1 integrated human development integrated human development an alternative indian model of...
TRANSCRIPT
1
Integrated Human Development An alternative Indian model of Sustainable Development
A preliminary draft for discussion
Overview• Introduction
• Current Crisis
• Some existing relevant measures
• Roots of the crisis
• Exploring options
• Economic achievements over millennia
• Indian worldview
• Indian concept of development
• Parameters of Development
• Task Ahead
2
Introduction Today’s socio – political debate revolves around development agenda
Economic growth forms the core of development action
Globally, there is a rat race to increase economic growth
Economic growth has resulted in huge crisis leading to
Depletion of natural resources
Increase catastrophes and threat to food and agriculture
Alarming impacts on society
Assault on cultural diversity
Paradoxically growth based development has been detrimental to very existence and
survival of life on earth in total
Hence an urgent need to establishing a holistic and integrated approach to development
Ancient Indian society was known to have such model
3
Current Crisis
Environmental disaster Excess fossil fuel consumption – expected scarcity by 2050
Natural gas and Coal will be severely scarce commodity by 2080 and 2100
25% increase in pandemic and epidemic communicable disease in 10 years
Sea level rise due to polar ice melt would submerge more than 50 islands globally 2050
accounting more than 3.5 million refugees in India and Bangladesh
Ganga glacier melt – by 2050 would impact more than 4 million people in gangetic delta
38% of land area is used for agriculture, and sea level rise by 2050 would reduce minimum of 5%
of land surface
Every year 13 million hectares of forest lost globally, adding to climate change and global
warming
Nearly 17,000 species biodiversity threatened on which more than 1.5 billions of people are
directly dependent for their livelihoods
5
Crisis : Food and agriculture Globally 1 billion people are under nourished
40% reduction in global soil productivity - expected chronic food scarcity by
2050
Depletion in genetic diversity – ex, In India 42000 rice varieties were grown
before green revolution – today fewer than 500 variety grown
Almost 80% of global fish stock is over exploited by 2009
40% of the earth will face physical scarcity of fresh water by 2025
70% freshwater is used for agricultural production in 2007 and More than
30% of fresh water decline is expected by 2025
Global warming is predicted to reduce 30% wheat and 15% irrigated rice
production by 2050 in developing countries
Global grain reserve declining steeply since 2000 – lowest in 2009
Constant increase in landless rural livelihood - accounts 22% in India in 20086
Impact on Society The rich - poor divide has increased from 3:1 in 1820 to 72:1 in 2006 with One third of the
world lives below the poverty line
1.6 billion people live with vulnerable employment and the poorest 50% of the world’s adult
population receives 1% of global wealth
Around 9 million children die under the age of 5 due to lack of Medicare, 100 million children
globally are homeless and sleep on streets
2.6 billion people globally lack access to sanitation
Globally, 75 million children (55 % girls) with no schooling - 776 million adults (16 % of adult
population) lacked basic literacy skills —two-thirds of whom were women
In India – divorce doubled in past 10 years with 3.6% increase in crime rate
In India increase in crime against women by 17% and crime against Children by 10.2%
Increased urbanization – More than half the globe in cities by 2050 - 33% of urban population
– slum dwellers today
In India - Cyber fraud increased by 44.9% in one decade of which people under age group 18-
30 accounted for 61.2% of the offence7
Impact on Culture More than 350 million indigenous community, accounting 6% of global
population spread over 72 countries facing threat of extinctions. Of around 8000 language spoken globally, over 11.5% (600) of the language
has less than 150 speakers and 95.2% of languages are listed threatened globally
Dominance of English as single communicative language is threat to multilingualism, identity and by 2050 half the world will have single lingua franca
Culture Industry – accounts 3.4% of global GDP – economic promotion of culture
Annual steady 4% increase in ethnic violence - displacing of over 20 million people
3 billion people use disappearing traditional medicine as primary health care Homogenization of food consumption – 2 decades there has been 94.5% shift
towards rice and wheat – reduction in crop and food diversity8
Some relevant measures
Important measures of development
GDP is the principal measure of growth for more than half a century and still
continues to be the dominant indicator
Only few indicators are known to address issues of happiness, well being and
sustainability
More than 20 indicators have been used to measure progress
Sense of incompleteness is prevalent in all the available measures
Some of the most important ones are
Human Development Index (HDI)
Ecological Footprint (EF)
The Happy Planet Index (HPI)
Gross National Happiness (GNH)10
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Considered as measure of progress and economic growth
The value of output of goods and services produced during one year
Can be viewed as being national income, national output or aggregate
demand (AD)
GDP per capita – GDP divided by the population (GDP per head)
It is only an aggregate monitory measure
A large set of services are not accounted
Cannot measure welfare objectives
Cannot measure natural stock and ecosystem services
No opportunity to incorporate culture11
Human Development Index (HDI) HDI – A socio-economic measure (1990 – World Bank)
Revised measure in 2010
Earlier HDIs measured Longevity , Knowledge and Income poverty
Focus on multiple dimensions of human welfare:
Health and Education
Well being and happiness, Multidimensional poverty
Environmental vulnerability, Living standards
ICT, Economy
Infrastructure
Employment etc..
Non income HDI
Robust theory and methodology 12
The Happy Planet Index (HPI) HPI challenges other well-established indices such as (GDP) and (HDI). (Europe – Global
measure – 2006)
Built on principles of
Ecological Sustainability
Social Justice
People’s Well-being
It connects Human system (culture, education, governance, economy, social capital and
health) with Ecosystem (natural capital, water quality, biodiversity, co2 emission, air
quality and soil erosion) by controlling resource demands
Consider ecosystem and human well being as two compelling parts of development
Measured as a ratio of happy long life (life satisfaction X life expectancy) divided by
resource use (ecological foot print)13
Ecological Footprint(EF) EF compares human consumption of natural resources with Earth’s ecological capacity
(biocapacity) to regenerate them. Also called living planet index (LPI) (WWF – Global
Measure – 2006)
EF measures the amount of ecologically productive land used by individuals, cities,
countries, etc.
EF believes that production and use of goods and services involve land use: have ecological
footprints
Measures foot prints of consumption
Measures inequality in terms of ecosystem functions
The recent measures concluded following key elements There is not enough earth to support our current consumption patterns
Thus all poor countries cannot follow the miracle of developed countries
Someone must bear the ecological burden of consumption by the affluent
Our continued over-consumption hits the poor hardest 14
Gross National Happiness (GNH)
It is an attempt to define quality of life in a more holistic and psychological terms
than GNP
GNH is practiced in Bhutan since 2004 and is based on Buddhist worldview
GNH believes that material and spiritual development together can constitute true
development
Four pillars of GNH
The promotion of equitable and sustainable socio-economic development
Preservation and promotion of cultural values
Conservation of the natural environment
Establishment of good governance
15
Roots of the Crisis
Roots of the crisis Current practice of “development” is material economy centric,
understood as economic growth
Economic growth means increase in the production and
consumption of goods and services, which is measured as GDP
A thinking which is consequence of Western, “modern” worldview
Human species is superior than all creatures,
Nature is an infinite resource
Materialism and consumerism
Atomizing the individuals
Nationalizing the families, communities and their functions17
Exploring Options
Option
Patchwork approach would not resolve the crisis
The notion of development needs complete transformation
Alternative could be more than economic growth with
environment, welfare, culture and society finding a place in it
India flourished as a world leader even on the economic front
for 1700 years and still retained balance with nature and life
Therefore this worldview could be the basis of Indian approach
to development
19
Economic achievements over millennia
Indian Legacy With this world view, Indian spectacular achievements as an economic
superpower is undisputedly established
Paul Bairoch – Economic Historian – GATT
– Estimated global production for the period of 1700 - 1980
– During 1700 – 1800 - India’s share of global production was 24.5% as opposed to
23.2% produced by entire Europe
Angus Maddisson – Economic Historian – OECD
– Estimated global GDP and population for the period of 1 CE – 2000 CE – predicted till
2030
– From the 1CE till 1700CE –for 1700 years – India had almost continuously reigned as
the most successful and most powerful economy in the world
– Generating over a fifth to a third of the global output continuously over the millennia21
Distribution of World GDP: 1-2003AD
22
First row: Share of GDP in Billion dollars; Second row: Percentage contribution to global GDPSource: Angus Maddisson, Contours of the World Economy 1-2030AD, Oxford 2007
1 1000 1500 1600 1700 1820 1870 1913 1950 1973 2003India 34 34 61 74 91 111 135 204 222 495 2,267
32.02 28.04 24.35 22.39 24.43 16.04 12.14 7.47 4.17 3.09 5.54China 27 27 62 96 83 229 190 241 245 739 6,188
25.45 22.06 24.87 28.95 22.29 32.91 17.08 8.83 4.59 4.61 15.12Japan 1 3 8 10 15 21 25 72 161 1,243 2,699
1.14 2.65 3.1 2.9 4.14 2.99 2.29 2.62 3.02 7.76 6.6Africa 8 14 19 23 26 31 45 79 203 550 1,322
7.62 11.49 7.8 7.08 6.94 4.5 4.07 2.91 3.81 3.43 3.23W.Europe 14 11 44 66 81 160 367 902 1,396 4,097 7,857
13.69 9.08 17.78 19.79 21.87 23.01 33.08 33.01 26.18 25.57 19.2USA 0 1 1 1 1 13 98 517 1,456 3,537 8,431
0.26 0.43 0.32 0.18 0.14 1.81 8.85 18.93 27.31 22.07 20.61Former USSR 2 3 8 11 16 38 84 232 510 1,513 1,552
1.48 2.36 3.4 3.45 4.36 5.42 7.53 8.5 9.57 9.44 3.79L.America 2 5 7 4 6 15 27 121 415 1,389 3,132
2.13 3.79 2.93 1.13 1.71 2.15 2.46 4.42 7.79 8.67 7.66World 105 120 248 332 371 695 1,111 2,733 5,332 16,023 40,913
Indian Worldview
Indian worldview The whole universe is the manifestation of consciousness (Vishwa Chaitanya) at
different levels
Chiti – Universal integration of souls - Individual to nation creates kinship based society
Philosophy of Purushartha evolved and instituted a model of duty centric socio-
economic order
Purusharthic life: worshiping wealth (Artha) and pleasure (Kama) subjected to the code
of ethics (Dharma) leading to eternal bliss (Moksha)
Purushartha – acquiring wealth as duty with a sense of detachment leading to wealth
multiplied and not wasted needlessly.
Tenets of Dharma – freedom (Swatantrya), truth(Satya), non-violence (Ahimsa), helping
others (Paropakara), charity (Dana), sacrifice (Tyaga)
Belief that all wealth belongs to god and not be used for ones own enjoyment - restrain
hyper consumption, increases savings for future generations and preserve environment
24
Indian worldview Relational approach with recognition of “organic connectivity” of individual,
family, community, society, nation, the world and finally to entire creation at
various levels
All units are interdependent, integrated, self motivated, self propelled and self
regulated
Relationship based society with Duties and rights integrated, acts as social
security and safety net.
Like family with the individual as its inseparable part take care of elders, infirm,
unemployed, disabled and others
These civilizational resources and social capital has a perennial advantage to
future socioeconomic growth and power25
Indian concept of development
Integrated Human development (IHD) Sarve Bhavantu Sukhinah,Sarve Santu Niramayaah, Sarve Bhadrani Pasyantu, Maa
Kaschid-Dukha-Bhag-Bhavet. - Ensuring “Sukha (happiness) and Hita (well being)”
to all
Durable and non-conflicting happiness
Ensuring physical and emotional well being
Increasing satisfaction of life
Expanding freedom and capabilities
Wealth creation with moderate consumption and Savings orientation which is
environmentally sustainable
Duties and rights integration
Decentralization through enriching and empowering civilizational infrastructure
and social capital (Family, community, society and so on) 27
Parameters of development
Parameters of IHD
29
Physical
•Wealth production & distribution, Security, Financial flows, Physical infrastructure, Food and agriculture
Human
•Education, Health, Employment, Self respect, Living standards, Personal security, Mental health and leisure
Political
•Decentralization, Participation, Freedom & Rights, Governance & accountability, Political engagement
Natural
•Provisioning functions, Preservation functions, Regulating functions, Sustainability & Footprint
Social
•Inequality and poverty, Civilizational infrastructure, Women & Social Security, Demography & Violence, Discrimination, Urbanization
Cultural
•Livelihood choice & fine arts, Language & Identity, Cultural harmony, Indigenous knowledge, Monument and heritage
Task Ahead
Our Objectives
31
Currently Development Foundation is engaged in following projects
1. Synthesizing the Indian worldview and its philosophical basis2. Deriving principles to establish a sustainable socio-economic order
based on Indian worldview3. Creating a new understanding Indian social theory and4. Reconstructing Indian Economic Thought
In the long run Foundation intends
5. To define the concept of development based on Indian Ethos6. To establish a theory based solutions to current development crisis7. To build policy research and advocacy group to promote Indian model of
development nationally and internationally
It is a long journey Quest has just begun
we need your suggestions and cooperation
33
Our TeamSl. No Name Profession Place of work
1 Sri. M. P. Kumar CEO and Chairman Global Edge software Pvt. Ltd. Bangalore
2 Dr. K. V. Raju Professor of Economics Institute of Social and Economic Change - Bangalore
3 Dr. Shamasundar CEO ProSIM R&D Pvt. Ltd. Bangalore
4 Dr. Vaman Acharya Managing Trustee Samagra Vikas - Bangalore
5 Dr. K. B. Akhilesh Professor of management Department of management studies –IISc, Bangalore
6 Dr. Vinayachandra Sanskrit Scholar SVYASA – University Bangalore
7 Smt. Ashwini. B. Desai Adjunct Fellow Development Foundation
8 Sri. Harish Kumara. B. K Research Associate Development Foundation
9 Sri. M. S. Chaitra Fellow Development Foundation
Thanks