1 geothermal heat pumps a - z session 1 understanding geothermal heat pumps and their value to...
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Geothermal Heat Pumps A - ZSession 1
Understanding Geothermal Heat Pumps and their Value to Utilities
2012 Illinois Geothermal ConferencePeoria, IL
February 28, 2012
Paul BonyDirector Of Residential Market Development
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Introduction To Ground Source Heat pumps (GSHP)
Subjects to be covered• The history of GSHP• How GSHPs Work• Why GSHPs are of Value to Electric
Utilities
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Earth Energy – It’s Not New
• Earth energy system was first patented in Switzerland in 1912
• Residential system installed in Canada in 1950
Courtesy Mr. Ed Lohrenz, CGD, GeoXergy
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Heat Pump Systems are ReliableMr. Bill Loosley installed geothermal system in his home in Burlington, ON in 1950
Courtesy Mr. Ed Lohrenz, CGD, GeoXergyClimateMaster
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Mr. Loosley’s System:
Belt drive compressor
Air coil in old oil furnace
Desuperheater added to hot water
tankCourtesy Mr. Ed Lohrenz, CGD, GeoXergy
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Heat Pump Systems are Reliable
Compressor was initially powered by hand crank diesel motor… changed to electric motor (still being used!!) in 1953 when his wife couldn’t start it.
Courtesy Mr. Ed Lohrenz, CGD, GeoXergy
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GSHP Basics
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Geothermal Heat Pump Systems combine Sun, Earth and Water
using proven technology…
… to create “the most energy-efficient, environmentally clean, and cost-effective
space-conditioning system”(according to U.S. EPA 1993)
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Geothermal System Components
• Heat pump• Ground loop
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Heat Pumps Are All Around Us
Air conditioners and air-source heat pumps transfer heat from inside houses to the air outside
Refrigerators transfer heat from food into the kitchen
HEAT
BB
B
HEAT
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Heat Pump Components
Compressor Refrigerant reversing valve Fluid heat exchanger – ground loop (Coax) Metering device – TXV Air heat exchanger – air coil Electrical Controls
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Option
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Simple Concept
Water moves energy better than air does Water in the ground provides renewable energy
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Typical water-refrigerant Heat Exchanger used in most GSHP equipment
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47% of the solar energy falling on our planet is absorbed by the Earth’s surface…
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… maintaining a nearly constant temperature throughout the year just below ground
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Earth is a better Energy Source
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The Earth is the Source of Heat in Winter…
Outdoor air design temperature:-5°F72°F
50°F
A geothermal heat pump transfers underground heat into the building to provide heating
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…and an Efficient Place to Reject or Store Heat in Summer…
Outdoor air design temperature:95°F74°F
50°F
A geothermal heat pump transfers heat from the building into the ground to provide cooling
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…using Heat Pump Technology
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Geothermal heat pumps circulate water through a sealed underground piping loop where it is naturally warmed (or cooled) by the Earth
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Geothermal System Components
Ground loopThree basic designs
Horizontal
Open Loop
Vertical
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Vertical Closed-Loop Installation
DrillingPipe LoopInsertion
Heat Fusing
InsideConnection
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Geothermal Heat Pump Efficiency
1 unit of energy from the grid
Plus:3-5 units of “free” energyfrom the earth
Yields:4-6 units of energy for the building
400-600% Efficient ClimateMaster
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Geothermal Equipment
• The equipment keeps getting better• “COP’s” (% efficiency) are reaching 5 (500%)• Hybrid units can greatly reduce installation costs
• Fits load control and peak time pricing • Can be tied to a gas furnace for load control• Water to water units can support thermal storage
for expanded peak clipping
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Geothermal Heat Pumps
Self-containedheating, cooling and hot water
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Geothermal Heat Pumpsare one of the Most Effective
and Deployable Technologies…
… producing the lowest carbon dioxide emissions, including all source effects, of all available space-conditioning technologies
(EPA, 1993)
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“Ground Source Heat Pumps offer the greatest potential for
energy efficiency of any existing technology”
(EPRI Dec 2009)
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Buildings Dominate U.S. Energy Use and Carbon Emissionswith Heating, Cooling, and Water Heating being the Largest Contributors
Thermal Loads
Heating 9.2%
Cooling 4.3%
Hot Water 3.8%
Total 17.3%
~ 20% of all U.S. Carbon Emissions
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HVAC Energy Use ComparisonsReduces energy consumption by 50%
Conventional HVAC - Home
Geothermal HVAC - Home
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Ordinary Furnace Efficiency
5 - 30% of Energy Lost (unusable energy)
To Outdoors Through the Chimney
Only 70 - 95% of Energy Purchased Gets Into the Home
(usable energy)
1 Unit
Of Fuel Used To
Generate Heat
(Purchased)
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Geothermal Heat Pump Efficiency
1 unit of energy from the grid
Plus:3-5 units of “free” energyfrom the earth
Yields:4-6 units of energy for the building
400-600% Efficient
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Geothermal Heat Pumps
Demonstrated Residential Savings…
1300 Square Foot Habitat for Humanity Home
Energy Savings - Residential
-
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
kWh
per
M2
Jan-07 Feb-07 Mar-07 Apr-07 May-07 Jun-07 Jul-07 Aug-07 Sep-07 Oct-07 Nov-07 Dec-07
Geothermal Gas Furnace w A/C
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Habitat for HumanityHabitat for HumanityAverage of 16 Homes - Total Site Energy Use in 2007Average of 16 Homes - Total Site Energy Use in 2007
47% Site Energy Savings47% Site Energy Savings
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Demand Impacts
Each residential heat pump linked to geothermal system can reduce peak loads in (US DOE)
Summer by 1–2 KW vs. AC Winter by 4–8 KW vs. AAHP & ER
Residential (Electric Program)• Over 10 million residential consumers• Assume just 1 KW reduction per installation• 10,000 MW demand reduction
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Demand Impacts
GHP SummarykW/ton at 85 F Outside Air Temperature
EER GHP
#1
GHP
#2
GHP
#3
Average *Difference vs13 SEER AC
15.1 0.89 0.84 0.83 0.85 0.45
16 0.85 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.48
17 0.80 0.77 0.78 0.78 0.52
*Assumes 13 SEER AC at 105° F outside air temperature is about 1.3 kW/tonGHP EER of 15.1 is our minimum standard for rebate
GHPValue.5 kW/ton
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Demand Impacts
ClimateMaster is working with the Utility Geothermal Working Group and Oak Ridge National Lab to develop a national GSHP demand and energy savings “map” using eQuest (DOE 2) modeling for utility program managers.
Austin TX model results
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Demand Impacts
4 ton Geo vs. Conventional –Home Peaks – Denver Colorado
Avg. of 2.1kw savings
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Energy Savings - Commercial
Demonstrated Commercial Buildings Savings
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A Tale of Two Buildings
Palo Alto, CA Oklahoma City, OK
PROJECT RESULTS FROM:PROJECT RESULTS FROM:
A “side by side” Comparison of a Ground Source Heat Pump System vs.
Conventional HVAC System between two “identical” buildings.
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Oklahoma City - Garrett Buildings
Conventional 15,000 sq ft Built in 1987
Conventional Roof Top VAV Building
GHP 20,000 sq ft Built in 1997
40 boreholes drilled 250 feet deep on 20 foot centers and 3/4 inch PE pipe
16 Ceiling Mounted Units
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10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
kB
tu p
er
Sq
uare
Fo
ot
VAV System Geothermal
Total
Electricity
Gas
Garrett Office BuildingsActual Metered Annual Energy Use
2006-2007
47% Site Energy Savings47% Site Energy Savings
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2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
Jul-06 Aug-06 Sep-06 Oct-06 Nov-06 Dec-06 Jan-07 Feb-07 Mar-07 Apr-07 May-07 Jun-07
Watt
s p
er
Sq
uare
Fo
ot
VAV System
Geothermal
Garrett Office BuildingsMonthly Peak Demand 2006-2007
35% Peak Demand Reduction35% Peak Demand Reduction
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Load Factor (4 yr Monthly Average)
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Palo Alto, California Buildings
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2183 and 2185 Park Blvd Buildings
Two Stories
10,000 sq ft each
Built in the 1960s
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Palo Alto Buildings Energy Costs
construction
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Hourly Load Curve Sample 08/22/06
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Proven Benefits: GSHP retrofit of 4,000 buildings/homes at Fort Polk - 1994
Evaluation showed 33% kWh savings, 43% lower summer peak kW demand, and improved load factor (0.52 to 0.62)ORNL/CON-460 @ www.ornl.gov/sci/ees/etsd/btric/ground-source.shtml
Typical distribution feeder (16 in all)
Buried phone line to nearest pedestal
Current transducers on secondary leads to existing meter
New recording watt meter, modem,
and phone line
To recorder
Army’s existing meter
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Geothermal Heat Pumps
The difference in the before and after system efficiency = carbon emissions savings.
300,000 GSHP retrofits could save approximately the carbon emissions of a 500 mW coal plant (which serves 300,000 +/- homes!)
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Tri State Market
Kansas City, MO Vs. Louisville, KY
Kansas City– 4,750 heating degree days– 1,325 cooling degree days
Louisville– 4,610 Heating degree days– 1,443 cooling degree days
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Tri State Market
US DOE Build America model home– 2,400 sq. feet– 6 tons of heating & cooling– Gas water heater
GSHP with Desuperheater (TTS) Vs. Packaged Single Zone Unit with Gas
Furnace – 10 SEER central AC– 78 AFUE gas furnace
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Tri State Market
Electric (kWh) Geo ConventionalSpace Cool 2,392 6,389 Heat Reject. - - Refrigeration - - Space Heat 6,489 - HP Supp. - - Hot Water - - Vent. Fans 3,110 832 Pumps & Aux. 1,510 - Ext. Usage - - Misc. Equip. 9,770 9,770 Task Lights - - Area Lights 2,643 2,643 Total 25,913 19,634
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Tri State Market
Gas (kBtu) Geo Conventional
Space Cool - - Heat Reject. - - Refrigeration - - Space Heat - 174,696 HP Supp. - - Hot Water 4,273 17,523 Vent. Fans - - Pumps & Aux. - - Ext. Usage - - Misc. Equip. 2,753 2,753 Task Lights - - Area Lights - - Total 7,025 194,972
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Tri State Market
Combined Electric & gas savings (site Btu)– Geo
25,913 kWh X 3,413 Btu/kWh = 88,441,069 Btu 7,025,000 gas Btus 95,466,069 annual Btus
– Conventional gas & AC 19,634 kWh X 3,413 Btu/kWh = 67,010842 Btu 194,972,000 gas Btus 261,982,842 annual Btus
63.6 % annual savings – site Btu
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Tri State Market
Electric Demand (kW) Geo Conventional
Space Cool 3.1 7.6Heat Reject. 0.0 0.0Refrigeration 0.0 0.0Space Heat 0.0 0.0HP Supp. 0.0 0.0Hot Water 0.0 0.0Vent. Fans 0.7 0.4Pumps & Aux. 0.2 0.0Ext. Usage 0.0 0.0Misc. Equip. 1.8 1.8Task Lights 0.0 0.0Area Lights 0.1 0.1Summer peak 5.9 9.8
4.5 kW /.8 kW/ton
4kW/.7 kW per ton
40% peak demand reduction
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Tri State Market
GSHP with Desuperheater HVAC System AC & Gas FurnacePeak Time Max kw Peak Time Max kw
1/4/10 19:00 7.74 1/4/10 19:00 3.082/20/10 23:00 7.56 2/20/10 20:00 2.913/25/10 22:00 7.17 3/25/10 21:00 2.754/1/10 22:00 5.42 4/28/10 18:00 7.06
5/17/10 18:00 4.30 5/17/10 18:00 6.776/27/10 18:00 5.34 6/27/10 18:00 8.437/19/10 18:00 5.80 7/23/10 18:00 9.258/5/10 18:00 5.86 8/4/10 18:00 9.85
9/25/10 18:00 4.59 9/25/10 18:00 7.0510/14/10 18:00 4.85 10/14/10 18:00 7.7011/28/10 19:00 6.16 11/28/10 19:00 2.9912/17/10 20:00 8.18 12/17/10 19:00 3.17
Monthly Electric Peak Demand Comparison at Different Peak Time
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Tri State Market
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Tri State Market
GSHP with Desuperheater Gas Furnace & ACPeak Time Max kw Peak Time Max kw
1/4/10 19:00 7.74 1/4/10 19:00 3.082/20/10 20:00 7.38 2/20/10 20:00 2.913/25/10 21:00 7.17 3/25/10 21:00 2.754/28/10 18:00 4.44 4/28/10 18:00 7.065/17/10 18:00 4.11 5/17/10 18:00 6.776/27/10 18:00 4.99 6/27/10 18:00 8.437/23/10 18:00 5.48 7/23/10 18:00 9.258/4/10 18:00 5.61 8/4/10 18:00 9.85
9/25/10 18:00 4.14 9/25/10 18:00 7.0510/14/10 18:00 4.53 10/14/10 18:00 7.7011/28/10 19:00 6.16 11/28/10 19:00 2.9912/17/10 19:00 8.07 12/17/10 19:00 3.17
Monthly Electric Peak Demand Comparison at Same Peak Time
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Tri State Market
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Existing Housing Stock (# Homes) - 2005
Gas – 13.1millionElectric – 1.3 millionPropane – 1.1 millionHeat Pump – 800kOil – 700kOther – 700k
Gas – 5.3 millionElectric – 1.0 millionPropane – 800kHeat Pump – 400kOil – 200kOther – 200k
Gas – 5.7 millionElectric – 4.3 millionPropane – 800kHeat Pump – 900kOther – 400k
EIA 2005 ResidentialEnergy Consumption Survey
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Geo Heat Pump Retrofits in Existing Homes - Example of Annual Energy and Carbon Savings Potential
CO2 – 10.0 MMTSummer Peak – 1.9 GWWinter Peak– 0.3 GWElectric – 6.8 Billion kWhPrimary – 0.14 quad Btu
Geo Units – 1.0 millionCost - $10 to $14 billionSavings - $2.7 billion / yr
Assumed Market Penetration:25% of homes without access to natural gas
CO2 – 8.4 MMTSummer Peak – 1.2 GWWinter Peak– 0.8 GWElectric – 6.3 Billion kWhPrimary – 0.12 quad Btu
Geo Units – 0.6 millionCost - $6 to $8 billionSavings - $1.6 billion / yr
CO2 – 14.4 MMTSummer Peak – 3.1 GWWinter Peak– 9.7 GWElectric – 25.4 Billion kWhPrimary – 0.21 quad Btu
Geo Units – 1.5 millionCost - $15 to $21 billionSavings - $3.3 billion / yr
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Geothermal Heat Pumpsare the Most Efficient way to convert
Green Energy into Heating, Cooling and Water Heating
Making the most effective use of this precious resource
No Carbon Electricity = carbon free heating, cooling & water heating
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The payback on Geothermal Systemsis many times faster
than solar PV
But….Geo plus PV (or micro wind) can provide a zero energy home/building with no net off-site electricity or fossil fuel required
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Market Growth
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0,000
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09
North American Geothermal Industry Shipments
Single Family Residential - 63% of Total
Continued Growth Despite a Slow Economy
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GHP Market Growth
Since their introduction in the 1980’s, over 1.5 million geothermal heat pumps have been
installed in the united states
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Geothermal Heat PumpDOE Industry Roadmap Growth Goal
1 Million GHPs Annually by 2017 (39% CAGR)
Results in 3.3 million cumulative GHP installations by 2017 26 MMT annual CO2 reduction 520 MMT lifecycle CO2 reduction over 20 yr GHP life
Creates 100,000 new jobs
Conventional A/C and heat pump market is 6 to 8 million units annually
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Why All the Interest?
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Proven Technology •Millions of units installed world-wide in commercial and residential applications
Most Energy-Efficient and EnvironmentallyFriendly HVAC System Widely Available
•Water is a better heat transfer medium than air•Heat exchange loops tap the renewable energy of the Earth
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No Fossil Fuel•Improves safety•Eliminates service lines, flues, outside air intakes•No site emissions
Long Equipment Life•Factory sealed systems•Indoor installation – no exposure to the elements•Moderate compressor loading vs. air-source systems
Self Contained Compact Units•Hidden within attics or installed in closets
•No vandalism or theft concerns•Up-flow, horizontal, or down-flow single-package units•Split system and water-to-water units available
•If outdoors •Better aesthetics•No noise
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Using a Single Geothermal Heat Pump is Equivalent to
Planting an Acre of Trees
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The payback on Geothermal Systemsis many times faster
than solar PV
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Geothermal Systems can be Classified as:
SolarGeothermalRenewableAlternative
Demand-SideConservation
Energy-EfficiencyZero-Ozone Depleting
Environmentally Responsible
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Heat Pump Energy EfficiencyTake -aways
• Geothermal is the most efficient method of heating and cooling a home
• Geothermal is both a renewable and energy efficient technology
• Geothermal reduces utility peaks and improves load factor
• There is no question – IT DOES WORK!
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Thank You For Your Attention!Questions?
Paul Bony
970-249-8476
If you ever need a hand you can reach me at:
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