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Introduction to

Anatomy

Introduction to AnatomyIntroduction to Anatomy

Anatomy is a science that studies the structures that make up the human body.

It describes these structures by using special language (terminology).

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ANATOMICAL ANATOMICAL POSITIONPOSITION

The anatomical terms The anatomical terms always refer to a always refer to a standard anatomical standard anatomical positionposition..

The standard The standard anatomical position is:anatomical position is: the body is erect with the body is erect with

the feet parallel.the feet parallel. the arms hanging at the arms hanging at

the sides with the the sides with the palms facing forward.palms facing forward.

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ANATOMICAL ANATOMICAL TERMSTERMS

The The anatomical anatomical terminologyterminology is a set of is a set of terms that allow body terms that allow body structures to be structures to be located and identified located and identified clearly .clearly .

Examples:Examples: Anterior (ventral)Anterior (ventral) Posterior (dorsal)Posterior (dorsal) LateralLateral MedialMedial

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REGIONAL REGIONAL TERMSTERMS

These are terms These are terms related to the related to the different different regionsregions of of the body.the body.

Example:Example: Head Head NeckNeck ThoraxThorax Abdomen and Abdomen and

pelvispelvis LimbsLimbs

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BODY PLANES AND BODY PLANES AND SECTIONSSECTIONS

For the study of the human For the study of the human body it is necessary to make body it is necessary to make imaginary imaginary sectionssections (cuts), (cuts), along an imaginary line along an imaginary line called called aa planeplane. .

There are There are threethree types of types of sections or planes, they are sections or planes, they are at at right angleright angle to each to each other.other.

A A sagittal section sagittal section is a cut is a cut made longitudinally , made longitudinally , dividing the body into dividing the body into rightright and and leftleft parts. parts.

If the cut is made down the If the cut is made down the medianmedian planeplane of the body of the body and the right and left parts and the right and left parts are equal in size, it is called are equal in size, it is called a a midsagittalmidsagittal, or , or median median sectionsection..

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BODY PLANES AND SECTIONSBODY PLANES AND SECTIONS

A frontal section A frontal section is a is a cut made that divides cut made that divides the body into the body into anterioranterior and and posteriorposterior parts. It parts. It is also called a is also called a coronal coronal section.section.

A transverse section A transverse section is is a cut made along a a cut made along a horizontal plane, horizontal plane, dividing the body into dividing the body into superiorsuperior and and inferiorinferior parts. It is also called a parts. It is also called a cross sectioncross section..

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DIRECTIONAL DIRECTIONAL TERMSTERMS

DIRECTIONAL TERMSDIRECTIONAL TERMS

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BODY BODY CAVITIESCAVITIES

The human body The human body has has two setstwo sets of of internal cavities.internal cavities.

They provide They provide protectionprotection to to the organs within the organs within them. them.

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DORSAL BODY DORSAL BODY CAVITYCAVITY

The The dorsal body cavity dorsal body cavity has has two subdivisionstwo subdivisions, , which are continuous which are continuous with each other. with each other.

The The cranial cavity cranial cavity is the is the space inside the bony space inside the bony skull, contains the skull, contains the brainbrain. .

The The spinal cavity spinal cavity extends from the extends from the cranial cavity nearly to cranial cavity nearly to the end of the vertebral the end of the vertebral column, contains the column, contains the spinal cordspinal cord..

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VENTRAL BODY CAVITYVENTRAL BODY CAVITY

The The ventral body cavity ventral body cavity is is much larger.much larger.

It contains all the It contains all the structures within the chest structures within the chest and abdomen.and abdomen.

The ventral body cavity is The ventral body cavity is subdividedsubdivided. .

The superior The superior thoracic thoracic cavity cavity is separated from the is separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by rest of the ventral cavity by a dome-shaped muscle, the a dome-shaped muscle, the diaphragmdiaphragm. .

It contains, lungs, heart, It contains, lungs, heart, and other visceral organs, and other visceral organs, it is protected by the it is protected by the rib rib cage. cage.

Its central region is called Its central region is called the the mediastinummediastinum 12

VENTRAL BODY CAVITYVENTRAL BODY CAVITY

The cavity inferior to the The cavity inferior to the diaphragm is the diaphragm is the abdominopelvic cavity. abdominopelvic cavity.

It is subdivided it into: It is subdivided it into: a superior a superior abdominal abdominal

cavity, cavity, containing the containing the stomach, liver, stomach, liver, intestines, and other intestines, and other organs, and organs, and

an inferior an inferior pelvic cavitypelvic cavity, , with the reproductive with the reproductive organs, bladder, and organs, bladder, and rectum. rectum.

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SUBDIVISIONS OF THE ABDOMINOPELVIC SUBDIVISIONS OF THE ABDOMINOPELVIC SURFACESURFACE

The abdominopelvic surface and cavity can be The abdominopelvic surface and cavity can be subdivided into 4 subdivided into 4 quadrantsquadrants::

Right upperRight upper Left upperLeft upper Right lowerRight lower Left lower Left lower

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SUBDIVISIONS OF THE SUBDIVISIONS OF THE ABDOMINOPELVIC SURFACEABDOMINOPELVIC SURFACE

It can be It can be subdivided also subdivided also into 9 into 9 regionsregions::

Right Right hypochondriachypochondriac

EpigastricEpigastric Left hypochondriacLeft hypochondriac Right lumbarRight lumbar UmbilicalUmbilical Left lumbarLeft lumbar Right iliacRight iliac HypogastricHypogastric Left iliac Left iliac

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ORGAN SYSTEMSORGAN SYSTEMS

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THE SKELETAL SYSTEM THE SKELETAL SYSTEM INCLUDES:INCLUDES:

bonesbones jointsjoints cartilagescartilages ligamentsligaments

THE SKELETALSYSTEM

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SKELETOSKELETONN

The human skeleton (all the bones) consists of 206 bones.

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SKELETOSKELETONN

The human skeleton is divided in 2 parts:• axial skeleton (the bones that form the longitudinal axis of the body) and• appendicular skeleton (the bones of the limbs and girdles)

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SKELETONSKELETON

Axial skeleton;Axial skeleton; SkullSkull Vertebral column Vertebral column Sternum and ribsSternum and ribs Appendicular skeleton;Appendicular skeleton; Bones of the upper limbBones of the upper limb Bones of the lower limbBones of the lower limb

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CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF BONESBONES

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TYPES OF TYPES OF BONE BONE

TISSUETISSUE

There are 2 types of bone tissue:• Spongy• Compact