1 glycerophospholipids are the most abundant lipids in cell membranes. composed of glycerol, two...
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Glycerophospholipids are The most abundant lipids in cell membranes. Composed of glycerol, two fatty acids, phosphate
and an amino alcohol.
Glycerol
PO4Amino alcohol
Glycerophospholipids
Fatty acid
Fatty acid
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Glycerophospholipids Are Polar
A glycerophospholipid has Two nonpolar fatty acid chains. A phosphate group and a polar amino alcohol. CH3
│+ +
HO−CH2−CH2−N−CH3 HO−CH2−CH2−NH3
│ choline CH3 ethanolamine +
NH3
│ Amino alcohols HO−CH2−CH−COO−
serine
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Structure and Polarity of A Glycerophospholipid
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Lecithin and cephalin are glycerophospholipids Abundant in brain and nerve tissues. Found in egg yolk, wheat germ, and yeast.
Lecithin and Cephalin
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Sphingolipids
Sphingolipids Are similar to phospholipids. Contain sphingosine (a long-chain amino alcohol), a
fatty acid, phosphate, and a small amino alcohol. Have polar and nonpolar regions.
sphingosine
PO4amino alcohol
fatty acid
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Sphingosine
Sphingosine is a long-chain unsaturated amino alcohol.
CH3−(CH2)12 −CH=CH−CH−OH
│
CH−NH2
│
CH2−OH
sphingosine
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In sphingomyelin, a sphingolipid found in nerve cells There is an amide bond between a fatty acid and
sphingosine, an 18-carbon alcohol.
Sphingolipids
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Glycosphingolipids
Glycosphingolipids contain monosaccharides bonded to the –OH of sphingosine by a glycosidic bond.
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Glycosphingolipids (Cerebrosides)
Glycosphingolipids Are sphingolipids that contain
monosaccharides. Can be a cerebroside with galactose.
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Glycosphingolipids (Gangliosides)
Gangliosides Are similar to cerebrosides, but contain two or
more monosaccharides. Are important in neurons. Act as receptor for hormones and viruses. Can accumulate and cause genetic diseases.
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Gangliosides
GM2 is a ganglioside
That accumulates in Tay-Sachs disease.
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Lipid Diseases (Lipidoses)
In many lipid diseases, the deficiency of an enzyme causes the accumulation of glycolipids.
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TABLE 17.3
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Steroid Nucleus
A steroid nucleus consists of
3 cyclohexane rings.
1 cyclopentane ring.
No fatty acids.
steroid nucleus
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Cholesterol
Cholesterol Is the most abundant steroid in the body. Has methyl CH3- groups, alkyl chain, and -OH
attached to the steroid nucleus.
CH3
CH3CH3
CH3
HO
CH3
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Cholesterol in the Body
Cholesterol in the body Is obtained from meats,
milk, and eggs. Is synthesized in the liver. Is needed for cell
membranes, brain and nerve tissue, steroid hormones, and Vitamin D.
Clogs arteries when high levels form plaque.
A normal, open artery.
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An artery clogged by cholesterol plaque
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Cholesterol in Foods
Cholesterol is
Considered elevated if plasma cholesterol exceeds 200 mg/dL.
TABLE 17.4
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Bile Salts
Bile salts
Are synthesized in the liver from cholesterol.
Are stored in the gallbladder.
Are secreted into the small intestine.
Have a polar and a nonpolar region
Mix with fats to break them part.
Emulsify fat particles to provide large surface area.
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Bile Salts
OH
COO- Na+CH2
H
N
O
COHCH3
CH3
HO
CH3
glycine, an amino acid cholic acid, a bile acid
sodium glycocholate, a bile salt
Nonpolar region
Polar region
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Lipoproteins
Lipoproteins• Combine lipids with proteins and phospholipids.• Are soluble in water because the surface consists of
polar lipids.
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Types of Lipoproteins
Lipoproteins Differ in density, composition, and function. Include low-density lipoprotein (LDLs) and high-density
lipoprotein (HDLs).
TABLE 17.5
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Transport of Lipoproteins in the Body
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Steroid Hormones
Steroid hormones Are chemical
messengers in cells. Are produced from
cholesterol. Include sex hormones
such as androgens (testosterone) in males and estrogens (estradiol) in females.
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Adrenal Corticosteroids
Adrenal corticosteroids are steroid hormones that Are produced by the adrenal glands located on
the top of each kidney. Include aldosterone, which regulates electrolytes
and water balance by the kidneys. Include cortisone, a glucocorticoid, which
increases blood glucose level and stimulates the synthesis of glycogen in the liver.
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Adrenal Corticosteroids
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Anabolic Steroids
Anabolic steroids Are derivatives of testosterone. Are used illegally to increase muscle mass. Have side effects including fluid retention, hair growth,
sleep disturbance, and liver damage.
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Cell Membranes
Cell membranes Separate cellular contents from the external
environment. Consist of a lipid bilayer made of two rows of
phospholipids. Have an inner portion made of the nonpolar tails of
phospholipids with the polar heads at the outer and inner surfaces.
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Fluid Mosaic Model of Cell Membranes
The lipid bilayer Contains proteins, carbohydrates, and
cholesterol. Has unsaturated fatty acids that make cell
membranes fluid-like rather than rigid. Has proteins and carbohydrates on the surface
that communicate with hormones and neurotransmitters.
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Fluid Mosaic Model
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Transport Through Cell Membranes
The transport of substances through cell
Membranes involves
Diffusion (passive transport), which moves particles from a higher to a lower concentration.
Facilitated transport, which uses protein channels to increase the rate of diffusion.
Active transport, which moves ions against a concentration gradient.
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Transport Pathways Through Cell Membranes
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