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IP Addresses, Addressingand Address Management

Paul WilsonAPNIC

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Contents

• Introduction to IP addresses• Introduction to RIRs• IP address management• IPv6 management•About APNIC

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“On the Internet, nobody knows you’re a

dog…”

by Peter Steiner, from The New Yorker, (Vol.69 (LXIX) no. 20)

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www.google.com

www.redhat.com

www.ebay.com

www.dogs.biz

www.apnic.net

www.gnso.org

www.ebay.com

www.doggie.com

www.ietf.org

216.239.39.99

66.187.232.50

66.135.208.101

209.217.36.32

202.12.29.20

199.166.24.5

66.135.208.88

198.41.3.45

4.17.168.6

“On the Internet…”you are nothing but an IP

Address!

202.12.29.142

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What is an IP Address?

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What is an Address?

•An identifier which includes information about how to find its subject

•(according to some rules of interpretation)

•Normally hierarchical– Each part provides more specific detail

•For example…– +61 7 3858 3188– www.apnic.net– pwilson@apnic.net– 202.12.29.142

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Telephone Network Routing

Global +61 7 3858 3188

Local

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National+61

3858 3188

Prefix Table

+1+44+61+886+91… Prefix

Table

237…

Prefix Table

…

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What is an IP Address?

• Internet identifier including information about how to reach a network location

•(via the Internet routing system)

• IPv4: 32-bit* number– 4 billion different host addresses– E.g. 202.12.29.142

• IPv6: 128-bit* number– 16 billion billion network addresses– E.g. 2001:0400:3c00::

* bit = binary digit

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Internet Address Routing

Traffic202.12.29.0/24

The InternetGlobal Routing Table

4.128/960.100/1660.100.0/20135.22/16…

Global Routing Table

4.128/960.100/1660.100.0/20135.22/16

202.12.29.0/24…

Announce202.12.29.0/24

202.12.29.0/24

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Internet Address Routing

Traffic202.12.29.142

Local Routing Table

202.12.29.0/25202.12.29.128/25

Local Router

202.12.29.142

202.12.29.0/24

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Global Internet Routing

The Internet

Net

Net

Net

NetNet

NetNet

Net

Net

Net

Net

Global Routing Table

4.128/960.100/1660.100.0/20135.22/16…

4.128/9

60.100/16

60.100.0/20

135.22/16…

Global Routing Table

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Global Routing Table

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Global Routing Table

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Global Routing Table

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Global Routing Table

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Global Routing Table

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Global Routing Table

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Global Routing Table

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Global Routing Table

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What else is an IP Address?

• Internet infrastructure addresses• Uniquely assigned to infrastructure

elements• Globally visible to the entire

Internet• A finite “Common Resource”• Never “owned” by address users

• Not dependent upon the DNS

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My Computer www.cernet.cn2001:0C00:8888:: 2001:0400::

www.cernet.cn ? 202.112.0.462001:0400::

IP addresses are not domain names…

The Internet

DNS

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Geography of the Internet

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Geography

Prefix Table

+1+44+61+886+91…

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Internet Geography

The Internet

Net

Net

Net

NetNet

NetNet

Net

Net

Net

Net

Global Routing Table

4.128/960.100/1660.100.0/20135.22/16…

4.128/9

60.100/16

60.100.0/20

135.22/16…

Global Routing Table

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Global Routing Table

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Global Routing Table

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Global Routing Table

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Global Routing Table

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Global Routing Table

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Global Routing Table

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Global Routing Table

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Global Routing Table

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Global Routing Table

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Internet Geography• “Nations” of the Internet are networks

– “Frontiers” are border routers– “Treaties” are peering relationships between

networks• It’s a very dynamic world…

– New nations are formed daily– New borders are established hourly– Routing tables change by the minute– Driven almost entirely by industry– No centralised control

• Very different from “traditional” networks– Telephony for example

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Regional Internet Registries

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The early years: 1981 – 1992

“The assignment of numbers is also handled by Jon. If you are developing a protocol or application that will require the use of a link, socket, port, protocol, or network number please contact Jon to receive a number assignment.” (RFC 790)

1981:

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Global routing table: ’88 – ’92

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

Jul-88 Jan-89 Jul-89 Jan-90 Jul-90 Jan-91 Jul-91 Jan-92 Jul-92

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0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

Jan-89 Jan-90 Jan-91 Jan-92 Jan-93 Jan-94 Jan-95 Jan-96

Global routing table: Projection

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Global Allocations: ’83 – ’91

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

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1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991

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The boom years: 1992 – 2001

“It has become clear that … these problems are likely to become critical within the next one to three years.” (RFC1366)

“…it is [now] desirable to consider delegating the registration function to an organization in each of those geographic areas.” (RFC 1338)

1992:

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Recent years: 2002 – 2005

2004:

Number Resource Organisation

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What are RIRs?• Industry self-regulatory structures

– Open membership-based bodies– Representative of ISPs globally– Service organisations– Non-profit, neutral and independent– 100% self-funded by membership

•First established in early 1990’s– Voluntarily by consensus of community– To satisfy emerging technical/admin

needs• In the “Internet Tradition”

– Consensus-based, open and transparent

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Global routing table

http://bgp.potaroo.net/as1221/bgp-active.html

CIDR deployment

“Dot-Com” boom

Projected routing table growth without CIDR

Sustainablegrowth?

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Global allocations

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

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1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005

afrinic

various

assigned

ripencc

lacnic

arin

apnic

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What do RIRs do?• Internet resource allocation

– Primarily, IP addresses – IPv4 and IPv6– Receive resources from IANA/ICANN, and

redistribute to ISPs on a regional basis– Registration services (“whois”)

• Policy development and coordination– Open Policy Meetings and processes

• Training and outreach– Training courses, seminars, conferences…– Liaison: IETF, ITU, APT, PITA, APEC…

• Publications– Newsletters, reports, web site…

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RIR Policy Development Process

OPEN

TRANSPARENT‘BOTTOM UP’

Anyone can participate

All decisions & policies documented & freely available to anyone

Internet community proposes and approves policy

Need

DiscussEvaluate

Implement Consensus

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RIR Address Management

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User

Assignment

Network

Allocation

RIR

Allocation

IANAStandards

Where do IP addresses come from?

IETF

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Provider-based address management•Under CIDR, networks are responsible

for control of routing table growth– ISP networks receive portable addresses– Customer routes are aggregated

• ISP allocations are limited– Must justify a certain “minimum

allocation” in order to receive address space

•Portable assignments are limited– End users cannot easily obtain portable

addresses– Addresses come from upstream ISP

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IP Address Aggregation

ISP D ISP C

ISP A ISP B

Internet

Aggregation

(Non-portable Assignments)

(4 routes)

ISP D ISP C

ISP A ISP B

Internet

(Portable Assignments)

No Aggregation

(21 routes)

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IPv4 Allocations

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

apnic

arin

lacnic

ripencc

afrinic

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Why IPv6?

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IPv4 lifetime

http://bgp.potaroo.net/ipv4

IANA allocations

RIR allocatio

ns

Addresses routed

Historical Data Projection

Reclamation?

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Rationale for IPv6• IPv4 address space consumption

– Now under 10 years space remaining– More if unused addresses can be

reclaimed– These are today’s projections – reality

will definitely be different– There has to be a replacement

•Loss of “end to end” connectivity– Widespread use of NAT due to ISP

policies and marketing– Additional complexity and performance

degradation– “Fog on the Internet”

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The NAT problem

10.0.0.1 ..2 ..3 ..4

R

61.100.32.0/26(64 addresses)

61.100.32.1 ..2 ..3 ..4

ISP 61.100.0.0/16

The Internet

*AKA home router, ICS, firewall

NAT*

61.100.32.128(1 address)

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The NAT problem

Internet

10.0.0.1

61.100.32.128

NAT

?Extn 10

Phone Network

10 4567 9876

PABX

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IPv6 Allocations

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

1999 2002 2003 2004 2005

apnic

arin

ripencc

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About APNIC

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Who is APNIC?

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What is APNIC?

•RIR for Asia Pacific region– Established 1993, Tokyo– 1050 members in 45 of 62 AP economies

– 45 staff, 18 nationality/language groups•Membership and community services•Other activities

– Outreach– Liaison: IETF, APT, PITA, APEC, ISP-A’s– ITU Sector Member– UN ECOSOC consultative status– Deployment of rootservers…

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APNIC Services• Internet resource allocations

– “MyAPNIC” secure membership portal– Multilingual helpdesk – email, phone, chat, VOIP*

• Open Policy Meetings– Twice annually– Webcast and remote participation– Stenocaptioning

• Training and education– Technical workshops: Routing, DNS, Security

• Internet support– Fellowships– R&D grants funding– ORDIG – ISP support website

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APNIC 20 – Hanoi, Vietnam

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APNIC 21 – Perth, AustraliaAPNIC 21 – Perth, Australia

• With APRICOT 2006With APRICOT 2006– http://www.2006.apricot.net– 28 Feb – 3 March28 Feb – 3 March

Perth

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Questions?

pwilson@apnic.net