1. introduction macro
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Introduction to Introduction to MacroeconomicsMacroeconomics
the issues macroeconomics study, the tools macroeconomics use, some important concepts in macroeconomic analysis
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Ilmu Ekonomi : Mikro & MakroIlmu Ekonomi : Mikro & Makro
Menurut Alferd Marshall:Menurut Alferd Marshall:Ilmu ekonomi merupakan ilmu yang mempelajari tentang manusia dalam menjalankan kehidupan sehari-harinya
Ilmu ekonomi
Latar belakang lahirnya makro : Depresi besar negara maju yang menjalar keseluruh dunia tahun 1930an (permasalahan yg lebih kompleks dari mikro)
MikroMikro
MakroMakro
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Perkembangan Makro Perkembangan Makro EkonomiEkonomi
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Definisi dan Fokus MasalahDefinisi dan Fokus Masalah
Case and Fair :Macroeconomics deals with the economy
as a whole. It studies the behavior of economic aggregates such as aggregate income, consumption, investment, and the overall level of prices.
Aggregate behavior refers to the behavior of all households and firms together.
Fokus dari ilmu ekonomi makro ada tiga, yaitu inflasi, pertumbuhan output, dan pengangguran (dimana ketiganya bersifat Trade-off)
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Inflasi : Definisi & JenisInflasi : Definisi & Jenis
Definisi : Gejala Kenaikan harga secara serentak ( keseluruhan)
Jenis – jenis Inflasi :
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Pertumbuhan Output Pertumbuhan Output
Case and Fair : The main measure of how an economy is doing is
aggregate output: Aggregate output is the total quantity of goods
and services produced in an economy in a given period
Economic (Output) growth refers to an increase in the total output (aggregate output) of an economy.
Trend Economic Growth dapat digambarkan melalui kondisi perekonomian yang mengalami pertumbuhan dan cenderung berfluktuasi pada kinerja jangka pendek dapat disebut daur (siklus) bisnis.◦ Salah satu ukurannya adalah jumlah barang dan jasa
yang diproduksi selama setahun atau Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
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Lanjutan..Lanjutan..
An expansion, or boom, is the period in the business cycle from a trough up to a peak, during which output and employment rise. A A contractioncontraction, , recessionrecession, or , or
slumpslump : period when peak : period when peak down to a trough(output and down to a trough(output and employment fall)employment fall)
A prolonged and deep recession becomes a depression.
A stagnation occurs when high persistent unemployment during recession.
A stagflation occurs when the overall price level rises rapidly (inflation) during stagnationCopyright©2011Yulia
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PengangguranPengangguran
Definisi secara umum : masyarakat berusia 15 – 64 th (angkatan kerja) yang tidak bekerja namun bersedia dan atau sedang mencari pekerjaan
Tingkat pengangguran merupakan persentase angkatan kerja yang tidak mendapatkan pekerjaan.
Pengangguran tidak akan pernah mencapai 0
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Government in the MacroeconomyGovernment in the Macroeconomy
There are three kinds of policy that the government has used to influence the macroeconomy:1. Fiscal policy2. Monetary policy3. Growth or supply-side policies
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Kebijakan FiskalKebijakan Fiskal
Kebijakan fiskal merupakan salah satu cara pemerintah mempengaruhi perekonomian melalui keputusan pajak dan pengeluaran pemerintah.
Menurut Keynes:Kebijakan fiskal dapat dan hendaknya digunakan untuk menstabilkan tingkat output dan peluang kerja
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Kebijakan Moneter Kebijakan Moneter
Selain pajak dan pengeluaran ada lagi variabel yang dikendalikan oleh pemerintah, yaitu jumlah uang beredar. Oleh karenanya pemerintah butuhBank Sentral
Komponen yg Komponen yg pengaruhi pengaruhi jumlah uang jumlah uang beredarberedar
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Kebijakan PertumbuhanKebijakan Pertumbuhan
Kebijakan pemerintah yang fokus terhadap bagaimana merangsang penawaran agregat sehingga dapat merangsang pertumbuhan potensial, output yang potensial, dan pendapatan agregat.
Kebijakan Pemerintah yang mendukung pertumbuhan :
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The Components of the The Components of the MacroeconomyMacroeconomy
The circular flow diagram shows the income received and payments made by each sector of the economy.
Everyone’s expenditures go somewhere. Every transaction must have two sides.
Households, firms, the government, and the rest of the world all interact in the goods-and-services, labor, and money markets (The Three Market Arenas).
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The The circular flow diagramcircular flow diagramCopyright©2011Yulia
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Connections to microeconomics:Connections to microeconomics:
Macroeconomic behavior is the sum of all the microeconomic decisions made by individual households and firms.
Aggregate Supply and Aggregate Demand
Aggregate demand is the total demand for goods and services in an economy.
Aggregate supplyAggregate supply is the is the total supply of goods and total supply of goods and services in an economy.services in an economy.
Aggregate supply and Aggregate supply and demand curves are demand curves are more more complexcomplex than simple than simple market supply and demand market supply and demand curves.curves.
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Latihan soalLatihan soal
Jelaskan perbedaan antara ekonomi mikro dan makro.Beri contoh – contoh keputusan.
Jelaskan mengapa inflasi, pertumbuhan output dan pengangguran menjadi masalah pokok dalam ekonomi makro?
Termasuk dalam jenis kebijakan apakah keputusan – keputusan berikut :1. Keputusan pemerintah untuk mengurangi bea cukai.2. Keputusan pemerintah untuk membangun prasarana
publik3. Keputusan Bank Indonesia menaikan tingkat suku bunga
Dari penjelasan komponen dalam makro ekonomi, berikan contoh kegiatan ekonomi yang terjadi pada :1. Pasar barang dan jasa2. Pasar tenaga kerja 3. Pasar uang
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