1 intro to financial management of the organisation week 9 capital investment appraisal
TRANSCRIPT
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Intro to Financial Management of the Organisation
Week 9Capital Investment Appraisal
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Capital Investment Appraisal
If a company is going to invest in a project it need to ensure
The project will be financially viable
It will be successful Risk levels will be minimised
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Discount or not? We will consider 4 methods of
decision making for capital projects Each method can be used to Make comparisons between projects
competing for scarce resources Make comparisons between a project
and a company benchmark 2 methods employ discounting 2 do not
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Company scenarioVerminous Ltd (cost of capital =
10%) Verminous Ltd are contemplating the purchase of a new machine. They have a choice of either the "Weasel" or the "Stoat". The company has made some estimates of costs and expected cash inflows and
this is rovided below:Weasel Stoat
£,000 £,000 Cost of Machine -400 -600 Cash inflows Year 1 80 -20 Year 2 90 260 Year 3 90 185 Year 4 120 200 Year 5 120 215 Year 6 60
Profit 160 240
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Payback Period (PP) The payback period Is the period of time required for the
cumulative expected cash flows from an investment project to equal the initial cash outflow
This method computes the amount of time required to recover the initial investment
The acceptance criterion is dependent upon the maximum cutoff period established by management for projects of a similar type
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Pros and Cons of PP Advantages
Easy to use and understand Can be used as a measure of liquidity Easier to forecast short term than long
term cashflows Disadvantages
Does not account for time value of money***
Does not consider cashflows beyond the payback period
The cutoff period is subjective
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Weasel & Stoat cumulative cumulative -400 -400 -600 -600
Year 1 80 -320 -20 -620 Year 2 90 -230 260 -360 Year 3 90 -140 185 -175 Year 4 120 -20 200 25 Year 5 120 100 215 Year 6 60 Weasel = 4yrs 1/6th (4 yrs 2 months) Stoat = 3 yrs 7/8th (3 yrs 10.5 months)
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A PP conundrum
M1 M2 M3Cost of machine -100 -100 -100Yr 1 cashflow 20 5 40Yr 2 cashflow 40 10 50Yr 3 cashflow 40 85 10Yr 4 cashflow 30 -20 200Yr 5 cashflow 20 -10 500What is PP? PP = 3 years for each
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Accounting Rate of Return (ARR)
This technique is similar to ROCE ratio you are familiar with
Remember, ROCE can be used as a measure of management efficiency
How effectively can management make profit (return) from capital in the business (capital employed)
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Accounting Rate of Return (ARR)
All other appraisal techniques are concerned with NET cashflows
ie cash generated less cash costs ARR considers Accounting Profit as
the measurement Accounting Profit = Income less all costs incurred in
generating that income, therefore includes depreciation
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Accounting Rate of Return (ARR)
ARR = Average annual profit X 100 Average Investment
Average annual profit = total profit for project / number of years
Average Investment = (Capital cost + residual value) / 2
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So, applying it toWeasel & Stoat
Weasel Stoat Total dep'n -400 -600
Year 1 80 -20 Year 2 90 260 Year 3 90 185 Year 4 120 200 Year 5 120 215 Year 6 60
Total profit 160 240
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Which means..
There is no residual value, so full cost is depreciated.
Average Annual Profit = (Total Net cashflows – Full cost of asset) / years of project
Again, as no RV average investment = Cost/2
Weasel (160/6)/200*100 = 13% Stoat (240/5)/300*100 = 16%
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ARR and ROCE Assume Verminous Ltd’s ROCE is 14% If Weasel were chosen it would reduce
(if only marginally) the company’s ROCE
If Stoat were chosen it would, of course, increase ROCE
In this case higher ARR = project with higher profit
But what is most important Profits or ROCE? Assume Verminous has ROCE of 12%...
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ARR a conundrum Weasel Stoat Total depreciation -400 -600
Year 1 80 -20 Year 2 90 260 Year 3 90 185 Year 4 120 200 Year 5 120 145 Year 6 60
Total profit 160 170 ARR Av profit (160/6) 27 (170/5) 34 13% (W) Av Investment 200 300 11% (S)
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Pros & Cons of ARR Advantages
generally accepted provides index of performance encourages managers to improve ARR can be used to gauge performance & make
comparisons Disadvantages
lack of consensus on definitions of capital or profit
can be manipulated can distort overall allocation of resources noncash items included ignores the timing of cash flows
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Discounting methods Both PP and ARR assume absolute
values in cashflows The value of a cashflow today = the
same as its value in 5 or 6 years time There is no consideration of risk
involved (cashflows are estimates!) They assume the capital used is
costless Apart from the projects they assume
there is no alternative use for the capital (ie invest it)
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A question..
Let us suppose you were given the choice of receiving £10,000 today or £10,000 in 3 years time.
Which would you choose?
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Discounting cashflows The value of that £10,000 today can be
measured as £10,000 plus the potential value of interest earned.
If you were to receive your cash in 3 years time, then, you would expect to receive not just £10,000 but an additional sum for the interest receivable over that time period.
Conversely the value today of that £10,000 plus interest received in 3 years, would simply be £10,000.
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Graphically represented
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Calculating Future Value (FV) By applying interest at a given rate to the £10,000
we can calculate what it would be worth in n years time
But how can we calculate the present value of a sum receivable in n years time?
Take option (A), assume you can get 4.5% interest on your £10,000
The future value of the £10,000 after 1 year would be £10,450, which of course is calculated by multiplying the principal amount of £10,000 by the interest rate of 4.5% and then adding the interest gained to the principal amount:
Future value of investment at end of first year: = (£10,000 x 0.045) + £10,000 = £10,450
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Calculating Future Value (FV)
You can also calculate the total amount of a one-year investment with a simple manipulation of the above equation:
Original equation: (£10,000 x 0.045) + £10,000 = £10,450
Manipulation: £10,000 x [(1 x 0.045) + 1] = £10,450
Final equation: £10,000 x (0.045 + 1) = £10,450
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Calculating Future Value (FV)
Take the £10,450 and multiply it again by 1.045 (0.045 +1). At the end of two years, you would have £10,920:
Future value of investment at end of second year: = £10,450 x (1+0.045) = £10,920.25
The above calculation, then, is equivalent to the following equation:
Future Value = £10,000 x (1+0.045) x (1+0.045) We can simplify this equation as follows: Future Value = £10,000 x (1 + 0.045)(1+1)
= £10,000 x (1 + 0.045)2
= £10,920.25
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Working BackPresent Value (PV)
Formula
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PV Calculation Applying this to option B Present Value= £10,000 x (1 + 0.045)-
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= £8,762.97 The present value of a future payment
of £10,000 is worth £8,762.97 today if interest rates are 4.5% per year
That is choosing option B is like taking £8,762.97 now and then investing it for three years.
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The easier option
The concepts of using FV and PV will be used again in looking at dividend valuations
But, to simplify….. Present Value Tables
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Net Present Value
The essence of a business is to maximise shareholder wealth
If “raw” cashflows are considered it is possible that an apparent increase in wealth could actually result in a diminution
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Application to Weasel & Stoat
Weasel Stoat DF @ 10% PV DF @ 10% PV
-400 1.000 -400.0-600 1.000 -600.0
Year 180 0.909 72.7 -20 0.909 -18.2 Year 290 0.826 74.3 260 0.826 214.8 Year 390 0.751 67.6 185 0.751 138.9 Year 4120 0.683 82.0 200 0.683 136.6 Year 5120 0.621 74.5 215 0.621 133.5 Year 660 0.564 33.8
NPV = 4.97 NPV = 5.63
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Comparison of results
The 2 machines both have POSITIVE NPVs
But only just… It is up to management to
decide if the factors incorporated in the Discount Rate are sufficient to accept the project with the higher NPV
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Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
The application of Present Values to the cashflows shows that the actual rate of return must be >10%
In some instances management would want to know the exact rate of return
We can find this by formula
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Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
Ideal Scenario By “trial & error” calculate
Negative NPV As 10% gives Positive NPV Choose a higher Discount Rate In this case 11% should do Apply DF to cashflows &
determine NPV Then apply formula
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IRR Formula IRR = A + C (B – A) C – D Where: A = discount rate of low trial B = discount rate of high trial C = NPV of low trial cashflow D = NPV of high trial cashflow
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Weasel & Stoat Weasel Stoat
DF @ 11% DF @ 11%
-400 1.000 -400.0 -600 1.000 -600.0
Year 1 80 0.901 72.1 -20 0.901 -18.0 Year 2 90 0.812 73.1 260 0.812 211.1 Year 3 90 0.731 65.8 185 0.731 135.2 Year 4 120 0.659 79.1 200 0.659 131.8 Year 5 120 0.593 71.2 215 0.593 127.5 Year 6 60 0.535 32.1
NPV = -6.71 NPV = -12.37
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Weasel & StoatOutcomes
Weasel IRR = 10 + [4.97/(4.97+6.71)]*1 10 +0.425514 = 10.43% Stoat IRR = 10 + [5.63/(5.63+12.37)]*1 10 +0.3128 = 10.31%