1 kinds of major clause co-ordinate major my mother opened the bottle and swallowed the medicine. my...
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kinds of major clause
co-ordinate
major
My mother opened the bottle and swallowed the medicine.
My mother swallowed the medicine after she had opened the bottle.
compound sentence
complex sentence
sub-ordinate
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contains 2+ clauses:
1 a main clause, e.g. My mother opened the bottle
2 a clause that is related to the main clause by co-ordination, e.g.
and swallowed the medicine
e.g. My mother opened the bottle
and swallowed the medicine.
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My mother swallowed the medicine after she had opened the bottle.
contains 2+ clauses:
1 a main clause, e.g. My mother opened the bottle
2 a clause that is related to the main clause by sub-ordination, e.g.
after she had swallowed the medicine
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co-ordination
one clause expands another clause by:
adding some new element
adding some new element
Mei played and Ali sang.
giving an exception to it
giving an exception to it
offering an alternativeoffering an alternative
Mei played but no-one sang.
Mei will play or Ali will sing.
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co-ordinating conjunctions join clauses which are equal in status, i.e.
• neither depends on the other;• each could stand on its own.
1. She lives somewhere here 2. I don’t know where it is.
1. She lives somewhere here 2. I don’t know where it is.
co-ordination
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1. co-ordinating, e.g. and, or, but, for, yet, still
e.g. She lives somewhere here but I don’t know where it is.
are the words that link the clauses in a compound or complex sentence
are the words that link the clauses in a compound or complex sentence
3 kinds of conjunction3 kinds of conjunction
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subordinating conjunctions join clauses of unequal status, i.e. the subordinate clause depends on the main clause;
i.e. it cannot stand alone.
It will dry out after the storm has passed.
it will dry out
after the storm has passed
can stand alone
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2. Sub-ordinating conjunctions, e.g.because, if, so that, before, after, since
e.g.
It will dry out after the storm has passed
3. correlative, e.g.
either…or; neither…nor; both…and
e.g. He neither walks nor runs.
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subordinating and correlative conjunctions may be
simplesimple
complexcomplex
or
because, until etc
in order to, as long as etc
Please stay until you have to go.
Please stay as long as you can.
e.g.
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are sentences which contain, in addition to the
main clause, one or more
subordinate clauses
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more than one sub-ordinate clause may occur in a sentence, e.g.
My mother swallowed the medicine
after she had opened the bottle
although she hated the taste.
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Notice that the order can be changed:
My mother swallowed the medicine
after she had opened the bottle
although she hated the taste.
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Notice that the order can be changed:
My mother swallowed the medicine
after she had opened the bottle
although she hated the taste.
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Notice that the order can be changed:
my mother swallowed the medicine
After she had opened the bottle
although she hated the taste.
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kinds of
subordinateclauses
3. noun (n
ominal)
4. comparative
2. adverbial
1. relative
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two types of relative clause:1 restrictive, e.g.
The men who were tired rested.
2 non-restrictive, e.g.The men, who were tired, rested.
who, whom, whose,
which, that
usually introduced by relative pronouns
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restrictive relative clauses define a subset of some thing mentioned in the main
clause.
The men who were tired
rested.= not all the men
rested – only the tired ones.
The men, who were tired,
rested.=
all the men rested because they were tired
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They must change before they go.
It will go wherever the river flows.
She did it as if she were born to it.
say something about the time, place, reason, manner etc of the event expressed in the main clause, e.g.
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• How? He went out angrily.
He went out running like the wind.
• When? He went out in the afternoon.
He went out as soon as he’d finished his
lunch.
• Why? He went out because of the heat.
He went out in order to get cool.
• Where? He went out to the shops.
He went out as far as he could possibly go.
• For how long? He went out for a long time.
He went out until the shadows were long.
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function like noun phrases and may therefore
occur in the main clause wherever a noun
phrase may occur, i.e. as Subject, Object and
Complement.
noun clauses generally refer to facts, events, or ideas
noun clauses generally refer to facts, events, or ideas
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Subject Verb Object Complement
The party is a disaster
That you’re injured
is a disaster
The assumption
is wrong
The assumption
is that prices will rise
The children knew
their spelling
The children knew
how to spell
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modify some element of the main clause, acting like a degree adverb, e.g.
She has more patience
than you have.
She was happier than I had ever seen
her.
The time passed more slowly than he would have imagined.
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I will lend you my book if you will lend me your bike.
I won’t lend you my book unless you lend me your bike.
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tense in conditionals
i. if clause = present tense, main clause = future tense
e.g. If we play squash I will win
ii. if clause = past tensemain clause = would
e.g.If we played squash I would win.
iii. if clause = past perfect main clause = would have
e.g. If we had played squash I would have won.
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the conditional clause may also be expressed in the following ways:
• supposing…• assuming/provided /given that…• in case…• in the event that…• on condition that…
finallyconditionality may be expressed in the following way, usually to make threats:
Do that again and you’ll regret it
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• A: What would happen if I cut off your left ear?
• B: I wouldn't be able to hear.• A: And what would happen if I cut
off your right ear?• B: I wouldn't be able to see.• A: Why?• B: Because my glasses would
have fallen off
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• A: Don't you think I sing with feeling?
• B: No. If you had any feeling, you
wouldn't sing.
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• A: Harry says that if I had bought you some ice-cream at the cinema last night, you would have let me kiss you.
• B: Nonsense.• A: Well, what would I have to give you to
get a kiss?• B: An anaesthetic!!
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Little Lawrence, who was a noisy, spoilt child, was running up and down the aisle of an aeroplane.
One annoyed passager stopped him and said:"Listen, kid. Why don't you go outside and play for a while!!“
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• Harold went up to a man at a party, who he thought he recognised, and said:
• "It's good to see you again after all these years. But how you've changed! Your hair is different; you've lost weight; you're a little shorter and you've stopped wearing glasses. What happened to you, Mr. Frost?
• But I'm not Mr. Frost!!• Amazing! You've even changed your name!
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common errorsinvolve conjunctions• although and but are both used in the same
sentence, e.g.Although he came early but they had already left.
He came early but they had already left.
Although he came early they had already left.
Don’t use both kinds of conjunction at the same time!
co-ordinate
subordinateor
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though not strictly wrong, “why” here is redundant since this is the meaning of “the reason”; there is no need for both.
common errors
“the reason why”“the reason why”
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Counsellors who have dealt with these girls say
the lack of parental control and attention is the
main cause of this rising tide of thuggery.
exercise 1b)exercise 1b)
Most of the girls are from homes with a history of family abuse or (from homes) where (=in which) the parents have marital problems.
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Even after the girls are convicted and sent to homes or placed on probation, many parents refuse to see that their child is developing into a full-fledged criminal.
“Some just leave their kids with us and expect us to perform miracles”
“If the young person’s undesirable values and erroneous methods of solving her problems are not corrected early, there will be dire consequences.”
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• Counsellors who have dealt with these girls…
Counsellor Lindy Ong, who has set up a support group in a church for parents with problem teens, said…
•(from homes) where (=in which) the parents have marital problems.
non-restrictivenon-restrictive
restrictiverestrictive
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adverbial clauses:• reason: because “they’re just kids”• time: Even after the girls are
convicted and sent to homes or placed on probation..
there is no adverbial clause of place; the beginning of sentence 15 looks like one:
however, this is an adverbial phrase in which is embedded a restrictive relative clause
In a research bulletin issued by the Subordinate Courts
In a research bulletin (that was) issued by the Subordinate Courts