Introduces the basic computer concepts

Chapter 1: Introduction to Microprocessor

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Computer???

HardwareElectronics circuit boards

that provide functionality of the system

SoftwareProgram consists

of sets of instructionsthat control the system

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Computer Classification

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Microcomputer: microprocessor based computer.

Workstation: microcomputer used for research, more sophisticated.

Mainframe: large computer normally used for business

Supercomputer: high speed for high precision calculation with combination of thousand of processors.

Microcontroller: small size processor with internal memory and I/O port.

PDA: pocket sized computer for personal info.

Computer Architecture

Memory

Program Storage

Data Storage

Output Units

Input Units

Control Unit

Datapath

Arithmetic Logic

Unit (ALU)

Registers

Common Bus (address, data & control)

Processor (CPU)

Figure 1: Computer Hardware Organization

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Processor (CPU)The brain of a computer system

Control Unit

Datapath

Arithmetic Logic

Unit (ALU)

Registers

•Decodes and monitors the execution of instructions.•Controls flow of information in CPU, memory, I/O devices:

•System clock (Intel® Core™ I7-720QM Processor (1.6GHz, turbo up to 2.8GHz, 6MB L3 Cache))•Maintains a register called program counter(PC)

•ALU: performs all arithmetic computations & logic evaluations.•Registers: storage location in CPU, used to hold data or a memory address during the execution of an instruction..

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Common BusA group of conducting wires that allow

signals to travel from one point to another:• Address bus: the location of data in memory

or I/O devices• Data bus: carry data in & out from CPU• Control bus: control the operation of the CPU

Common Bus (address, data & control)

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MemoryMemory

Program Storage

Data Storage

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Memory

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Memorydata address

Figure 2:Components of memory

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Discussion 1A memory in microP stores data in binary

format. To retrieve an information, the microP assigns addresses to the location. Each location stores 1 byte of data.

If a value of hex D7 is stored in the location of $2000, show the content of the memory on $2000.

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I/O DevicesInput device

Allow computer user to enter data & programs into the computer

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I/O DevicesOutput device

Displaying the results of computation

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Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller

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Computer’s Software

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Programming Language

Machine Instructions

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A program is stored in the computer memory in the form of binary numbers.

Hard to understand, debug, and maintain the program.

Examples:0100 0011 :decrement the contents of

accumulator A by 1.1000 0110 0000 0110 :places the value 6 in

accumulator A

Assembly Language

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Defined by assembly instructions: mnemonic representation of a machine instruction.

Must be translated by an assembler before it can be executed.

Programmers need to work on the program logic at a very low level & cannot achieve high productivity.

Examples:ABA :add the contents of accumulator B to

accumulator A.DECA :decrement the contents of accumulator A

by 1.

High Level Language

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The syntax is similar to English.A compiler is required to translate the

program.Allows user to work on the program logic at

higher level.Examples:

C++CPASCALOMNET++JAVA

Terminologies

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Source Code: A program written in assembly or high-level language.

Object Code: The output of an assemble or compiler.