.

Chap 1, Sect 2

• Politics –The effort to control or to influence the conduct and policies of government .

• Importance of Politics conflicts in society are managed . . . Peaceful method of competing ideas.

PoliticsPolitics

Chap 1, Sect 2

• Major Inequalities Among Countries- • Industrialized nations - large industries and

advanced technology, more comfortable way of life.

• Developing nations - in the beginning of developing industrially.

• Growing Interdependence- more nations are depending on each other, economically and politically.

Governing in the Modern EraGoverning in the Modern Era

Chap 1, Sect 2

Types of GovernmentTypes of GovernmentChapter 1, Section 3Chapter 1, Section 3

Chapter 1, Chapter 1, Section 3Section 3

Autocracy – Power & authority to rule in the hands of a single individual – including Totalitarianism, Dictatorship, and monarchy.

Oligarchy – System of government in which a small group holds power (such as China or Korea).

Democracy – System of government in which rule is by the peopleDirect Democracy- citizens directly on governing issuesRepresentative Democracy – people elect representatives to vote on governing issues (also known as Republic andConstitutional Republic)Constitutional Monarchy- democracy whose “Head of

State” is a monarch

Chapter 1, Chapter 1, Section 3Section 3

Majority rule with minority rights (Constitutional Protections)

Free and open elections

Political Party – group of individuals with broad common interests who organize:

to nominate candidates for officewin electionsconduct governmentdetermine public policy

Democracy – from Greek: “demos” or the “people”and “Kratia” meaning “rule”

Chapter 1, Chapter 1, Section 3Section 3

Democracy functions best when:

1.Active Citizen Participation- Informed, vote, serve on juries2.Favorable Economy- free enterprise, helps maintainpolitical stability3.Widespread Education- helps provide informed electorate4.Strong Civil Society – independent organizations provide a venue for expressing ideas to the government5.Social Consensus – a general agreement regarding purposes and limits of government

Chapter 1, Chapter 1, Section 3Section 3

Economic Theories

Role of Economic Systems-1.What and how much to be produced.

2.How produced.

3.Who consumes.

Economics- study of human efforts to satisfy unlimited wants with limited resources.

Chapter 1, Section 4Chapter 1, Section 4

Capitalism-

Five main characteristics-

1. Private Ownership & control of property & resources

2. Free enterprise

3. Competition between businesses

4. Freedom of choice (decisions made by buyers & sellers)

5. Possibility of profits

Chapter 1, Section 4Chapter 1, Section 4

Chapter 1, Section 4Chapter 1, Section 4

Origins of CapitalismConcept gradually developed with the advent the free market,Which allowed entrepreneurs to make unlimited economic decisions.

1776 -Adam Smith, Scottish Philosopher & economist, provided Philosophy for this system. Wrote “The Wealth of Nations.”

Laissez-faire (means to “let alone”)- believed government should adopt a “Hands off” policy toward commerce

Mixed Market Economy

No nation has pure capitalism

In United States, government has assumed an ever

increasing role in our economy

(Ex.- Social Security System, TVA, food & travel regulations . . .)

Ours, and other countries economies, are a mixture of

free enterprise and government controls in the marketplace

SocialismGovernment owns the basic means of production, determinesUse of resources, distributes the product & wages, and Provides social services (health care, welfare, etc)

Three Main Goals1.Distribution of wealth and economic opportunities equally2.Government control of all major decisions about production3.Public ownership of most land. Factories & means of production

Democratic Socialism- allows government control of productionAnd economic decisions through elected officials (can stifle initiative& promote abusive taxation)

Communism

Theorem: All property held in common, so eventually no need for government

Command Economy –

How much to produceWhat to produce All decided by GovernmentHow to distribute(and to whom)

CommunismKarl Marx (1818-1883) – Father of Modern Communism

Anti-capitalist

Class warfare-Bourgeoisie (capitalists who own means of production)

VS Proletariat (workers who produce goods or services)