(1) human movement
DESCRIPTION
Materi Kuliah PSPD FK UnudTRANSCRIPT
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MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
I NYOMAN MANGKU KARMAYA
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WHAT’S MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
1. MUSCULAR SYSTEM (MYOLOGY)
2. SKELETAL SYSTEM (OSTEOLOGY)
3. ARTICULAR SYSTEM (ARTHROLOGY)
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WHY MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM ?
1. NORMAL – ABNORMAL
2. DAILY – PARTICULAR ACTIVITIES
3. HEALTH - DISEASE
4. PREVENTION-CURE-REHABILITATION
5. BASIC – CLINICAL SCIENCES
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WHAT ASPECTS ?
1. ANATOMY
2. HISTOLOGY
3. PHYSIOLOGY
4. BIOCHEMISTRY
5. CLINICAL
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Clinical aspects
• Congenital
• Infection
• Trauma
• Degenerative
• Malignancy
• Metabolism
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Human musculoskeletal system
• also known as the locomotor system is an organ system that gives animals the ability to move using the muscular and skeletal systems.
• The musculoskeletal system provides form, stability, and movement to the human body.
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It is made up of the
• bones (the skeleton),
• muscles,
• cartilage,
• tendons,
• ligaments,
• joints,
• and other connective tissue
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Sheldon's Somatotype
Character Shape
Endomorph [viscerotonic]
relaxed, sociable, tolerant, comfort-loving, peaceful
plump, buxom, developed visceral structure
Mesomorph [somatotonic]
active, assertive, vigorous, combative
muscular
Ectomorph [cerebrotonic]
quiet, fragile, restrained, non-assertive, sensitive
lean, delicate, poor muscles
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The Human Skeletal System 22 bones in skull6 in middle ears1 hyoid bone26 in vertebral column25 in thoracic cage
4 in pectoral girdle60 in upper limbs60 in lower limbs2 in pelvic girdle
206 bones in all
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206 bones in the adult body and perform
five main functions
• Provide support for the body
• Store minerals and lipids
• Produce blood cells
• Protect body organs
• Provide leverage and movement
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Arteries :
1. Periosteal a.
2. Nutrient a.
3. Metaphysial and epiphysial aa
Veins:
Accompany arteries through nutrient a
Lymphatics (vessels) abundant in periosteum)
Nerves:
Periosteal nerves (pain fibers)
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In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage
During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone
Cartilage remains in isolated areas
Bridge of the nose
Parts of ribs
Joints
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TYPES OF BONES
a. Long Bones. Example: femur.
b. Short Bones. Example: carpal bones.
c. Flat Bones. Example: the cranial frontal bone.
d. Irregular Bones. Example: a vertebra.
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Appendicular skeleton
Axial skeleton
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Axial skeletonskull (cranium and facial bones) hyoid bone (anchors tongue and muscles
associated with swallowing) vertebral column (vertebrae and disks) thoracic cage (ribs and sternum)
Appendicular skeletonpectoral girdle (clavicles and scapulae)upper limbs (arms)pelvic girdle (coxal bones, sacrum, coccyx)lower limbs (legs)
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AXIAL SKELETON
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1. neurocranium:
• Calvaria
• Cranial base
2. Viscerocranium
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What is PTERION?
The skull
8 sutured bones in craniumFacial bones: 13 sutured bones, 1 mandible
Craniumencases brainattachments for musclessinuses
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Paranasal SinusesParanasal Sinuses
Slide 5.25a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
Figure 5.10
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SINUS
AP VIEW
FRONTAL SINUS
ETHIMOID SINUS
ORBIT
NASAL SEPTUM
GREATER WING OF SPHENOID
MAXILLARY SINUS
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SINUSCALDWELL VIEW
FRONTAL SINUS
SPHENOID BONE
MAXILLARY SINUS
INFERIORTURBINATE
MANDIBLE
HARD PALATEMASTOIDAIR CELLS
ORBIT
ETHMOID
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FRONTAL
SINUS
MASTOID AIR CELLS
ANTERIOR C
LINOID
POSTERIO
R CLIN
OID
MAXILLARY
SINUS
SPHENOID
SINUS
FLOOR OF CRANIAL FOSSA
ETHMOID SINUS
SELLA TURCIC
A
LAMBDOID SUTURE
HARD PALATE
CORONAL SUTURE
LATERAL SKULL
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The Hyoid BoneThe Hyoid Bone
Slide 5.26Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The only bone that does not articulate with another bone
Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
Figure 5.12
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Coccygeal
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Vertebral column
7 cervial vertebrae12 thoracic5 lumbar1 sacrum (5 fused 1 coccyx (4 fused)
Vertebrae vary in size and morphology
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Parts of avertebra
Corpus (1)
Pedicle (4)
Lamina (6)
Foramen vertebralis (5)
Facies articularis (7)
Processus transversus (3)
Processus spinosus (2)
The lesser load the smaller in size
Arcus vertebralis
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WHAT IS THE DIFFERENS BETWEEN CERVICAL, THORACAL,
LUMBAL, SACRAL AND COCCYGEUS ?
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INTERVERTEBRAL DISC
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Types of bone breaks/fracture
1.Simple- skin is not pierced2.Compound- skin is pierced3.Complete- bone is broken in half4.Partial- broken lengthwise but not
into two parts5.Greenstick- incomplete break on
outer arc6.Comminuted- broken into
severalpieces7.Spiral- twisted
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The Human Muscular System
• The muscles of your body produce movement by pulling, not pushing.
• If all your muscles pulled in one direction, your could lift almost 25 tons
• Their functions: movement, facial expression, protection (fight/flight), abdominal visceral fixation, respiration/breathing, temprature regulation, body shape/building
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• Types of muscles:
• Cardiac - involuntary muscle of the heart wall.
• Smooth - involuntary muscle of the stomach, intestine, and blood vessels.
• Skeletal - voluntary, striated muscles attached
to bones.
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Nerve and Muscle--the Motor Unit• Motor neurons review
– Ventral horn spinal cord– Ventral root to spinal nerve to
dorsal or ventral ramus– Nerve is bundle mixed
neurons– One motor neuron synapes
with several muscle cells
• Motor Unit is one motor neuron plus the muscle cells it synapses
• “Action potential”--controlled conduction of electrical messages in neurons and muscle by depolarization of cell membrane
Fig. 14.6, M&M
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Neuro-Muscular Junction
Action potential in nerves triggers chemical release at synapse which triggers action potential in muscle
Fig. 14.5, M&M
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See also photo in Fig. 10.2 from M&M to see capillaries around muscle cells
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more than 600 muscles in your body, you should know
the location of at least the following skeletal muscles
The Arms
Deltoid abducts arm
Biceps brachii flexes forearm supinates forearm from neutral
Triceps brachii extends forearm
The Legs
Sartorius flexes hip and knee
Rectus femoris extends knee
Gluteus maximus extensor of hip rotates thigh
Biceps femoris flexes knee
Gastrocnemius flexes ankle
stabilizes ankle and knee when standing
The Trunk
Pectoralis major adducts humerus
Rectus Abdominus
produces trunk motions
Trapezius elevates and rotates scapula
Latissimus dorsi rotates humerus
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Insertion
Origin
1. When muscle contracts, it shortens and causes movement
2. Skeletal muscles attached to bones by tendons
3. Insertion- attachment to more movable bone
4. Origin- less movable
5. Flexors and extensors act on the same joint to produce opposite actions
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• Muscle attachment:
• Origin - point of attachment on the stationary bone.Insertion - point of attachment on the moving bone.
• Directions of movement: – Flexion - brings a body part forward. – Extension - moves a body part to the rear. – Abduction - moves an appendage laterally from the midline. – Adduction - moves an appendage toward the midline. – Circumduction - movement of an appendage in a circle around
a joint. – Pronation - rotating the palm of the hand downward. – Supination - rotating the palm of the hand upward. – Inversion - turning the toes of the foot inward. – Eversion - turning the toes of the foot outward.
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Muscle movement:
• Most skeletal muscles work in groups:
– Agonists (prime movers)- muscles primarily responsible for an action due to their contraction.
– Antagonists (oppose the agonist action) - muscles that relax to smooth the action of the agonists.
– Synergists : complement the action of prime movers– Fixators: steady the proximal parts of a limb while
movements occuring in distal parts
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When muscle contracts, it shortens and causesmovement
Skeletal muscles attached to bones by tendons
Insertion- attachment to more movable boneOrigin- less movable
Flexors and extensors act on the same joint to produce opposite actions
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Some Elementary Skeleto-Muscular Mechanics
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SIMPLE PULLEY SYSTEM
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FACIAL EXPRESSION
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Muscle of back:
1.Superficial/extrinsic
2.Deep/intrinsic
• Superficial
• Internediate
• Deep
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TERIMAKASIHKU