1. introduction csep 545 transaction processing philip a
TRANSCRIPT
1. In
trodu
ctio
n
3/24
/07
1
CSE
P 54
5 Tr
ansa
ctio
n Pr
oces
sing
Phili
p A
. Ber
nste
in
Cop
yrig
ht ©
2007
Phi
lip A
. Ber
nste
in
Out
line
1. T
he B
asic
s2.
AC
ID P
rope
rties
3A
tom
icity
and
Two-
Phas
eC
omm
it
3/24
/07
2
3. A
tom
icity
and
Tw
o-Ph
ase
Com
mit
4. P
erfo
rman
ce5.
Sty
les o
f Sys
tem
1.1
The
Bas
ics -
Wha
t�s a
Tra
nsac
tion?
�Th
e ex
ecut
ion
of a
pro
gram
that
per
form
s an
adm
inis
trativ
e fu
nctio
n by
acc
essi
ng a
shar
ed
data
base
, usu
ally
on
beha
lf of
an
on-li
neus
er.
Exam
ples
3/24
/07
3
p�
Res
erve
an
airli
ne se
at. B
uy a
n ai
rline
tick
et�
With
draw
mon
ey fr
om a
n A
TM.
�V
erify
a c
redi
t car
d sa
le.
�O
rder
an
item
from
an
Inte
rnet
reta
iler
�Pl
ace
a bi
d at
an
on-li
ne a
uctio
n�
Subm
it a
corp
orat
e pu
rcha
se o
rder
The
�itie
s� a
re W
hat M
akes
Tr
ansa
ctio
n Pr
oces
sing
(TP)
Har
d�
Rel
iabi
lity
-sys
tem
shou
ld ra
rely
fail
�A
vaila
bilit
y -s
yste
m m
ust b
e up
all
the
time
�R
espo
nse
time
-with
in 1
-2 se
cond
s�
Thro
ughp
ut -
thou
sand
s of t
rans
actio
ns/s
econ
d
3/24
/07
4
gp
�Sc
alab
ility
-st
art s
mal
l, ra
mp
up to
Inte
rnet
-sca
le�
Secu
rity
�fo
r con
fiden
tialit
y an
d hi
gh fi
nanc
e�
Con
figur
abili
ty -
for a
bove
requ
irem
ents
+ lo
w c
ost
�A
tom
icity
-no
par
tial r
esul
ts�
Dur
abili
ty -
a tra
nsac
tion
is a
lega
l con
tract
�D
istri
butio
n -o
f use
rs a
nd d
ata
Wha
t Mak
es T
P Im
porta
nt?
�It�
s at t
he c
ore
of e
lect
roni
c co
mm
erce
�M
ost m
ediu
m-to
-larg
e bu
sine
sses
use
TP
for
thei
r pro
duct
ion
syst
ems.
The
busi
ness
can
�t op
erat
ew
ithou
tit
3/24
/07
5
oper
ate
with
out i
t.
�It�
s a h
uge
slic
e of
the
com
pute
r sys
tem
m
arke
t. O
ne o
f the
larg
est a
pplic
atio
ns o
f co
mpu
ters
.
TP S
yste
m In
fras
truct
ure
�U
ser�
s vie
wpo
int
�En
ter a
requ
est f
rom
a b
row
ser o
r oth
er d
ispl
ay d
evic
e�
The
syst
em p
erfo
rms s
ome
appl
icat
ion-
spec
ific
wor
k,
whi
ch in
clud
es d
atab
ase
acce
sses
�R
ecei
ve a
repl
y (u
sual
ly, b
ut n
ot a
lway
s)Th
TPt
tht
ht
ti
3/24
/07
6
�Th
e TP
syst
em e
nsur
es th
at e
ach
trans
actio
n�
is a
n in
depe
nden
t uni
t of w
ork
�ex
ecut
es e
xact
ly o
nce,
and
�
prod
uces
per
man
ent r
esul
ts.
�TP
syst
em m
akes
it e
asy
to p
rogr
am tr
ansa
ctio
ns�
TP sy
stem
has
tool
s to
mak
e it
easy
to m
anag
e
TP S
yste
m In
fras
truct
ure
�
Def
ines
Sys
tem
and
App
licat
ion
Stru
ctur
e
Fron
tEnd
Prog
ram
Cli
t
End
-Use
r
3/24
/07
7
Fron
t End
Pro
gram
Req
uest
Con
trolle
r(r
oute
s re
ques
ts a
ndsu
perv
ises
thei
r exe
cutio
n)
Dat
abas
e S
yste
m
Clie
nt
Bac
k-E
nd(S
erve
r)Tr
ansa
ctio
n S
erve
r
requ
ests
Syst
em C
hara
cter
istic
s�
Typi
cally
< 1
00 tr
ansa
ctio
n ty
pes p
er a
pplic
atio
n�
Tran
sact
ion
size
has
hig
h va
rianc
e. T
ypic
ally
,�
0-30
dis
k ac
cess
es�
10K
-1M
inst
ruct
ions
exe
cute
d
3/24
/07
8
�2-
20 m
essa
ges
�A
larg
e-sc
ale
exam
ple:
airl
ine
rese
rvat
ions
�hu
ndre
ds o
f tho
usan
ds o
f act
ive
disp
lay
devi
ces
�pl
us in
dire
ct a
cces
s via
Inte
rnet
�te
ns o
f tho
usan
ds o
f tra
nsac
tions
per
seco
nd, p
eak
Ava
ilabi
lity
�Fr
actio
n of
tim
e sy
stem
is a
ble
to d
o us
eful
wor
k�
Som
e sy
stem
s are
ver
yse
nsiti
ve to
dow
ntim
e�
airli
ne re
serv
atio
n, st
ock
exch
ange
, tel
epho
ne sw
itchi
ng�
dow
ntim
e is
fron
t pag
e ne
ws
Dow
ntim
eAv
aila
bilit
y1
hour
/day
95.8
%
3/24
/07
9
�C
ontri
butin
g fa
ctor
s�
failu
res d
ue to
env
ironm
ent,
syst
em m
gmt,
h/w,
s/w
�re
cove
ry ti
me
y1
hour
/wee
k99
.41%
1 ho
ur/m
onth
99.8
6%1
hour
/yea
r99
.988
6%1
hour
/20y
ears
99.9
9942
%
App
licat
ion
Serv
ers
�A
softw
are
prod
uct t
o cr
eate
, exe
cute
and
man
age
TP
appl
icat
ions
�Fo
rmer
ly c
alle
d TP
mon
itors
.Som
e pe
ople
say
App
Ser
ver =
TP
mon
itor +
web
func
tiona
lity.
�Pr
ogra
mm
er w
rites
an
app
to p
roce
ss a
sing
le re
ques
t.
3/24
/07
10
App
Ser
ver s
cale
s it u
p to
a la
rge,
dis
tribu
ted
syst
em�
E.g.
app
licat
ion
deve
lope
r writ
es p
rogr
ams t
o de
bit a
che
ckin
g ac
coun
t and
ver
ify a
cre
dit c
ard
purc
hase
. �
App
Ser
ver h
elps
syst
em e
ngin
eer d
eplo
y it
to 1
0s/1
00s o
f se
rver
s and
10K
s of d
ispl
ays
�A
pp S
erve
r hel
ps sy
stem
eng
inee
r dep
loy
it on
the
Inte
rnet
, ac
cess
ible
from
web
bro
wse
rs
App
licat
ion
Serv
ers (
cont
�d)
�C
ompo
nent
s inc
lude
�
an a
pplic
atio
n pr
ogra
mm
ing
inte
rfac
e (A
PI)
(e.g
., En
terp
rise
Java
Bea
ns)
3/24
/07
11
�to
ols f
or p
rogr
am d
evel
opm
ent
�to
ols f
or sy
stem
man
agem
ent (
app
depl
oym
ent,
faul
t & p
erfo
rman
ce m
onito
ring,
use
r mgm
t, et
c.)
�En
terp
rise
Java
Bea
ns, I
BM
Web
sphe
re,
Mic
roso
ft .N
ET (C
OM
+), B
EA W
eblo
gic,
O
racl
e A
pplic
atio
n Se
rver
Fron
t End
Pro
gram
Message
Inputs
App
Ser
ver A
rchi
tect
ure,
pre
-Web
�B
oxes
bel
ow a
re d
istri
bute
d on
an
intra
net
3/24
/07
12
Req
uest
Con
trolle
r
Tran
sact
ion
Ser
ver
Tran
sact
ion
Ser
ver
Network
Que
ues
Aut
omat
ed T
elle
r Mac
hine
(A
TM) A
pplic
atio
n Ex
ampl
e
ATM
ATM
ATM
ATM
ATM
ATM
ATM
ATM
Ban
k B
ranc
h 1
Ban
k B
ranc
h 2
Ban
k B
ranc
h 50
0
3/24
/07
13
Req
uest
C
ontro
ller
CIR
RU
SA
ccou
nts
Cre
dit C
ard
Acc
ount
sLo
anA
ccou
nts
Req
uest
C
ontro
ller
Che
ckin
gA
ccou
nts
Web
Ser
ver
Message
Inputs
App
licat
ion
Serv
er A
rchi
tect
ure
3/24
/07
14
Req
uest
Con
trolle
r
Tran
sact
ion
Ser
ver
Tran
sact
ion
Ser
ver
intranet
Que
ues
othe
r TP
syst
ems
Inte
rnet
Ret
aile
r
The
Inte
rnet
Toys
…�
3/24
/07
15
Req
uest
C
ontro
ller
Mus
icC
ompu
ters
Web
S
erve
r
Ele
ctro
nics
Serv
ice
Orie
nted
Arc
hite
ctur
e (S
OA
)
The
Inte
rnet
Toys
…�
eb Service
�W
eb se
rvic
es -
inte
rfac
e an
d pr
otoc
ol st
anda
rds
to d
o ap
p se
rver
func
tions
ove
r the
inte
rnet
.
3/24
/07
16
Req
uest
C
ontro
ller
Mus
icC
ompu
ters
Web
S
erve
r
Ele
ctro
nics
Web
Ser
vice
We
Ente
rpris
e A
pplic
atio
n In
tegr
atio
n (E
AI)
�A
softw
are
prod
uct t
o ro
ute
requ
ests
bet
wee
n in
depe
nden
t app
licat
ion
syst
ems.
Ofte
n in
clud
e�
A q
ueui
ng sy
stem
Ai
t
3/24
/07
17
�A
mes
sage
map
ping
syst
em�
App
licat
ion
adap
tors
(SA
P, P
eopl
eSof
t, et
c.)
�EA
I and
App
licat
ion
Serv
ers a
ddre
ss a
sim
ilar
prob
lem
, with
diff
eren
t em
phas
is�
IBM
Web
sphe
re M
Q, T
IBC
O, V
itria
, See
Bey
ond
ATM
Exa
mpl
ew
ith a
n EA
I Sys
tem
ATM
ATM
ATM
ATM
ATM
ATM
ATM
ATM
Ban
k B
ranc
h 1
Ban
k B
ranc
h 2
Ban
k B
ranc
h 50
0
3/24
/07
18
CIR
RU
SA
ccou
nts
Cre
dit C
ard
Acc
ount
sLo
anA
ccou
nts
EA
I Rou
ting
Che
ckin
gA
ccou
nts
EA
I Rou
ting
Que
ues
Que
ues
Wor
kflo
w, o
r Bus
ines
s Pro
cess
Mgm
t�
A so
ftwar
e pr
oduc
t tha
t exe
cute
s mul
ti-tra
nsac
tion
long
-run
ning
scrip
ts (e
.g. p
roce
ss a
n or
der)
�Pr
oduc
t com
pone
nts
�A
wor
kflo
w sc
ript l
angu
age
�W
orkf
low
scrip
t int
erpr
eter
and
sche
dule
rW
orkf
low
track
ing
3/24
/07
19
�W
orkf
low
trac
king
�M
essa
ge tr
ansl
atio
n�
App
licat
ion
and
queu
e sy
stem
ada
ptor
s�
Tran
sact
ion-
cent
ric v
s. do
cum
ent-c
entri
c�
Stru
ctur
ed p
roce
sses
vs.
case
man
agem
ent
�IB
M W
ebsp
here
MQ
Wor
kflo
w, M
icro
soft
Biz
Talk
, SA
P,
Vitr
ia, O
racl
e W
orkf
low
, File
NET
, Doc
umen
tum
, �.
Dat
a In
tegr
atio
n Sy
stem
s(E
nter
pris
e In
form
atio
n In
tegr
atio
n)Q
uery
Med
iato
r
Che
ckin
gLo
anC
redi
t car
d
3/24
/07
20
gA
ccou
nts
Acc
ount
sA
ccou
nts
�H
eter
ogen
eous
que
ry sy
stem
s (m
edia
tors
). It�
s dat
abas
e sy
stem
softw
are,
but
��
It�s s
imila
r to
EAI w
ith m
ore
focu
s on
data
tra
nsfo
rmat
ions
than
on
mes
sage
mgm
t�
Ther
e ar
e hy
brid
s, e.
g., B
EA A
quaL
ogic
Tran
sact
iona
l Mid
dlew
are
�In
sum
mar
y, th
ere
are
man
yva
riatio
ns th
at
pack
age
diff
eren
t com
bina
tions
of m
iddl
ewar
e fe
atur
es.
�A
pplic
atio
nSe
rver
3/24
/07
21
App
licat
ion
Serv
er�
Ente
rpris
e A
pplic
atio
n In
tegr
atio
n �
Bus
ines
s pro
cess
man
agem
ent (
aka
Wor
kflo
w)
�En
terp
rise
Serv
er B
us�
New
one
s all
the
time,
that
def
y ca
tego
rizat
ion.
Syst
em S
oftw
are
Ven
dor�
s Vie
w�
TP is
par
tly a
com
pone
nt p
rodu
ct p
robl
em�
Har
dwar
e�
Ope
ratin
g sy
stem
�D
atab
ase
syst
em
3/24
/07
22
�A
pplic
atio
n Se
rver
�TP
is p
artly
a sy
stem
eng
inee
ring
prob
lem
�G
ettin
g al
l tho
se c
ompo
nent
s to
wor
k to
geth
er
to p
rodu
ce a
syst
em w
ith a
ll th
ose
�ilit
ies�
.
�Th
is c
ours
e fo
cuse
s prim
arily
on
the
Dat
abas
e Sy
stem
and
App
licat
ion
Serv
er
Out
line
!1.
The
Bas
ics
2. A
CID
Pro
perti
es3
Ato
mic
ityan
dTw
oPh
ase
Com
mit
3/24
/07
23
3. A
tom
icity
and
Tw
o-Ph
ase
Com
mit
4. P
erfo
rman
ce5.
Sty
les o
f Sys
tem
1.2
The
AC
ID P
rope
rties
�Tr
ansa
ctio
ns h
ave
4 m
ain
prop
ertie
s�
Ato
mic
ity -
all o
r not
hing
�C
onsi
sten
cy-p
rese
rve
data
base
inte
grity
3/24
/07
24
Con
sist
ency
pr
eser
ve d
atab
ase
inte
grity
�Is
olat
ion
-exe
cute
as i
f the
y w
ere
run
alon
e�
Dur
abili
ty -
resu
lts a
ren�
t los
t by
a fa
ilure
Ato
mic
ity�
All-
or-n
othi
ng, n
o pa
rtial
resu
lts.
�E.
g. in
a m
oney
tran
sfer
, deb
it on
e ac
coun
t, cr
edit
the
othe
r. Ei
ther
deb
it an
d cr
edit
both
run,
or n
eith
er ru
ns.
�Su
cces
sful
com
plet
ion
is c
alle
d C
omm
it.�
Tran
sact
ion
failu
re is
cal
led
Abor
t.
3/24
/07
25
�C
omm
it an
d ab
ort a
re ir
revo
cabl
e ac
tions
.�
An
Abo
rt un
does
ope
ratio
ns th
at a
lread
y ex
ecut
ed�
For d
atab
ase
oper
atio
ns, r
esto
re th
e da
ta�s
pre
viou
s val
ue
from
bef
ore
the
trans
actio
n�
But
som
e re
al w
orld
ope
ratio
ns a
re n
ot u
ndoa
ble.
Exam
ples
-tra
nsfe
r mon
ey, p
rint t
icke
t, fir
e m
issi
le
Exam
ple
-ATM
Dis
pens
es M
oney
(a n
on-u
ndoa
ble
oper
atio
n)T1: Start
. . .
Dispense Money
Commit
Syst
em c
rash
esTr
ansa
ctio
nab
orts
3/24
/07
26
T1: Start
. . .
Commit
Dispense Money
Syst
em c
rash
es
Def
erre
d op
erat
ion
neve
r get
s exe
cute
d
Tran
sact
ion
abor
tsM
oney
is d
ispe
nsed
Rea
ding
Unc
omm
itted
Out
put I
sn�t
Und
oabl
eT1: Start
...
Display output
...
If error, Abort
Use
r rea
ds o
utpu
t� U
ti
t
3/24
/07
27
T2: Start
Get input from display
...
Commit
Use
r ent
ers i
nput
Bra
intra
nspo
rt
Com
pens
atin
g Tr
ansa
ctio
ns�
A tr
ansa
ctio
n th
at re
vers
es th
e ef
fect
of a
noth
er
trans
actio
n (th
at c
omm
itted
). Fo
r exa
mpl
e,
��A
djus
tmen
t� in
a fi
nanc
ial s
yste
m�
Ann
ul a
mar
riage
�N
otal
ltra
nsac
tions
have
com
plet
eco
mpe
nsat
ions
3/24
/07
28
Not
all
trans
actio
ns h
ave
com
plet
e co
mpe
nsat
ions
�E.
g. C
erta
in m
oney
tran
sfer
s�
E.g.
Fire
mis
sile
, can
cel c
ontra
ct�
Con
tract
law
talk
s a lo
t abo
ut a
ppro
pria
te c
ompe
nsat
ions
"A
wel
l-des
igne
d TP
app
licat
ion
shou
ld h
ave
a co
mpe
nsat
ion
for e
very
tran
sact
ion
type
Con
sist
ency
Ever
y tra
nsac
tion
shou
ld m
aint
ain
DB
con
sist
ency
�R
efer
entia
l int
egrit
y -E
.g. e
ach
orde
r ref
eren
ces a
n ex
istin
g cu
stom
er n
umbe
r and
exi
stin
g pa
rt nu
mbe
rs�
The
book
s bal
ance
(deb
its =
cre
dits
, ass
ets =
liab
ilitie
s)"
Con
sist
ency
pres
erva
tion
isa
prop
erty
ofa
3/24
/07
29
"C
onsi
sten
cy p
rese
rvat
ion
is a
pro
pert
y of
a
tran
sact
ion,
not
of t
he T
P sy
stem
(u
nlik
e th
e A
, I, a
nd D
of A
CID
)�
If e
ach
trans
actio
n m
aint
ains
con
sist
ency
, th
en se
rial e
xecu
tions
of t
rans
actio
ns d
o to
o.
Som
e N
otat
ion
�r i[
x] =
Rea
d(x)
by
trans
actio
n T i
�w
i[x] =
Writ
e(x)
by
trans
actio
n T i
�c
=C
omm
itby
trans
actio
nT
3/24
/07
30
�c i
= C
omm
it by
tran
sact
ion
T i�
a i=
Abo
rt by
tran
sact
ion
T i�
A h
isto
ryis
a se
quen
ce o
f suc
h op
erat
ions
, in
the
orde
r tha
t the
dat
abas
e sy
stem
pr
oces
sed
them
.
Con
sist
ency
Pre
serv
atio
n Ex
ampl
e T 1
: Sta
rt;A
= R
ead(
x);
A =
A -
1;W
rite(
y, A
);C
omm
it;
T 2: S
tart;
B =
Rea
d(x)
;C
= R
ead(
y);
If (
B >
C+1
) the
n B
= B
-1;
Writ
e(x,
B);
Com
mit;
3/24
/07
31
�C
onsi
sten
cy p
redi
cate
is x
> y
.�
Seria
l exe
cutio
ns p
rese
rve
cons
iste
ncy.
Inte
rleav
ed e
xecu
tions
may
not
.�
H =
r 1[x
] r2[
x] r 2
[y] w
2[x]
w1[
y]�
e.g.
try
it w
ith x
=4 a
nd y
=2 in
itial
ly
Isol
atio
n�
Intu
itive
ly, t
he e
ffec
t of a
set o
f tra
nsac
tions
sh
ould
be
the
sam
e as
if th
ey ra
n in
depe
nden
tly�
Form
ally
, an
inte
rleav
ed e
xecu
tion
of
trans
actio
ns is
seri
aliz
able
if it
s eff
ect i
s e q
uiva
lent
to a
seria
l one
.
3/24
/07
32
q�
Impl
ies a
use
r vie
w w
here
the
syst
em ru
ns e
ach
user
�s tr
ansa
ctio
n st
and-
alon
e.�
Of c
ours
e, tr
ansa
ctio
ns in
fact
run
with
lots
of
conc
urre
ncy,
to u
se d
evic
e pa
ralle
lism
.
A S
eria
lizab
ility
Exa
mpl
eT 1
: Sta
rt;A
= R
ead(
x);
A =
A +
1;
Writ
e(x,
A);
Com
mit;
T 2: S
tart;
B =
Rea
d(x)
;B
= B
+ 1
;W
rite(
y, B
);C
omm
it;
3/24
/07
33
�H
= r 1
[x] r
2[x]
w1[
x] c
1w
2[y]
c2
�H
is e
quiv
alen
t to
exec
utin
g T 2
follo
wed
by
T 1�
Not
e, H
is n
oteq
uiva
lent
to T
1 fo
llow
ed b
y T 2
�A
lso,
not
e th
at T
1 st
arte
d be
fore
T2 an
d fin
ishe
d be
fore
T2,
yet t
he e
ffec
t is t
hat T
2ra
n fir
st.
Seria
lizab
ility
Exa
mpl
es (c
ont�d
)�
Clie
nt m
ust c
ontro
l the
rela
tive
orde
r of t
rans
actio
ns,
usin
g ha
ndsh
akes
(w
ait f
or T
1to c
omm
it be
fore
subm
ittin
g T 2
).�
Som
e m
ore
seria
lizab
le e
xecu
tions
:r 1
[x]r
2[y]
w2[
y]w
1[x]
≡T 1
T 2≡
T 2T 1
3/24
/07
34
r 1[x
] r2[
y] w
2[y]
w1[
x] ≡
T 1T 2
≡T 2
T 1r 1
[y] r
2[y]
w2[
y]w
1[x]
≡T 1
T 2≡
T 2T 1
r 1[x
] r2[
y] w
2[y]
w1[
y] ≡
T 2T 1
≡T 1
T 2�
Seria
lizab
ility
says
the
exec
utio
n is
equ
ival
ent t
o so
me
seria
l ord
er, n
ot n
eces
saril
y to
all
seria
l ord
ers
Non
-Ser
ializ
able
Exa
mpl
es�
r 1[x
] r2[
x] w
2[x]
w1[
x] (r
ace
cond
ition
)�
e.g.
T1
and
T 2ar
e ea
ch a
ddin
g 10
0 to
x�
r 1[x
] r2[
y] w
2[x]
w1[
y]�
e.g.
eac
h tra
nsac
tion
is tr
ying
to m
ake
x =
y,
but t
he in
terle
aved
eff
ect i
s a sw
ap
3/24
/07
35
�r 1
[x] r
1[y]
w1[
x] r 2
[x] r
2[y]
c2
w1[
y] c
1(in
cons
iste
ntre
trie
val)
�e.
g. T
1is
mov
ing
$100
from
x to
y.
�T 2
sees
onl
y ha
lf of
the
resu
lt of
T1
�C
ompa
re to
the
OS
view
of s
ynch
roni
zatio
n
Dur
abili
ty�
Whe
n a
trans
actio
n co
mm
its, i
ts re
sults
will
su
rviv
e fa
ilure
s (e.
g. o
f the
app
licat
ion,
OS,
D
B sy
stem
� e
ven
of th
e di
sk).
�M
akes
it p
ossi
ble
for a
tran
sact
ion
to b
e a
lega
l co
ntra
ct
3/24
/07
36
cont
ract
.�
Impl
emen
tatio
n is
usu
ally
via
a lo
g�
DB
syst
em w
rites
all
trans
actio
n up
date
s to
its lo
g�
to c
omm
it, it
add
s a re
cord
�co
mm
it(T i
)� to
the
log
�w
hen
the
com
mit
reco
rd is
on
disk
, the
tran
sact
ion
is
com
mitt
ed.
�sy
stem
wai
ts fo
r dis
k ac
k be
fore
ack
ing
to u
ser
Out
line
!1.
The
Bas
ics
!2.
AC
ID P
rope
rties
3A
tom
icity
and
Two
Phas
eC
omm
it
3/24
/07
37
3. A
tom
icity
and
Tw
o-Ph
ase
Com
mit
4. P
erfo
rman
ce
5. S
tyle
s of S
yste
m
1.3
Ato
mic
ity a
nd T
wo-
Phas
e C
omm
it�
Dis
tribu
ted
syst
ems m
ake
atom
icity
har
der
�Su
ppos
e a
trans
actio
n up
date
s dat
a m
anag
ed b
y tw
o D
B sy
stem
s.�
One
DB
syst
em c
ould
com
mit
the
trans
actio
n,
3/24
/07
38
y,
but a
failu
re c
ould
pre
vent
the
othe
r sys
tem
from
co
mm
ittin
g.�
The
solu
tion
is th
e tw
o-ph
ase
com
mit
prot
ocol
.�
Abs
tract
�D
B sy
stem
� by
reso
urce
man
ager
(c
ould
be
a SQ
L D
BM
S, m
essa
ge m
gr, q
ueue
m
gr, O
O D
BM
S, e
tc.)
Two-
Phas
e C
omm
it�
Mai
n id
ea -
all r
esou
rce
man
ager
s (R
Ms)
save
a
dura
ble
copy
of t
he tr
ansa
ctio
n�s u
pdat
es b
efor
ean
y of
them
com
mit.
�If
one
RM
fails
afte
r ano
ther
com
mits
, the
faile
d R
M c
an st
ill c
omm
it af
ter i
t rec
over
s.
3/24
/07
39
�Th
e pr
otoc
ol to
com
mit
trans
actio
n T
�Ph
ase
1 -T
�s c
oord
inat
or a
sks a
ll pa
rtici
pant
RM
s to
�pre
pare
the
trans
actio
n�.
Each
par
ticip
ant R
M re
plie
s �p
repa
red�
afte
r T�s
upd
ates
are
dur
able
.�
Phas
e 2
-Afte
r rec
eivi
ng �
prep
ared
� fr
om a
llpa
rtici
pant
RM
s, th
e co
ordi
nato
r tel
ls a
ll pa
rtici
pant
R
Ms t
o co
mm
it.
Two-
Phas
e C
omm
it Sy
stem
Arc
hite
ctur
e
Res
ourc
eTr
ansa
ctio
n
App
licat
ion
Prog
ram
Oth
er
Star
tCo
mm
it, A
bort
Read
,W
rite
3/24
/07
40
Res
ourc
eM
anag
erTr
ansa
ctio
nM
anag
er (T
M)
Tran
sact
ion
Man
ager
s1.
Sta
rt tra
nsac
tion
retu
rns a
uni
que
tran
sact
ion
iden
tifie
r2.
Res
ourc
e ac
cess
es in
clud
e th
e tra
nsac
tion
iden
tifie
r. Fo
r eac
h tra
nsac
tion,
RM
regi
ster
s with
TM
3.
Whe
n ap
plic
atio
n as
ks T
M to
com
mit,
the
TM ru
ns
two-
phas
e co
mm
it.
Out
line
!1.
The
Bas
ics
!2.
AC
ID P
rope
rties
!3
Ato
mic
ityan
dTw
oPh
ase
Com
mit
3/24
/07
41
!3.
Ato
mic
ity a
nd T
wo-
Phas
e C
omm
it4.
Per
form
ance
5.
Sty
les o
f Sys
tem
1.4
Perf
orm
ance
Req
uire
men
ts�
Mea
sure
d in
max
tran
sact
ion
per s
econ
d (tp
s) o
r pe
r min
ute
(tpm
), an
d do
llars
per
tps o
r tpm
.�
Dol
lars
mea
sure
d by
list
pur
chas
e pr
ice
plus
5 y
ear
vend
or m
aint
enan
ce (�
cost
of o
wne
rshi
p�)
�W
orkl
oad
typi
cally
hast
hisp
rofil
e:
3/24
/07
42
�W
orkl
oad
typi
cally
has
this
pro
file:
�10
% a
pplic
atio
n se
rver
plu
s app
licat
ion
�30
% c
omm
unic
atio
ns sy
stem
(not
cou
ntin
g pr
esen
tatio
n)�
50%
DB
syst
em�
TP P
erfo
rman
ce C
ounc
il (T
PC)s
ets s
tand
ards
�ht
tp://
ww
w.tp
c.or
g.
�TP
C A
& B
(�89
-�95
), no
w T
PC C
&W
TPC
-A/B
�B
ank
Telle
rs
Start
Read message from terminal
(100
byt
es)
�O
bsol
ete
(a re
tired
stan
dard
), bu
t int
eres
ting
�In
put i
s 100
byt
e m
essa
ge re
ques
ting
depo
sit/w
ithdr
awal
�D
atab
ase
tabl
es =
{A
ccou
nts,
Telle
rs, B
ranc
hes,
His
tory
}
3/24
/07
43
Read+write account record
(ran
dom
acc
ess)
Write history record
(seq
uent
ial a
cces
s)Read+write teller record
(ran
dom
acc
ess)
Read+write branch record
(ran
dom
acc
ess)
Write message to terminal
(200
byt
es)
Commit
�En
d of
his
tory
and
bra
nch
reco
rds a
re b
ottle
neck
s
The
TPC
-C O
rder
-Ent
ry B
ench
mar
kT
able
Row
s/W
hse
Byt
es/r
owW
areh
ouse
189
Dis
tric
t10
95C
usto
mer
30K
655
His
tory
30K
46O
rder
30K
24
3/24
/07
44
�TP
C-C
use
s hea
vier
wei
ght t
rans
actio
ns
Ord
er30
K24
New
-Ord
er9K
8O
rder
Lin
e30
0K54
Stoc
k10
0K30
6It
em10
0K82
TPC
-C T
rans
actio
ns�
New
-Ord
er�
Get
reco
rds d
escr
ibin
g a
war
ehou
se, c
usto
mer
, & d
istri
ct�
Upd
ate
the
dist
rict
�In
crem
ent n
ext a
vaila
ble
orde
r num
ber
Inse
rtre
cord
into
Ord
eran
dN
ewO
rder
tabl
es
3/24
/07
45
�In
sert
reco
rd in
to O
rder
and
New
-Ord
er ta
bles
�Fo
r 5-1
5 ite
ms,
get I
tem
reco
rd, g
et/u
pdat
e St
ock
reco
rd�
Inse
rt O
rder
-Lin
e R
ecor
d�
Paym
ent,
Ord
er-S
tatu
s, D
eliv
ery,
Sto
ck-L
evel
hav
e si
mila
r com
plex
ity, w
ith d
iffer
ent f
requ
enci
es�
tpm
C =
num
ber o
f New
-Ord
er tr
ansa
ctio
n pe
r min
.
Com
men
ts o
n TP
C-C
�En
able
s app
les-
to-a
pple
s com
paris
on o
f TP
syst
ems
�D
oes n
ot p
redi
ct h
ow y
oura
pplic
atio
n w
ill ru
n,
orho
wm
uch
hard
war
eyo
uw
illne
ed,
3/24
/07
46
or h
ow m
uch
hard
war
e yo
u w
ill n
eed,
or
whi
ch sy
stem
will
wor
k be
st o
n yo
ur w
orkl
oad
�N
ot a
ll ve
ndor
s opt
imiz
e fo
r TPC
-C.
�So
me
high
-end
syst
em sa
les r
equi
re c
usto
m
benc
hmar
ks.
Typi
cal T
PC-C
Num
bers
�A
ll nu
mbe
rs a
re h
ighl
y se
nsiti
ve to
dat
e su
bmitt
ed.
�$1
-$6
/ tp
mC
for r
esul
ts re
leas
ed in
200
6-20
07.
�Lo
w e
nd n
umbe
rs a
re a
lmos
t all
MS
SQL
Serv
er &
Win
dow
s. �
Hig
h en
d is
mos
tly O
racl
e an
d IB
M, L
inux
, BEA
Tux
edo
�Sy
stem
cos
t $27
K (H
P) -
$12M
(IB
M)
3/24
/07
47
�Ex
ampl
es o
f hig
h th
roug
hput
(32
dual
-cor
e pr
oces
sors
)�
IBM
, 4.0
M tp
mC
, $12
.0M
, $2.
97/tp
mC
(1
/22/
07 IB
M A
IX/D
B2,
MS
Win
dow
s/C
OM
+)�
Exam
ples
of l
ow c
ost (
MS
SQL
Serv
er, W
indo
ws,
CO
M+)
�H
P Pr
oLia
nt, 1
8K tp
mC
, $28
K, $
1.57
/tpm
C, 1
0/19
/04
�D
ell,
70K
tpm
C, $
66K
, $0.
96/tp
mC
, 3/9
/07
Com
ing
Soon
, TPC
-E
�A
ppro
ved
Mar
ch 0
7�
Rep
lace
s TPC
-C, i
t�s d
atab
ase-
cent
ricA
bk
lii
3/24
/07
48
�A
bro
kera
ge a
pplic
atio
n�
Mor
e re
alis
tic d
isk
conf
igur
atio
n (s
mal
ler %
of
pric
e)
Out
line
!1.
The
Bas
ics
!2.
AC
ID P
rope
rties
!3
Ato
mic
ityan
dTw
oPh
ase
Com
mit
3/24
/07
49
!3.
Ato
mic
ity a
nd T
wo-
Phas
e C
omm
it!
4. P
erfo
rman
ce
5. S
tyle
s of S
yste
m
1.5
Styl
es o
f Sys
tem
s�
TP is
Sys
tem
Eng
inee
ring
�C
ompa
re T
P to
oth
er k
inds
of s
yste
m
engi
neer
ing
��
Bat
ch p
roce
ssin
g -S
ubm
ita
job
and
rece
ive
file
tt
3/24
/07
50
outp
ut.
�R
eal t
ime
-Sub
mit
requ
ests
that
hav
e a
dead
line
�D
ata
war
ehou
se -
Subm
it qu
erie
sto
a sh
ared
da
taba
se, p
opul
ated
from
TP
data
sour
ces
�TP
-Su
bmit
a re
ques
tto
run
a tra
nsac
tion
TP v
s. B
atch
Pro
cess
ing
(BP)
�A
BP
appl
icat
ion
is u
sual
ly u
nipr
ogra
mm
ed so
se
rializ
abili
ty is
triv
ial.
TP is
mul
tipro
gram
med
.�
BP
perf
orm
ance
is m
easu
red
by th
roug
hput
.TP
is a
lso
mea
sure
d by
resp
onse
tim
e.�
BP
can
optim
ize
by so
rting
tran
sact
ions
by
the
file
key.
TP
mus
than
dle
rand
omtra
nsac
tion
arriv
als
3/24
/07
51
TP m
ust h
andl
e ra
ndom
tran
sact
ion
arriv
als.
�B
P pr
oduc
es n
ew o
utpu
t file
. To
reco
ver,
re-r
un th
e ap
p.�
BP
has f
ixed
and
pre
dict
able
load
, unl
ike
TP.
�B
ut, w
here
ther
e is
TP,
ther
e is
alm
ost a
lway
s BP
too.
�TP
gat
hers
the
inpu
t. B
P po
st-p
roce
sses
wor
k th
at h
as w
eak
resp
onse
tim
e re
quire
men
ts�
So, T
P sy
stem
s mus
t als
o do
BP
wel
l.
TP v
s. R
eal T
ime
(RT)
�R
T ha
s mor
e st
ringe
nt re
spon
se ti
me
requ
irem
ents
. It m
ay
cont
rol a
phy
sica
l pro
cess
.�
RT
deal
s with
mor
e sp
ecia
lized
dev
ices
.�
RT
does
n�t n
eed
or u
se a
tran
sact
ion
abst
ract
ion
usua
llylo
ose
abou
tato
mic
ityan
dse
rializ
abili
ty
3/24
/07
52
�us
ually
loos
e ab
out a
tom
icity
and
seria
lizab
ility
�In
RT,
resp
onse
tim
e go
als a
re u
sual
ly m
ore
impo
rtant
th
an c
ompl
eten
ess
or c
orre
ctne
ss. I
n TP
, cor
rect
ness
is
para
mou
nt.
TP a
nd D
ata
War
ehou
se
�Tw
o us
age
scen
ario
s�
Popu
late
the
war
ehou
se (e
xtra
ct, t
rans
form
, loa
d (E
TL))
�R
un q
uerie
s aga
inst
the
data
war
ehou
se
3/24
/07
53
�O
ften
long
-run
ning
que
ries,
usua
lly w
ith lo
wer
dat
a in
tegr
ity re
quire
men
ts th
an T
P.�
TP sy
stem
s pro
vide
the
raw
dat
a fo
r DSS
s.
Out
line
!1.
The
Bas
ics
!2.
AC
ID P
rope
rties
!3
Ato
mic
ityan
dTw
oPh
ase
Com
mit
3/24
/07
54
!3.
Ato
mic
ity a
nd T
wo-
Phas
e C
omm
it!
4. P
erfo
rman
ce
!5.
Sty
les o
f Sys
tem
Wha
t�s N
ext?
�Th
is c
hapt
er c
over
ed T
P sy
stem
stru
ctur
e an
d pr
oper
ties o
f tra
nsac
tions
and
TP
syst
ems
�Th
ere
stof
the
cour
sedr
illsd
eepl
yin
toea
ch
3/24
/07
55
The
rest
of t
he c
ours
e dr
ills d
eepl
y in
to e
ach
of th
ese
area
s, on
e by
one
.