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Galenical PreparationsGalenical Preparations

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GalenicalsGalenicals Definition: Definition:

- Medicines prepared according to the - Medicines prepared according to the formulae of Galen.formulae of Galen.

- A medicinal preparation composed mainly of - A medicinal preparation composed mainly of herbal or vegetable matter.herbal or vegetable matter.

- It is prepared by extraction of crude - It is prepared by extraction of crude vegetable drugs (active principles) with vegetable drugs (active principles) with suitable solvent(s).suitable solvent(s).

- The term is now used to denote standard - The term is now used to denote standard preparations containing one or more active preparations containing one or more active constituents of a plant and made by a process constituents of a plant and made by a process that leaves the inert and other undesirable that leaves the inert and other undesirable constituents of the plant un-dissolved.constituents of the plant un-dissolved.

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GalenicalsGalenicals

Galen is a Greek anatomist Galen is a Greek anatomist

whose theories formed whose theories formed

the basis of Europeanthe basis of European

medicine until themedicine until the

RenaissanceRenaissance

(between 4(between 4thth and 17 and 17thth ) )

- Pharmaceutical preparations are- Pharmaceutical preparations are

divided into:divided into:

1. Galenical preparation1. Galenical preparation

2. Non-Galenical preparations2. Non-Galenical preparations

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GalenicalsGalenicals Nomenclature:Nomenclature:

GalenicalsGalenicals: Owing to Galen who discovered it.: Owing to Galen who discovered it.

MenstrumMenstrum: Solvent used for extraction (ex. : Solvent used for extraction (ex. water, alcohol, ether)water, alcohol, ether)

MarcMarc: The inert fibrous and other insoluble : The inert fibrous and other insoluble materials remaining after extractionmaterials remaining after extraction

Types:Types: Infusions- Decoctions- Fluid extracts- Infusions- Decoctions- Fluid extracts- Semisolid extracts – Dry extracts- Tinctures- Semisolid extracts – Dry extracts- Tinctures- Medical oils…..Medical oils…..

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GalenicalsGalenicals General method of Preparation:General method of Preparation:

1- Comminution (reducing substances to small 1- Comminution (reducing substances to small size).size).

2- Penetration of the crude drug by the 2- Penetration of the crude drug by the menstrum.menstrum.3- Dissolution of the active principles by the3- Dissolution of the active principles by the menstrum. menstrum.4-4- Diffusion of the dissolved active principlesDiffusion of the dissolved active principles through the cell wall to the surrounding through the cell wall to the surrounding menstrum. menstrum.5- Separation of the dissolved active principles 5- Separation of the dissolved active principles fromfrom the marc by straining, filtration or the marc by straining, filtration or expression.expression.

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1- Infusion1- Infusion

DrugDrug Crude drugs of light structure without dense Crude drugs of light structure without dense

tissues and containing water-soluble constituents. tissues and containing water-soluble constituents. The drug may be freshly broken, thinly sliced, cut The drug may be freshly broken, thinly sliced, cut

small, or coarsely powdered in order to facilitate small, or coarsely powdered in order to facilitate the solvent penetration. the solvent penetration.

MenstrumMenstrum Always water (cold or boiling).Always water (cold or boiling).

TimeTime Determined according to the amount of drug Determined according to the amount of drug

constituents to be extracted and the ease or constituents to be extracted and the ease or difficulty with which the water penetrate the drug.difficulty with which the water penetrate the drug.

ExamplesExamples Teas- Senna infusion- Infusion of senegaTeas- Senna infusion- Infusion of senega

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Follow: InfusionFollow: InfusionPreparationPreparation

1.1- Fresh (Dilute) Infusion1.1- Fresh (Dilute) Infusion The simplest of all methods of extractionThe simplest of all methods of extraction A definite weight of the crude drug in a certain state of A definite weight of the crude drug in a certain state of

subdivision (cut small, powdered…) is preparedsubdivision (cut small, powdered…) is prepared The calculated amount of hot or boiling menstrum The calculated amount of hot or boiling menstrum

(usually water) is added to the crude drug(usually water) is added to the crude drug Soak for a definite time Soak for a definite time During the period of infusion, the heat should be During the period of infusion, the heat should be

retained in the container and the content should be retained in the container and the content should be stirredstirred

After the time of infusion, the liquid is poured off or After the time of infusion, the liquid is poured off or strainedstrained

Do not press or squeeze the marc otherwise colloidal cell Do not press or squeeze the marc otherwise colloidal cell contents may be forced out giving a cloudy infusioncontents may be forced out giving a cloudy infusion

Such fresh infusion should be used within 12 hoursSuch fresh infusion should be used within 12 hours

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Follow: InfusionFollow: Infusion1.2- Concentrated (stock) infusion1.2- Concentrated (stock) infusion

To avoid rapid decomposition to which the fresh To avoid rapid decomposition to which the fresh (dilute) infusions are subjected.(dilute) infusions are subjected.

These preparations are not made by the These preparations are not made by the concentration of the dilute infusion by evaporation, concentration of the dilute infusion by evaporation, since thermal treatment will result in loss of the since thermal treatment will result in loss of the volatile principles.volatile principles.

Concentrated infusions prepared with alcoholic Concentrated infusions prepared with alcoholic menstrum or contain alcohol as a preservative.menstrum or contain alcohol as a preservative.

Concentrated infusion are not intended to be Concentrated infusion are not intended to be dispensed in the concentrated state, but upon use, dispensed in the concentrated state, but upon use, are are diluted with at least seven times their volume of diluted with at least seven times their volume of waterwater

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Follow: Follow: Infusion Infusion

Many medicines which were prescribed Many medicines which were prescribed required infusions of ingredients such as required infusions of ingredients such as bitter orange, cloves or senna.bitter orange, cloves or senna.

Originally the ingredients were left soaking Originally the ingredients were left soaking in hot water and then drained. Later, it was in hot water and then drained. Later, it was discovered that it was more effective if the discovered that it was more effective if the ingredients were suspended near the ingredients were suspended near the surface of the water, as that way more of surface of the water, as that way more of the drugs were extracted, this discovery led the drugs were extracted, this discovery led to the development of the infusion pot.to the development of the infusion pot.

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Follow: InfusionFollow: InfusionApparatusApparatus

Consist of covered jar Consist of covered jar ( made of earthenware, ( made of earthenware, stainless-steel, ceramic, stainless-steel, ceramic, glass, porcelain…) to glass, porcelain…) to which is fitted at certain which is fitted at certain height a perforated tray height a perforated tray upon which the crude upon which the crude drug may be allowed to drug may be allowed to rest in water being rest in water being poured over it.poured over it.

The plant may be The plant may be

enclosed loosely in a enclosed loosely in a small muslin bag and small muslin bag and suspended in the jar at a suspended in the jar at a height where it will be height where it will be just covered by the just covered by the liquid.liquid.

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Follow: InfusionFollow: Infusion

The perforated tray or muslin bag confers The perforated tray or muslin bag confers two advantages:two advantages:AA- Placing the drug near the top of the - Placing the drug near the top of the liquid rather than at its bottom gives liquid rather than at its bottom gives complete extraction because when the complete extraction because when the menstrum surrounding the drug becomes menstrum surrounding the drug becomes saturated, it will sinks to the bottom due to saturated, it will sinks to the bottom due to its increased density and another amount of its increased density and another amount of fresh menstrum displace it leading to fresh menstrum displace it leading to circulatory diffusion.circulatory diffusion.

B-B- At the end of infusion time, the drug can At the end of infusion time, the drug can be lifted out, leaving clear liquid which can be lifted out, leaving clear liquid which can be strained quickly.be strained quickly.

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Examples of infusionExamples of infusion

Concentrated infusion of Quassia (Concentrated infusion of Quassia ((( المر المر خشب خشبRx. Rx.

Quassia, cut small………………..80 gmQuassia, cut small………………..80 gmAlcohol (90%)…………………….250 mlAlcohol (90%)…………………….250 mlDistilled water, cold Q.S to……...1000 mlDistilled water, cold Q.S to……...1000 ml

Prepared by triple maceration.Prepared by triple maceration.1- Macerate Quassia with 650 ml of cold water for one hour, 1- Macerate Quassia with 650 ml of cold water for one hour, mix occasionally, strain and reserve the clear liquid.mix occasionally, strain and reserve the clear liquid.

2- Repeat maceration process twice, using 500 ml of cold 2- Repeat maceration process twice, using 500 ml of cold water for each maceration.water for each maceration.

3- Combine second and third maceration and evaporate to 100 3- Combine second and third maceration and evaporate to 100 ml.ml.

4- Mix liquid 3 with liquid 1, add alcohol and adjust the volume 4- Mix liquid 3 with liquid 1, add alcohol and adjust the volume to 1000 ml with cold distilled waterto 1000 ml with cold distilled water

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Examples of infusionExamples of infusionDose: 2 to 4 mlDose: 2 to 4 mlN.B: alcohol is added to the final product as a N.B: alcohol is added to the final product as a preservativepreservativeUse: Anti-malaria, Appetite stimulant (bitter Use: Anti-malaria, Appetite stimulant (bitter stomachic).stomachic).

Dilute infusion of QuassiaDilute infusion of QuassiaRx. Rx.

Concentrated infusion of Quassia………Concentrated infusion of Quassia……… 125 ml125 mlDistilled water, cold Q.S to………………..1000 mlDistilled water, cold Q.S to………………..1000 ml

PreparationPreparation: Just mix: Just mix

DoseDose: 15 to 30 ml: 15 to 30 ml

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Examples of infusionExamples of infusion

Dilute compound infusion of GentianDilute compound infusion of GentianRx. Rx.

Gentian, thinly sliced Gentian, thinly sliced …………………….12.5 gm…………………….12.5 gm

Dried bitter orange peel, cut small……Dried bitter orange peel, cut small……12.5 gm12.5 gm

Dried Lemon peel, cut Dried Lemon peel, cut small…………….12.5 gmsmall…………….12.5 gm

boiling water Q.S boiling water Q.S to……………………….1000 gmto……………………….1000 gm

PreparationPreparation: Macerate the solid drugs with 1000 : Macerate the solid drugs with 1000 gm of boiling water, then strain.gm of boiling water, then strain.

DoseDose: 15 to 30 ml: 15 to 30 mlUse:Use: Gentian is a bitter and is used to stimulate Gentian is a bitter and is used to stimulate

gastric secretion, strengthen the digestive gastric secretion, strengthen the digestive system and improve the appetite. system and improve the appetite. It should be given from half to one hour before It should be given from half to one hour before meals, preferably with juice.meals, preferably with juice.

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infusion ofinfusion of Senna Senna See the practical lab.See the practical lab.

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Follow: InfusionFollow: Infusion

General NotesGeneral Notes The drug is usually coarsely ground. Very fine The drug is usually coarsely ground. Very fine

powders should be avoided due to difficulty of powders should be avoided due to difficulty of separation from the infusion.separation from the infusion.

Where no specific directions are given, the Where no specific directions are given, the following general formula and procedure following general formula and procedure should be used : 50 gm Drug in 1000 ml should be used : 50 gm Drug in 1000 ml boiling distilled water (moisten 50 gm drug boiling distilled water (moisten 50 gm drug with 50 ml of cold water and allow to stand for with 50 ml of cold water and allow to stand for 15 minutes. Then, add boiling water to make 15 minutes. Then, add boiling water to make 1000 ml infusion).1000 ml infusion).

Infusions of readily Infusions of readily solublesoluble active principles active principles are prepared by maceration in are prepared by maceration in water coldwater cold. .

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General NotesGeneral Notes

Hot waterHot water extract the desired constituents extract the desired constituents more quickly than cold but has themore quickly than cold but has the disadvantages disadvantages of: of:

1- extracting inert materials that may 1- extracting inert materials that may precipitate upon cooling. precipitate upon cooling.

2- causing volatilization or destruction of 2- causing volatilization or destruction of certain principles. certain principles.

3- coagulation of albuminous matters 3- coagulation of albuminous matters within the drug cell and thereby inhibit the within the drug cell and thereby inhibit the extraction.extraction.

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2- Decoction2- Decoction

Definition:Definition:

- Solutions of the water soluble constituents - Solutions of the water soluble constituents of plant drugs prepared by boiling the drug of plant drugs prepared by boiling the drug with water.with water.

For extraction of drugs with water soluble For extraction of drugs with water soluble and non- volatile constituents, and drugs of and non- volatile constituents, and drugs of hard and woody nature.hard and woody nature.

Should be freshly prepared.Should be freshly prepared.

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Follow: DecoctionFollow: DecoctionPreparation: Preparation: Previously sliced drug barks or wood (5 parts) is boiled Previously sliced drug barks or wood (5 parts) is boiled

with water (100 or 120 parts) in a vessel of enameled with water (100 or 120 parts) in a vessel of enameled iron or earthenware for a definite length of time (15 iron or earthenware for a definite length of time (15 min.) counting from when the liquid starts to boil with min.) counting from when the liquid starts to boil with occasional stirring.occasional stirring.

To obtain highly concentrated decoction, boiling is To obtain highly concentrated decoction, boiling is continued until the liquid reduced to a certain volume.continued until the liquid reduced to a certain volume.

Allow to cool to about 40ºC, press the marc and mix Allow to cool to about 40ºC, press the marc and mix the resulting liquid to the decoction.the resulting liquid to the decoction.

At the end of decoction time, decoction is strained At the end of decoction time, decoction is strained through fine muslin or flannel according to the nature through fine muslin or flannel according to the nature of marc. Then, sufficient water is passed through the of marc. Then, sufficient water is passed through the strainer to produce a definite volume.strainer to produce a definite volume.

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Follow: Follow: DecoctionDecoction

ExampleExample: Cinchona bark : Cinchona bark or wood or wood (( الكينا الكينا خشب ((خشب(contains quinine)(contains quinine)UsesUses: treatment: treatment of of fever, fever, malaria and as an appetite malaria and as an appetite Stimulant. Stimulant. Also used in anemia, Also used in anemia, indigestion, indigestion, gastrointestinal disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, general fatigue.general fatigue.

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Comparison between infusion and Comparison between infusion and decoctiondecoction

ItemItem InfusionInfusion DecoctionDecoction

1- Plant1- Plant Soft structure (ex. Senna Soft structure (ex. Senna leaves)leaves)

Hard woody structure Hard woody structure (ex. Cinchona bark)(ex. Cinchona bark)

2- Menstrum2- Menstrum Boiling or cold waterBoiling or cold water Boiling waterBoiling water

3- Procedure3- Procedure Infusing the drug with Infusing the drug with cold or hot watercold or hot water

Boiling the drug with Boiling the drug with waterwater

4- Time4- Time Calculated as soon as Calculated as soon as water is added to drugwater is added to drug

Calculated as soon as Calculated as soon as the water begins to the water begins to boilboil

5- 5- Adjustment Adjustment of final of final volumevolume

No adjustment No adjustment Adjustment is Adjustment is necessarynecessary

6- Apparatus6- Apparatus Infusion earthenware potInfusion earthenware pot Any covered Any covered apparatusapparatus

7- Storage7- Storage Used fresh within 12 Used fresh within 12 hourshours

Used fresh and when Used fresh and when stored in refrigerator stored in refrigerator used within few daysused within few days