1- initial lesions
TRANSCRIPT
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Functions of skin:1. Protection2. Temperature regulation3. Sensation4. Excretion
5. Synthesis of vitamin D6. Absorption7. Psychogenic function
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For diagnosis of a dermatologicaldisease, certain items must befulfilled;
1- History taking.2- Clinical examination.
3- Investigations (if needed).
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A) History
1-Personal History:A) Name: for patient identification.
B) Age & sex: certain diseasesoccur in certain age and sex. (acne& C.T)C) Occupation:skin exposed toexternal environment. (house wives)D) Residence: endemic disorder suchas leprosy.
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2-Present History:A)Complaint: may be disfigurement,itching or burning sensation.B)Onset: acute, chronic or acuteexacerbation on top of chronicillness.C)Course: progressive, stationaryor regressive.
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3-Past History:Important in recurrent disorders.
4-Family History:Important in congenital andinfestation disorders.
5-Drug History:Drugs taken before appearance ofthe disease.
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B) Clinical Examination
1- General examination:Skin disorders associated with
systemic disorders.2- Local examination:I) Examination of skin:
1- Examination from distance.2- Close-up examination.II) Examination of skin appendages:Mucus membrane, nails and hair.
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Examination of the skin:
A) From distance:Shows the distribution of
lesions that may be:1) Discrete distribution:Multiple lesions separatedby normal skin.2) Unilateral distribution:Lesions involving only oneside of the body.
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3) Generalized distribution:Lesions involving more than50% of body surface area.
4) Grouped distribution:Lesions are restricted toa localized area.
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5) Linear distribution:Lesions are arranged a long
a line. It may be Kobner`sphenomenon which isappearance of isomorphic
lesions along the site ofblunt trauma.6) Zosteriform distribution:Lesions are restricted tocertain dermatome.7) Follicular distribution:Lesions are arranged along
hair follicles.
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Shows the border oflesions that may be:1) Well defined border:Marked separation
between the edge ofthe lesion and normalskin.
2) Ill defined border:Difficult to identify theseparation line betweenthe lesion and normal
skin.
B)Close-up examination:
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3) Circinate border:The lesion increases in size byperipheral extension and healing at the
centre.
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Types of Skin LesionsSkin lesions may be:
1-Initial lesions.2-Secondary lesions.3-Specific lesions.
A) Initial Lesions1) Macule:It is discolouration
of skin less than onecm in diameter. Iflarger than one cm,
it is called patch.
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2) Papule:Solid elevation of theskin less than one cm indiameter. If more thanone cm, it is calledplaque.a) Dome shaped:
Papule with smoothconvex surface.
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b) Flat topped:Papule with flatsurface. It is described
as lichenoid papule.
c) Umbilicated:Dome shaped papulewith central notch.
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d) Verrucous:Papule with finemammilated surface.
3) Nodule:Elevated solid skin
lesion with dermalextension.
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4) Vesicle:Fluid containing
lesion less than onecm in diameter. Iflarger than one cm,
it is called bulla.
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Subepidermal separation Tense bulla
Flacid bullaIntraepidermal separation
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B) Secondary Lesions
1) Pustule:It is elevated
lesion containingpus.
2) Scales:It is dry surfacedue to abnormal
keratinization.
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Types of Scales:
a) Fine branny:Pytriasis versicolor
b) Greasy:Seborrheic Dermatitis
c) Lamellar:Psoriasis
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Types of Scales:
d) Fish scales:Ichthyosis
e) Collarette:Pityriasis rosea
f) Horny (Keratotic):Discoid LE
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3) Crust:It is driedexudate, eitherpus or blood.
4) Erosion:It is superficialepidermal loss.
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5) Ulcer:
It is deep dermalloss, thus it hascharacteristic edge.
6) Fissure:It is longitudinaldiscontinuity of the
skin.
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7) Atrophy:
It is thinning ofskin due to thinningof epidermis or
dermis or both.
8) Scar:It is replacement ofthe skin by fibrous
tissue.
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9) Lichenification:It is a descriptive
term of 3 criteria:A) Thickening of skinB) Hyperpigmentation
C) Increased skinmarkings
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3) Comedone:It is specific to acne. It
is either:A)Black head: papulewith central black spot.
B)White head: small palepapule.4) Tunnel (Burrow):
It is specific forscabies. It is a curvedline due to burrowing of
female mite to skin.
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5 Target esion:It is specific to erythema
multiforme. It consists of 3zones:A)Central zone: cyanotic.B)Intermediate zone: pale.
C)Outer zone: erythematous.6) Herald patch :It is specific for P. rosea.
It has 3 concentric zones:A)Central café au lait.B)Peripheral erythematous.C)Intermediate collaretic
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Examination of skin appendages
A) Examination of mucus membranes
Erosion Ulceration
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White Streaks
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Examination of skin appendages
B) Examination of nails
Nail Pitting Nail Discolouration
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A) Examination of nails
Nail Fold
Swelling
Nail Dystrophy
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C) Examination of hair
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C) Examination of hair
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INVESTIGATIONS
There are certain investigationsspecific to the skin that can help inthe diagnosis of some skin diseases.1- Wood`s light.2- Skin scrapping.3- Patch testing.4- Immunoflourescent.5- Skin biopsy and histopathology.
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1- Wood`s Light:
It is a special ultraviolet lightwhich if thrown to:-- Normal skin, it reflects deep
violet colour.- Pityriasis versicolour, it reflectsgolden yellow colour.
- Erythrasma, it reflects deep redcolour.- Tinea Capitis, it reflects brilliant
green colour.
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Wood`s Light Examination
1 2
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2- Skin Scrapping:It is used for diagnosis of fungalinfection of skin.
Procedure:Skin is scratched by scalpel. Theresulted scales are placed on glass
slide, then 10% KOH is added andexamined under the microscope.
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Scrapping ofSkin by Scalpel
Hyphae ofDermatophytes
Skin Scrapping
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Hair Sample
Endothrix Ectothrix
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Positive ResultPatch Testing
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Positive Immunoflourescence
1 2
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5- Skin Biopsy:It demonstrates the pathological changesin the diseased area. It is usuallydiagnostic.Histology of skin (epidermal layers):1- Horny layer (stratum cornium)2- Granular cell layer (stratum granulosum)
3- Prickle cell layer (stratum spinosum)4- Basal cell layer (stratum basale)
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Horny layer
Granular cell layer
Prickle cell layer
Basal Cell Layer
Basement Membrane
Melanocyte
Dermis
Histology of Skin
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1-Hyperkeratosis:increased thickness
of horny layer or stratum cornium.2-Parakeratosis: retention of nucleiin horny layer or stratum cornium.
3-Hypergranulosis: increasedthickness of granular cell layer orstratum granulosum.
Pathological Terms:
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4-Acanthosis: increased thicknessof prickle cell layer. Either
uniform or saw tooth acanthosis.5- Spongiosis: edema of pricklecell layer or stratum spinosum.
6-Acantholysis: loss of coherencebetween Cells of prickle cell layer
or stratum spinosum.
Pathological Terms:
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Ther apy
in
D erm atology
Ther apy
in
D erm atology
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Effects of Locally Applied Drugs
Antibacterial topical medications: destroy or inhibit
bacteria. Example: gentamycin, fusidic acid,
erythromycine, tetracycline, neomycin, and
chloramphenicol
Antiviral Topical Agents: destroy of inhibit viruses.
Example: acyclovir
Emollient Agents: soften skin surface. Example: cold
cream and vasline
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Types of Topical Medications
Compresses: remove the crust. Example:
potassium permenganate 1/8000 and saline
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Types of Topical Medications
Drying Agents: dry oozing skin. Example:
gentian violet 1% and microchrome 1%
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Creams:They are semisolid emulsion systems containing
both oil and water. They are water miscible, cooling
and soothing, and are well absorbed into the skin.
They are used in acute oozing skin disorders.
Types of Topical Medications
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Creams
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Gels:
They are semisolid preparations gelled with highmolecular weight polymers, such as methylcellulose.
They are non-greasy, water miscible, easy to apply and
wash off.
They are especially suitable for treating hairy parts of the body.
Types of Topical MedicationsTypes of Topical Medications
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Gel
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Paints:
They are liquid preparations, either aqueous, oralcoholic (tinctures), which are usually applied with a
brush to the skin. They evaporate, and are therefore
cooling as well as astringent and antiseptic.
They may also be used as protectives to sealabrasions.
Types of Topical MedicationsTypes of Topical Medications
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Paint
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Q uantity of Creams to prescribe
Factors affecting the quantity:
Type of dermatoses: acute or chronic
Base of topical medication: ointments spreadover skin more than creams
Intelligence of the patients: educated patients
usually consume smaller amounts
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Q uantity of Creams to prescribe
AmountNeeded
Duration of Application
Frequencyof
Application
Surface Area
15 grams14 daysb.i.d.Hand1
30 grams14 daysb.i.d. Arm2
60 grams14 daysb.i.d.Leg3
480-960grams
14 daysb.i.d.EntireBody
4