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Chapter 1

The Systems Development in

an Organization Context

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Text Books

J.A.Hoffer, J.F.George & J.S.Valacich.

Modern Systems Analysis and Design,

6th edition, Prentice-Hall, 2011

J.L.Whitten, L.D.Bentley, & K.C.Dittman, \

Systems Analysis and Design Method,7thedition, McGraw-Hill, 2007

K.E.Kendall and J.E.Kendall.

Systems Analysis and Design,

8th Edition, Prentice-Hall, 2010

A.Dennis, B.H.Wixom, and R.M.Roth,

System Analysis & Design,

5th Edition, John Wiley, 2012

G.B.Shelly, T.J.Cashman, and H.J.Rosenblatt,

Systems Analysis and Design,

7th Edition, CourseTech, 2007

J.W.Satzinger, R.B.Jackson, and S.D.Burd,Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World,

4th edition, Course Technology, 2006

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Your Objectives of SA&D Study

IS development methodology

Principle, idea, technique, tip, knowledge of SA

Data collection (user handling)

Case study, real case, prototype

Problem solving

Project management (configuration, risk, team, negotiation)

SA skill, systematic thinking, reengineering

Drawing diagram, tools, lead to programming

Outside classroom knowledge, application integration Pros & cons of organization

Documentation, pattern design, multidisciplinary4

Your Objects of M.Sc. Study

Better position, salary

Chance of work progress

Organization development

Get new vision

Certificate

Work connection

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Course Content

Fundamental of System Development

System Development Life CycleSystem Planning

System Analysis

System Design

System Implementation and Maintenance

Standard Sustainable System

Development

Management /People

Business Driven

Methodology ICT: InternetH/W, S/W

IS

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IS: Enterprise Applications

Kaizen (for SME)

++ Overall+Quality Control

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ERP: need (customer driven) innovation

using advance technologies

HR

Corporate social

responsibility

Financial

Financial performance

Operations

Outstanding commitment

to environment

Full services

Smart convergence

services (solution)

Marketing & sales

Excellent customer service

Outstanding customer service

Advance & extensive network

deployment

Filed market leadership

Network depth & reliability

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Content

Information systems analysis and design (SA&D)

Different types of information systems

Information Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

Rapid Application Development (RAD), Prototyping,

Joint Application Development (JAD), and Computer

Aided Software Engineering (CASE)

Agile methodologies and eXtreme programming

Object Oriented Analysis and Design and RationalUnified Process (RUP)

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1. Introduction

Information Systems Analysis and Design

Complex organizational process

Used to develop and maintain computer-basedinformation systems

Used by a team of business and systemsprofessionals

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Introduction (Cont.)

An organizational approach to systems analysis and design is driven by

methodologies, techniques, and tools

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Modern Approach to SA&D

1950s: efficient automation of existing processes

1960s: 3GL, faster and reliable computers

1970s: system development, using engineeringdiscipline

1980s: 4GL, CASE tools, object oriented methods

1990s: system integration, GUI applications,

client/server platforms, Internet

The new century : Web application development,

wireless PDAs, component-based applications,

ubiquitous technology

(Charles Babbage)

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Modern Approach to SA&D (Cont.)

Application Software

Computer software designed

to support organizationalfunctions or processes

Systems Analyst

Organizational role most

responsible for analysis and

design of information

systems

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Systems Analyst as a Facilitator

Whitten 14

Knowledge and Skills of Systems Analyst

Knowledge

Information technology

Computer programming experience and expertise

General business knowledge

Skills

Problem-solving

Interpersonal communication

Interpersonal relations

Flexibility and adaptability

Character and ethics

Systems analysis and designWhitten

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2. Types of Information Systems and

Systems Development

Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)

Automate handling of data about businessactivities (transactions)

Process orientation

Management Information Systems (MIS)

Converts raw data from transaction processing

system into meaningful form

Data orientation

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Types of Information Systems

and Systems Development (Cont.)

Decision Support Systems (DSS)

Designed to help decision makersProvides interactive environment for decision

making

Involves data warehouses, executive information

systems (EIS)

Database, model base, user dialogue

Expert Systems

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Types of Information Systems

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Summary of Information Systems Types

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3. Developing Information Systems

System Development Methodology is a

standard process followed in an organization to

conduct all the steps necessary to analyze,design, implement, and maintain information

systems

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Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

Traditional methodology used to develop,

maintain, and replace information systems

Phases in SDLC:

Planning

Analysis

Design

ImplementationMaintenance

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Standard and Evolutionary Views of SDLC

FIGURE 1-3 Evolutionary modelFIGURE 1-2

The systems development life cycle

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Systems Development Life Cycle (Cont.)

Planning an organizations total information

system needs are identified, analyzed,prioritized, and arranged

Analysis system requirements are studied and

structured logical system specification (model)

Design a description of the recommended

solution is converted intophysical systemspecifications

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Logical design all functional features of the

system chosen for development in analysis are

described independently of any computerplatform

Physical design the logical specifications of

the system from logical design are transformed

into the technology-specific details from which

all programming and system construction can

be accomplished

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Logical Design

vs.

Physical Design

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Implementation the information system is

coded, tested, installed and supported in theorganization

Maintenance an information system is

systematically repaired and improved

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SDLC-based Guide to Hoffers Book

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4. Heart of the Systems Development Process

Current practice combines analysis, design, and implementation

into a single iterative and parallel process of activities

FIGURE 1-8

The heart of systems development

FIGURE 1-7

The analysisdesigncodetest loop

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Traditional Waterfall SDLC

One phase begins when

another completes, littlebacktracking and looping

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Problems with Waterfall Approach *

System requirements locked in after being

determined (can't change) Limited user involvement (only in

requirements phase)

Too much focus on milestone deadlines of

SDLC phases to the detriment of sound

development practices

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4.1 Different Approaches to Improving

Development

Prototyping

Computer-Aided Software Engineering(CASE) Tools

Joint Application Design (JAD)

Rapid Application Development (RAD)

Agile Methodologies eXtreme Programming

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a) Prototyping *

Iterative development process

Requirements quickly converted to a workingsystem

System is continually revised

Close collaboration between users and analysts

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Prototyping (Cont.)

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3 4

5

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b) Computer-Aided Software Engineering

(CASE) Tools

Diagramming tools enablegraphical representation

Computer displays and report generators helpprototype how systems look and feel

Analysis tools automatically check forconsistency in diagrams, forms, and reports

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CASE Tools (Cont.)

Central repository for integrated storage of

diagrams, reports, and project management

specificationsDocumentation generators standardize

technical and user documentation

Code generators enable automatic generation

of programs and database code directly from

design documents, diagrams, forms, and

reports

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CASE Tools (Cont.)

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 38

c) Joint Application Design (JAD)

Structured process involving users,

analysts, and managers Several-day intensive workgroup sessions

Purposeto specify or review system

requirements

RAD: was developed by Chuck Morris of IBM Raleigh and

Tony Crawford of IBM Toronto in the late 1970's

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d) Rapid Application Development (RAD)

Methodology to radically decrease design

and implementation time

Involves: extensive user involvement,prototyping, JAD sessions, integrated

CASE tools, and code generators

FIGURE 1-11

RAD life cycle

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Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)

An approach to systems development

based on building complete systems

through assembling software components,each of which model generic business

functions

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Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)

(Cont.)

FIGURE 1-12

Illustration of a service, a credit check,

used by applications and other services

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e) Agile Methodology

Motivated by recognition of software

development as fluid, unpredictable, anddynamic

Three key principles

Adaptive rather than predictive

Emphasizepeople rather than roles

Self-adaptive processes

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The Agile

Methodologies group

argues that software

development

methodologies

adapted from

engineering generally

do not fit with real-

world softwaredevelopment.

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When to use Agile Methodologies

If your project involves:

Unpredictable or dynamic requirementsResponsible and motivated developers

Customers who understand the process and will get

involved

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f) eXtreme Programming

Short, incremental development cycles

Automated tests Two-person programming teams

Coding and testing operate together

Advantages:

Communication between developers

High level of productivity

High-quality code

by Kent Beck in the late 90s

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5. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design

(OOAD)

Based on objects rather than data or processes

Object: a structure encapsulating attributes andbehaviors of a real-world entity

Object class: a logical grouping of objects

sharing the same attributes and behaviors

Inheritance: hierarchical arrangement of classes

enable subclasses to inherit properties of super-class

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Rational Unified Process (RUP)

An object-oriented systems development

methodology

RUP establishes 4 phases of development:inception, elaboration, construction, and

transition

Each phase is organized into a number of

separate iterations

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49Additional source: http://www-306.ibm.com/software/awdtools/rup/

FIGURE 1-13

Phases of OOSAD-based development

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Summary

Information systems analysis and design (SAD)

Different types of information systems

Information Systems Development Life Cycle(SDLC)

Rapid Application Development (RAD),

Prototyping, Joint Application Development (JAD),

and Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE)

Agile methodologies and eXtreme programming

Object Oriented Analysis and Design and theRational Unified Process (RUP)

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Questions and Answers

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Further Read

J.L.Whitten, L.D.Bentley, & K.C.Dittman, Systems Analysis

and Design Method, 7th edition, McGraw-Hill, 2007

K.E.Kendall and J.E.Kendall. Systems Analysis and Design,

6th

edition, Prentice-Hall, 2005 W.S.DavisBusiness Systems Analysis and Design,

Wadsworth, 1994

A. Dennis & et.al. System Analysis and Design, John Wiley,

2006

M.L. Gibson and C.T. Hughes. Systems Analysis and Design:

A Comprehensive Methodology with CASE, Boyd & Fraser,

1994

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Teamwork Assignment

Topic

Form a team of 10 students:

No, ID, name, email addresses (sort by ID)Mark * for a leader & ** for an auditor after ID

Email to: [email protected]

cc: all team members (to build a mailing list)

Subject: SA-N# (xxx) or SA-W# (xxx)

where # is a team no. & xxx is week-No(1..15) Submit

Date: (next week) one day before a class / Time: 1.00 p.m.

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Quiz 1

1.The __________________________ is thetraditional methodology used to develop,maintain, and replace information systems.

2.The first phase in the systems development lifecycle (SDLC) is _______.

3. ______________________________ is astructured process in which users, managers, andanalysts work together for several days in a seriesof intensive meetings to specify or review system

requirements.4. The output from the analysis phase is the

_____________________.

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Exercise

1 List & explain some of the problems with the

traditional waterfall SDLC.

2 Explain how prototype might be used as part ofSDLC.

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Enemy

Inadequate & unstable requirements

Inadequate customer communication

Poor team communication Unnecessary complexity

Ineffective team behavior

(OO project management using UML)

1 intro stu

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