1 expressions –arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /, %, ++, --) preprocessor and defined constants...
TRANSCRIPT
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• Expressions– Arithmetic Operators (+, -, *, /, %, ++, --)
• Preprocessor and defined Constants– #define directive
Today’s Material
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What’s an Expression?• A mathematical formula that computes a value
– formed by operators (+, -, *, /, %, …)
celsius = (fahrenheit-32)/1.8;
area = 3.14*radius*radius;
circumference = 2*3.14*radius;
volume = length*width*height;
sum = sum + 5;
…
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Arithmetic Operators• Basic operators for performing arithmetic are
the same in many programming languages:
Modulus (remainder)%
Division/
Multiplication*
Subtraction-
Addition+
Binary operatorsBinary operators
Decrement--
Increment++Unary operatorsUnary operators
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Arithmetic Operators: Example
14sum = sum % 3
%Modulus
24sum = sum / 2
/Divide
84sum = sum * 2
*Multiply
24sum = sum – 2
-Subtraction
64sum = sum + 2
+Addition
Value of sum after
Value of Sumbefore
EquationOperatorOperation
34--sum--Decrement
54++sum++Increment
Value of sumafter
Value of sum before
EquationOperatorOperation
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Notes on / Operator• If both operands are integers, / performs
integer divisionint a = 5;int b = 4;int result = a/b; /* 1.25 -> 1 */printf(“result: %d\n”, result); /* will print 1 */
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Mixed Operands• If one of the operands is a float/double, the
other operand is implicitly converted to float/double before the expression is evaluated– If the l-value is an integer, the result is typecast
to int before assignment– If the l-value is a float/double, the result is
typecast to float/double before assignment
int result;float fresult;result = 5/4.0; /* 1.25 -> 1 */fresult = 5/4.0; /* 1.25 -> 1.25 */
printf(“result: %d, fresult: %.2f\n”, result, fresult);
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More on Unary Operators
• result = ++a; /* increment first, then assign */• Equivalent to:
a = a+1;result = a;
• result = --a; /* decrement first, then assign */
• Equivalent to:a = a-1;result = a;
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More on Unary Operators
• result = a++; /* assign, then increment */• Equivalent to:
result = a; a = a+1;
• result = a--; /* assign, then decrement */• Equivalent to:
result = a;a = a-1;
• Unary operators can be used with both int & float/double operands. But typically applied to ints
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Compound Assignment Operators
• Compound assignment operators:+= -= *= /= %= …
• For example:sum += data; /* sum = sum + data */a -= 6; /* a = a – 6; */product *= data; /* product = product*data */a %= 2; /* a = a%2 */a /= b+c; /* a = a/(b+c) */…
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Associativity & Precedence• When an expression contains more than one
operator of the same type, associativity rules apply
result = a+b+c; result = (a+b)+c; /* left associativity */
a = b = c; a = (b=c); /* right associativity */
• When an expression contains different operators together, precedence rules apply
result = a+b*c; result = a+(b*c); /* * has higher precedence than + */
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Associativity & Precedence Rules
right=, +=, -=, ..
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left+, -3
left*, /, %2
right -, ++, --1
AssociativityOperatorPrecedence
• It is difficult to remember all associativity and precedence rules
• So it is best to parenthesize the expression yourself to avoid ambiguity
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Expression Examples(1)int a = 10, b = 22;int result = a+b*3;printf("a: %d, b: %d, <result=a+b*3>: %d\n", a, b, result);
int a = 10, b = 22;int result = (a+b)*3;printf("a: %d, b: %d, <result=(a+b)*3>: %d\n", a, b,
result);
a: 10, b: 22, <result=a+b*3>: 76
a: 10, b: 22, <result=(a+b)*3>: 96
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Expression Examples(2)
int a = 7, b = 9, c = 4;int result = (a+10)%b/c;printf("a: %d, b: %d, c: %d, <result=(a+10)%%b/c>: %d\n", a, b, c, result);
int a = 7, b = 9, c = 4;int result = (a+10)%(b/c);printf("a: %d, b: %d, c: %d, <result=(a+10)%%(b/c)>: %d\n", a, b, c, result);
a: 7, b: 9, c: 4, <result=(a+10)%b/c>: 2
a: 7, b: 9, c: 4, <result=(a+10)%(b/c)>: 1
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Expression Examples(3)
int a = 7, b = 8;printf("a(before): %d, ", a);a*=b+1;printf("a(after): %d, b: %d\n", a, b);
a = b = c = 1; printf("a(before): %d, b(before): %d, ", a, b);a+=b+=c;printf("a(after): %d, b(after): %d, c: %d\n", a, b, c);
a(before): 7, a(after): 63, b: 8
a(before): 1, b(before): 1, a(after): 3, b(after): 2, c: 1
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Expression Examples(4)
a = 10; b = 5; printf("a(before): %d, b(before): %d, ", a, b);result = (a++ + ++b);printf("a(after): %d, b(after): %d, result: %d\n", a, b,result);
a = 10; b = 5; printf("a(before): %d, b(before): %d, ", a, b);result = (++a + ++b);printf("a(after): %d, b(after): %d, result: %d\n", a,
b,result);
a(before): 10, b(before): 5, a(after): 11, b(after): 6, result: 16
a(before): 10, b(before): 5, a(after): 11, b(after): 6, result: 17
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Example C Program (1)
#include <stdio.h>
/* Convert fahrenheit to celsius */main() { float fahrenheit, celsius;
printf(“Enter a temp in fahrenheit: “);
scanf(“%f”, &fahrenheit);
celsius = (fahrenheit-32)/1.8;
printf(“%f degrees fahrenheit equals %f degrees celsius\n”, fahrenheit, celsius);
}
Prompt the user and get the fahrenheit temperature to convert
celsius = (fahrenheit-32)/1.8
Print the fahrenheit and celsius degrees
StartStart
EndEnd
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Example C Program(2)#include <stdio.h>
/* Compute sum, product, avg of 2 ints */main() { int number1, number2; int sum, product, average;
printf(“Enter 2 integers: “); scanf(“%d%d”, &number1, &number2);
sum = number1+number2; product = number1*number2; average = sum/2;
printf(“sum: %d, product: %d, avg:%d\n”,
sum, product, average);} /* end-main */
Prompt the user and get number1 and number2
sum = number1 + number2
Print sum, product and average
product = number1 * number2
average =sum/2
StartStart
EndEnd
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Example C Program(3)#include <stdio.h>
/* Computes the circumference and area of a circle */main() { float radius, circumference, area;
printf(“Enter the radius: “); scanf(“%f”, &radius); circumference =
2*3.141592*radius; area = 3.141592*radius*radius; printf(“Circumference: %f, area:
%f\n”, circumference, area); } /* end-main */
Prompt the user to enter the radius
circumference = 2*3.141592*radius
Print circumference and area of the circle
area = 3.141592*radius*radius;
StartStart
EndEnd
Get radius of the circle
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The Need for Symbolic Constants
• In the previous C program, we twice used the number PI = 3.141592 inside the program
• Using such magic numbers inside of C programs usually leads to bugs– We may type one of the PI numbers wrong!– If we want to add more precision to PI, we need
to change all occurrences of the PI numbers, which may also lead to bugs
• Question: Is there a solution?– Yes: Symbolic constants
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Defining Symbolic Constants• Defined using the preprocessor directive
#define
• Example:
#define TRUE 1#define FALSE 0
#define PI 3.1415926535897932
• Using symbolic constants:– circumference = 2*PI*radius;– area = PI*radius*radius;
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Example C Program(3)#include <stdio.h>
#define PI 3.1415926535897932
/* Computes the circumference and area of a circle */main() { float radius, circumference, area;
printf(“Enter the radius: “); scanf(“%f”, &radius); circumference = 2*PI*radius; area = PI*radius*radius; printf(“Circumference: %f, area: %f\n”, circumference,
area); } /* end-main */
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Resolving Symbolic Constants
• Symbolic constants are resolved by the preprocessor before compilation begins– Preprocessors works like
find/replace– Replaces every occurrence
of PI with its definition 3.1415926535897932
– Preprocessor also removes comments from the code so that the compiler does not have to deal with them
prog.c
COMPILER
ASSEMBLER
LINKER
LOADER + OS
prog.s
prog.oprintf.o
scanf.o
prog.exe
program running
PREPROCESSOR
prog.i
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A Common #define Bug• Find the error here:
#define SIZE 5;int main(){ printf(“Size is %d\n”, SIZE);}
int main(){ printf(“Size is %d\n”, 5;);}
• After find/replace by preprocessor: