1. introduction to 3g

8/2/2019 1. Introduction to 3G

1/68

Introduction to 3G


2/68

Introduction to 3GOBJECTIVES

After this module the participant shall be able to :

Understand the Evolution to 3G with its key characteristics.

Understand the Genesis of UMTS.

Understand UMTS key features, requirements,QoS classes.

Understand GSM/GPRS/EDGE Architecture.

3G Optimization and Quality Workshop 2

Introduction to 3G


3/68

1.1. Evolution to 3G1.1.1 Requirements of 3G

1.1.2 3G key characteristics

1.2. Genesis of UMTS

1.3. UMTS Key features

1.4. GSM/GPRS/EDGE Architecture

Introduction to 3G


Introduction to 3G


4/68

Evolution to 3G

3G or third generation technology services provide theability to transfer voice ,video and data.

The main reason for the change is basically the limited

capacity of the existing 2G networks

3G wireless networks are the evolution of wide areacellular telephone networks which hope to incorporatehigh-speed internet access and video telephony to thesenetworks.


Introduction to 3G


5/68

Requirements of 3G

The basic requirement to 3G by ITU is that it mustprovide both voice communication and multi-media dataservices.

In an indoor, outdoor low-speed and high-speed movingenvironment at a data rate of 2Mbps, 384Kbps, and144Kbps, respectively.

With high service quality, high frequency efficiency andlow cost.


Introduction to 3G


6/68

The detailed requirements are

Usability on all popular modes (cellular telephone, e-mail,paging, fax, video conference, and Web browsing)

High speed data transmission (upwards of 2 Mbps)

Routing flexibility (repeater, satellite, LAN)

Operation at approximately 2 GHz transmit and receive

frequencies

Roaming capability worldwide


Introduction to 3G


7/68

3G Key Characteristics

The most significant characteristic offered by thirdgeneration (3G) mobile technologies are themomentous capacity and broadband capabilities tosupport greater numbers of voice and data customers -especially in urban centers - plus higher data rates atlower incremental cost than 2G.

By using the radio spectrum in bands identified whichis provided by the ITU for Third Generation IMT-2000mobile services, it subsequently licensed to operators,

3G uses 5 MHz channel carrier width to deliversignificantly higher data rates and increased capacitycompared with 2G networks.


Introduction to 3G


8/68

The 5 MHz channel carrier provides optimum use of

radio resources for operators who have been grantedlarge, contiguous blocks of spectrum. On the otherhand, it also helps to reduce the cost of 3G networks

while having the capability of providing extremely high-

speed data transmission to users. Besides that, it also allows the transmission of 384kbps

for mobile systems and 2Mbps for stationary systems.3G users are expected to have greater capacity andimproved spectrum efficiency which allows them toaccess the global roaming between different 3Gnetworking.


Introduction to 3G


9/68

The bandwidth and location information available to 3Gdevices gives rise to applications not previouslyavailable to mobile phone users. Some of theapplications are:

Mobile TVa provider redirects a TV channel directlyto the subscriber's phone where it can be watched.

Video on demanda provider sends a movie to thesubscriber's phone.

Video conferencing subscribers can see as well astalk to each other.

Tele-medicine a medical provider monitors or

provides advice to the potentially isolated subscriber. Location-based servicesa provider sends localized

weather or traffic conditions to the phone, or thephone allows the subscriber to find nearby businesses

or friends3G Optimization and Quality Workshop 9

Introduction to 3G


10/68

1.1. Evolution to 3G


1.2.1. History of UMTS

1.2.2. UMTS requirements on 3G

1.2.3. UMTS versus GSM/GPRS



Introduction to 3G


Introduction to 3G


11/68

History of UMTS

Vision of a single 3rd Generation standard allowing worldwide

roaming ITU (International Telecommunication Union) defined conceptfor IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications at 2000MHz)

requirements

unified proposals from different regional standardizationbodies IMT-2000 is afamilyof compatible systems

multimode terminals will be able to access all of them "compatible" means

roaming same, personalized, services UMTS is a member of the IMT-2000 family


Introduction to 3G


12/68

3GPP Standards

Phase 1 1992 GSM Features

Phase 2 1995 GSM Features, EFR Codec,

Release 96 1997 Q1 GSM Features, 14.4 kbit/s User Data Rate,

Release 97 1998 Q1 GSM Features, GPRS

Release 98 1998 GSM Features, AMR, EDGE, GPRS for PCS1900

Release 99 2000 Q1 Specified the first UMTS 3G networks, incorporating aCDMA air interface

Release 4 2001 Q2 Originally called the Release 2000 - added featuresincluding an all-IP Core Network[

Release 5 2002 Q1 Introduced IMS and HSDPA


Introduction to 3G

I d i 3G


13/68

Standardization of 3G cellular networks

3GPP is a co-operation between standardization bodies ETSI (Europe),ARIB/ TTC (Japan), CCSA (China), ATIS (North America) and TTA(South Korea)

GSM EDGE

UMTS

WCDMAFDD

WCDMATDD TDSCDMA


Introduction to 3G

I t d ti t 3G


14/68

3GPP2 is a co- operation between standardizationbodies ARIB / TTC(Japan), CCSA (China), TIA(North America) and TTA (South Korea)

CDMA2000

- CDMA2000 1X

- CDMA2000 1XEV-DO

Standardization of 3G cellular networks


Introduction to 3G

I t d ti t 3G


15/68

IMT 2000 frequency allocations


Introduction to 3G

Introduction to 3G


16/68

Standardization of WCDMA / UMTSThe 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)

Role: Create 3G Specifications and Reports

3G is standardized based on the evolvedGSM core networks and the supporting RadioAccess Technology

GSM


Introduction to 3G

Introduction to 3G


17/68

Standardization of WCDMA / UMTSIntroduction of GPRS / E-GPRS

3GPP Release 99


Introduction to 3G

Introduction to 3G


18/68

Standardization of WCDMA / UMTS3GPP Release 4

3GPP Release 5-6All IP Vision


Introduction to 3G

Introduction to 3G


19/68

Standardization of WCDMA / UMTS

Multiple Access Method DS-CDMADuplexing Method FDD/TDD

Base Station Synchronization Asychronous Operation

Channel Separation 5MHz

Chip Rate 3.84 McpsFrame Length 10 ms

Service Multiplexing Multiple Services with different QoSRequirements Multiplexed on one Connection

Multirate Concept Variable Spreading Factor and Multicode

Detection Coherent, using Pilot Symbols or CommonPilot

Multiuser Detection, SmartAntennas

Supported by Standard, Optional inImplementation

WCDMA Air Interface, Main Parameters


Introduction to 3G

Introduction to 3G


20/68

UMTS requirements on 3Gglobal access with single device global standardunified spectrumhigh coverage seamless handover support of multimedia services high data rates services with variable bandwidths symmetrical and asymmetrical data transfercircuit-switched and

packet- switched transfer high speech (and multimedia) quality - as good as GSM

extendable multi-service network easy to deploy new servicesgateway to Internet high security tight control over network resources by network owner

sophisticated charging functionality backwards compatibility to 2G systems (GSM)


Introduction to 3G

Introduction to 3G


21/68

UMTS vs. GSM/GPRS

Compared to GSM, the major difference of UMTS is the airinterface. The air interface uses GRAN, or Generic Radio AccessNetwork. This means it can be connected to a wide range ofnetworks, such as the internet, ISDN, GSM, or to anotherUMTS network its self. GRAN uses the lower 3 layers of theOSI model, layer 3, the network layer is the RRM, or RadioResource Management protocol. The RRMs manage the

channels between the base stations and the fixed network.

UMTS is not compatible with GSM, but UMTS phones whichare currently sold are dual mode, which means they can work onGSM as well as UMTS. If a user wants to make a call, but is out

of a UMTS area, the device can use GSM. Even if this happens while on a call, the phone can be switched over to the GSMnetwork, completely uninterrupted, transparently to the end user.

Although the newer wave of 3G phones can be used on bothnetworks, GSM phones cant be used on UMTS networks.


Introduction to 3G

Introduction to 3G


22/68



1.3. UMTS Key features1.2.1. UMTS features

1.2.2. UMTS and the 3G requirements

1.2.3. Backward compatibility with

GSM/GPRS

1.2.4. UMTS QoS Classes


Introduction to 3G


Introduction to 3G

Introduction to 3G


23/68

UMTS Features

High Speed

UMTS has the ability to provide data rates upto 2Mbps. This is maximum if we compare it with other 2Gand 2.5G networks.

This would in turn bring features such as videoconferencing, real time streaming and other highbandwidth applications into reality.

Furthermore, Bearer services have different QoS(Quality Of Service) parameters for maximum transferdelay, delay variation and bit error rate. Offered data

rates could be 144 kbps for satellite/rural outdoor, 384kbps for urban outdoor, 2048 kbps for indoor and lowrange outdoor.


Introduction to 3G

Introduction to 3G


24/68

Packet Transmission

Current cellular systems are based upon circuit-switched data while UMTS is based on packet switchingtechnology.

This will also allow to have several forms of billing suchas pay per download, pay per session etc dependingupon the requirement of the service used.

UMTS is also providing "data rate on demand" feature which could make the charges more cheap.


Introduction to 3G

Introduction to 3G


25/68

Consistent Service and Coverage

UMTS is perceived as a global system ofcommunication. Hence, it is also providingcompatibility with other networks such as GSM andSatellite.

Satellite is the major way to provide global access, henceUMTS has been standardized to ensure an efficient andeffective roaming and handover between satellite andterrestrial networks.

UMTS will also provide consistent set of services whilea user switches from one network to another duringroaming. This terminology is also referred to as VHE(Virtual Home Environment).


Introduction to 3G

Introduction to 3G


26/68

UMTS and 3G requirements

UMTS stands for Universal Mobile TelephoneSystem. It is one of the 3G or third generation mobilesystems created and developed inside the framework ofthe ITU IMT-2000.

It presents the new generation of broadband multi-media mobile telecommunications technology. The area

covered by service providers will be on a global scale.


Introduction to 3G


27/68

Release 99

I 1920 -1980 MHz 2110-2170 MHz UMTS only in Europe,Japan

II 1850 -1910 MHz 1930-1990 MHz US PCS, GSM1900

New in Release 5

III 1710 -1785 MHz 1805-1880 MHz GSM 1800

New in Release 6

IV 1710 - 1755 MHz 2110 - 2155 MHz US 2.1 GHz band

V 824 - 849 MHz 869 - 894 MHz US Cellular, GSM850

VI 830 - 840 MHz 875 - 885 MHz Japan

New in Release 7

VII 2500 - 2570 MHz 2620 - 2690 MHz

VIII 880 - 915 MHz 925960 MHz GSM900

IX 1749.9 - 1748.9

MHz

1844.91879.9

MHz

Japan

UMTSFDD Frequency band evolutio


Introduction to 3G


28/68

UMTS Air Interface technologies

UMTS Air Interface is built based on two technological solutions

WCDMAFDD

WCDMATDD

WCDMAFDD is the more widely used solution

FDD: Separate UL and DL frequency band

WCDMATDD technology is currently used in limited numberof networks

TDD: UL and DL separated by time , Utilizing samefrequency

Both technologies have own dedicated frequency bands


Introduction to 3G


29/68

WCDMAFDD technology

Multiple access technology is wideband CDMA (

WCDMA)All cells at same carrier frequency

Spreading codes used to separate cells and users

Signal bandwidth 3.84MHz

Multiple carriers can be used to increase capacity

InterFrequency functionality to support mobilitybetween frequencies

Compatibility with GSM technologyIntersystem functionality to support mobility

between GSM and UMTS


Introduction to 3G


30/68

WCDMA technology


Introduction to 3G


31/68

UMTS & GSM Network Planning


Introduction to 3G


32/68

Difference between WCDMA & GSM

WCDMA GSM

Carrier spacing 5 MHz 200 KHz

Frequency reusefactor

1 118

Power controlfrequency

1500 Hz 2 Hz or lower

Quality control Radio resource

managementalgorithms

Network planning

(frequencyplanning)


Introduction to 3G


33/68

WCDMA GSM

Frequencydiversity

5 MHz bandwidthgives multipathdiversity with Rakereceiver

Frequencyhopping

Packet data LoadBasedpacket scheduling

Timeslot basedScheduling withGPRS

Downlink transmitdiversity

Supported forimprovingdownlink capacity

Not supported bythe standard, butcan be applied


Introduction to 3G


34/68

UMTS networks can be operated with GSM/GPRSnetworks. Systems use different frequency bands, soBTSs and mobiles will (should) not interfere with eachother. Some vendors claim their core network

(MSC/HLR/SGSN etc) and BSC/RNC are UMTScompatible, but most operators will prefer to build atotally separate/independent UMTS network. Some ofthe latest GSM BTSs can also have UMTS radio partsand share the same rack.

Backward Compatibility with GSM/GPRS


Introduction to 3G


35/68

Network Services are considered end-to-end, thismeans from a Terminal Equipment (TE) to another

TE.

An End-to-End Service may have a certain Quality ofService (QoS) which is provided for the user of anetwork service.

It is the user that decides whether he is satisfied with

the provided QoS or not.

UMTS QoS classes


Introduction to 3G


36/68

To realize a certain network QoS a Bearer Service withclearly defined characteristics and functionality is to be

set up from the source to the destination of a service.

A bearer service includes all aspects to enable theprovision of a contracted QoS. These aspects are among

others the control signaling, user plane transport andQoS management functionality.

A UMTS bearer service layered architecture is depicted

below, each bearer service on a specific layer offers it'sindividual services using services provided by the layersbelow.


Q S A hiIntroduction to 3G


37/68

QoS Architecture


Introduction to 3G


38/68

UMTS network services have different QoS classes for

four types of traffic: Conversational class (voice, video telephony, video

gaming)

Streaming class (multimedia, video on demand,webcast)

Interactive class (web browsing, network gaming,database access)

Background class (email, SMS, downloading)


UMTS QoS ClassesIntroduction to 3G


39/68

Traffic class Conversational

class

Real Time

Streaming class

Real Time

Interactive class

Best Effort

Background

class

Best EffortFundamental

characteristics

- Preserve time

relation

(variation)

between

information

entities of the

stream

-Conversational

pattern (stringentand low delay )

- Preserve time

relation

(variation)

between

information

entities of the

stream

- Request response

pattern

-Preserve payloadcontent

-Destination is

not expecting

the data within a

certain time

-Preserve

payload content

Example of the

application

voice streaming video web browsing telemetry,

emails

UMTS QoS Classes


Introduction to 3G


40/68

List of UMTS Bearer Services Attributes

Traffic class ('conversational', 'streaming', 'interactive','background')

Maximum bit rate (kbps)

Guaranteed bit rate (kbps)

Delivery order (y/n) Maximum SDU size (octets)

SDU format information (bits)

SDU error ratio

Residual bit error ratio Delivery of erroneous SDUs (y/n/-)

Transfer delay (ms)

Traffic handling priority


Introduction to 3G


41/68





1.4.1. GSM Voice architecture

1.4.2. GPRS data architecture1.4.3. Enhancements provide by EDGE

Introduction to 3G


GSM S t A hit tIntroduction to 3G


42/68

GSM System Architecture

BSC

BSC

MSC

MS

MS

MS BTS

BTS

BTS

GMSC

PSTNISDNPDN

EIR

AUC

HLR

VLR


GSM S t A hit tIntroduction to 3G


43/68

Mobile Station (MS)

Mobile Equipment (ME)

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

Base Station Controller (BSC) Network Switching Subsystem(NSS)

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

Home Location Register (HLR)

Visitor Location Register (VLR)

Authentication Center (AUC)

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

GSM System Architecture


Introduction to 3G


44/68

The Mobile Station is made up of two entities:

1. Mobile Equipment (ME)

2. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

System Architecture Mobile Station (MS)


Introduction to 3G


45/68


Mobile Equipment

Portable, vehicle mounted, hand held device

Uniquely identified by an IMEI (International MobileEquipment Identity)

Voice and data transmission

Monitoring power and signal quality of surrounding cellsfor optimum handover

160 character long SMS.


Introduction to 3G


46/68

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

Smart card contains the International Mobile SubscriberIdentity (IMSI)

Allows user to send and receive calls and receive othersubscribed services

Encoded network identification details

- Key Ki,Kc and A3,A5 and A8 algorithms

Protected by a password or PIN

Can be moved from phone to phonecontains keyinformation to activate the phone


contd.


S stem Architect reIntroduction to 3G


47/68

System Architecture

Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts thatcommunicate across the standardized Abis interface allowingoperation between components made by different suppliers

1. Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

2. Base Station Controller (BSC)


Introduction to 3G


48/68

System Architecture Base Station

Subsystem (BSS)Base Transceiver Station (BTS):

Encodes, encrypts, multiplexes, modulates and feeds the

RF signals to the antenna. Frequency hopping

Communicates with Mobile station and BSC

Consists of Transceivers (TRX) units


Introduction to 3G


49/68

System Architecture Base Station Subsystem

(BSS)Base Station Controller (BSC)

Manages Radio resources for BTS

Assigns Frequency and time slots for all MSs in its area

Handles call set up Transcoding and rate adaptation functionality

Handover for each MS

Radio Power control

It communicates with MSC and BTS


Introduction to 3G


50/68

System Architecture Network Switching

Subsystem (NSS)Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

Heart of the network

Manages communication between GSM and other networks

Call setup function and basic switching Call routing Billing information and collection

Mobility management

- Registration

- Location Updating- Inter BSS and inter MSC call handoff

MSC does gateway function while its customer roams to othernetwork by using HLR/VLR.


S A hi N k S i hiIntroduction to 3G


51/68


Subsystem Home Location Registers (HLR)

- permanent database about mobile subscribers in a large servicearea(generally one per GSM network operator)

- database contains IMSI, MSISDN, prepaid/postpaid, roaming

restrictions, supplementary services.

Visitor Location Registers (VLR)

- Temporary database which updates whenever new MS enters its

area, by HLR database- Controls those mobiles roaming in its area

- Reduces number of queries to HLR

- Database contains IMSI,TMSI,MSISDN,MSRN,Location Area,

authentication key3G Optimization and Quality Workshop 51

S A hi N k S i hiIntroduction to 3G


52/68


Subsystem Authentication Center (AUC)

- Protects against intruders in air interface

- Maintains authentication keys and algorithms and providessecurity triplets ( RAND,SRES,Kc)

- Generally associated with HLR

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

- Database that is used to track handsets using the IMEI(International Mobile Equipment Identity)

- Made up of three sub-classes: The White List, The Black Listand the Gray List

- Only one EIR per PLMN


GPRS N k A hiIntroduction to 3G


53/68

GPRS Network Architecture

BSC

SGSN

BTS

BTS

GGSNGb

Gd

Gp

Gn

Gf

Gs

Gc

GGSN

EIRHLR+GPRS

Register

MSC/VLR

D

SMS-GMSCSMS-INMSC

Gi

Gr

PDN

Other

GPRS

PLMN


InterfacesIntroduction to 3G


54/68

Interfaces

GbConnects BSC with SGSN

GnSGSNSGSN/GGSN (in the same network) GpSGSNGGSN (in different networks)

GfFor equipment querying at registering time

GiConnects PLMN with external Packet DataNetworks (PDNs)

GrTo exchange User profile between HLR & SGSN

GsTo exchange Database between SGSN & MSC

GdInterface between SMS & GPRS


GPRS Archit ct rIntroduction to 3G


55/68

GPRS is a data network that overlays a second-

generation GSM network.

This data overlay network provides packet data transportat rates from 9.6 to 171 kbps. Additionally, multiple userscan share the same air-interface resources simultaneously.

GPRS attempts to reuse the existing GSM network

elements as much as possible, but to effectively build apacket-based mobile cellular network, some new networkelements, interfaces, and protocols for handling packettraffic are required.

GPRS Architecture


Introduction to 3G


56/68

GSM Network Element Modification or Upgrade Required for GPRS.

Mobile Station (MS) New Mobile Station is required to access GPRS services.These new terminals will be backward compatible with GSMfor voice calls.

BTS A software upgrade is required in the existing basetransceiver site.

BSC The base station controller (BSC) requires a softwareupgrade and the installation of new hardware called thepacket control unit (PCU). The PCU directs the data trafficto the GPRS network and can be a separate hardwareelement associated with the BSC.

GPRS Support Nodes (GSNs) The deployment of GPRS requires the installation of newcore network elements called the serving GPRS support

node (SGSN) and gateway GPRS support node (GGSN).

Databases (HLR, VLR, etc.) All the databases involved in the network will requiresoftware upgrades to handle the new call models andfunctions introduced by GPRS.


Introduction to 3G


57/68

GPRS Mobile Stations

GPRS Mobile Stations: New Mobile Station are required to use GPRSservices because existing GSM phones do not handlethe enhanced air interface or packet data.

A variety of MS can exist, including a high-speedversion of current phones to support high-speed dataaccess, a new PDA device with an embedded GSM

phone, and PC cards for laptop computers.

These mobile stations are backward compatible formaking voice calls using GSM.


GPRS B S i S bIntroduction to 3G


58/68

GPRS Base Station Subsystem

Each BSC requires the installation of one or morePacket Control Units (PCUs) and a software upgrade.

The PCU provides a physical and logical data interface

to the base station subsystem (BSS) for packet datatraffic.

The BTS can also require a software upgrade but

typically does not require hardware enhancements.


GPRS B S i S bIntroduction to 3G


59/68

GPRS Base Station Subsystem

When either voice or data traffic is originated at thesubscriber mobile, it is transported over the airinterface to the BTS, and from the BTS to the BSC inthe same way as a standard GSM call.

However, at the output of the BSC, the traffic isseparated; voice is sent to the mobile switching center(MSC) per standard GSM, and data is sent to a new

device called the SGSN via the PCU over a FrameRelay interface / IP


GPRS S N dIntroduction to 3G


60/68

GPRS Support Nodes

Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN): The Gateway GPRS Support Node acts as an interface

and a router to external networks.

The GGSN contains routing information for GPRSmobiles, which is used to tunnel packets through the IPbased internal backbone to the correct Serving GPRSSupport Node.

The GGSN also collects charging informationconnected to the use of the external data networks and

can act as a packet filter for incoming traffic.


GPRS S N dIntroduction to 3G


61/68

GPRS Support Nodes

Serving GPRS support node (SGSN):

The Serving GPRS Support Node is responsiblefor authentication of GPRS mobiles, registration

of mobiles in the network, mobilitymanagement.

collecting information for charging for the use

of the air interface.


R i AIntroduction to 3G


62/68

Routing Area

GPRS introduces the concept of a routing area. This is much the same as a Location Area inGSM, except that it will generally contain fewer

cells. Because routing areas are smaller thanLocation Areas, less radio resources are usedwhen a paging message is broadcast.


Enhancements by EDGEIntroduction to 3G


63/68

Enhancements by EDGE

Enhanced data for global evolution (EDGE) is a high-

speed mobile data standard, intended to enable second-generation global system for mobile communication(GSM) and time division multiple access (TDMA)networks to transmit data at up to 384 kilobits per

second (Kbps). As it was initially developed just for GSM systems, it

has also been called GSM384. Vendors intended thetechnology for those network operators who failed to

win spectrum auctions for third-generation networks toallow high-speed data transmission.


E h b EDGEIntroduction to 3G


64/68


EDGE provides speed enhancements by changing thetype of modulation used and making a better use of thecarrier currently used, for example the 200kHz carrierin GSM systems.

EDGE also provides an evolutionary path to third-generation IMT-2000-compliant systems, such asuniversal mobile telephone systems (UMTS), byimplementing some of the changes expected in the later

implementation in third-generation systems.


E h t b EDGEIntroduction to 3G


65/68


EDGE builds upon enhancements provided by generalpacket radio service (GPRS) and high-speed circuitswitched data (HSCSD) technologies that are currentlybeing tested and deployed.

It enables a greater data-transmission speed to beachieved in good conditions, especially near the basestations, by implementing an eight-phase-shift keying (8

PSK) modulation instead of Gaussian minimum-shiftkeying (GMSK).


C fi tiIntroduction to 3G


66/68

Configuration Technology Download

(kbit/s)

Upload (kbit/s) TDMA Timeslots

allocatedCSD 9.6 9.6 1+1

HSCSD 28.8 14.4 2+1

HSCSD 43.2 14.4 3+1

GPRS 80.0 20.0 (Class 8 & 10

and CS-4)4+1

GPRS 60.0 40.0 (Class 10 and

CS-4)

3+2

EDGE 236.8 59.2 (Class 8, 10

and MCS-9)4+1

EDGE 177.6 118.4 (Class 10 and

MCS-9)3+2


E h t b EDGEIntroduction to 3G


67/68


Latencies are reduced and bit rates are higher It provides thrice as better speed as GPRS

It improves the speed of present application and alsonew applications as voice calls on mobile etc. aresupported


S rIntroduction to 3G


68/68

Summary

Candidate to write Summary for Module-1 :

1. introduction to 3g

Documents