1 kyung hee university spring 2003 introduction to network management 6 may 2003 c.s. hong
TRANSCRIPT
Spring 200311Kyung Hee University
Introduction to Network Management Introduction to Network Management
6 May 2003
C.S. Hong
Spring 200322Kyung Hee University
ContentsContents
SNMP Management Concepts
SNMP Management Information
XML-based Network Management
Network Monitoring
Spring 200333Kyung Hee University
SNMP Network Management SNMP Network Management ConceptsConcepts
Spring 200344Kyung Hee University
IntroductionIntroduction
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) for transferring control
message from routers and other hosts to a host : the late 1970s
useful features : echo/echo-reply message pair, time stamp and time stamp reply message pair
a management tool : PING (Packet Internet Groper)
verifying the operation of a server observing variations in round-trip times and in datagram loss rates
Internet growing in the late 1980s
SGMP (Simple Monitoring Protocol) in Nov. 1987 ----> SNMP
HEMS (High-level Entity Management System) : generalization of Host Monitoring Protocol (HMP)
CMIP over TCP/IP (CMOT)
Spring 200355Kyung Hee University
Introduction (cont’d)Introduction (cont’d)
In 1988, IAB approved further development of SNMP as short-term
solution and CMOT as the long-term solution
As a short-term solution
immediate implementation of SNMP based on SGMP– TCP/IP based network– IETF was responsible for the implementation– keep the protocol simple– focus on fault and configuration management
As a long-term solution
CMIS/CMIP for future requirements developed by the ISO non protocol specific (for use of all network devices)
Spring 200366Kyung Hee University
Evolution of SNMPEvolution of SNMP
Development of a remote monitoring capability for SNMP
RMON (Remote Monitoring) MIB and addition to SNMP MIB for monitoring
Vendor-independent SNMP MIB and Vendor-specific SNMP MIB
SNMP v2 : dealing with security aspects
developed by members of the networking community in 1993, and revised in 1995
solve some of deficiencies with SNMP only for IP network relatively unsecured efficient table retrieval
SNMP v3 in 1998 : specifying use of cryptographic algorithms
Spring 200377Kyung Hee University
SNMP-Related Standards by IETFSNMP-Related Standards by IETF
Foundation specifications
Structure and Identification for Information for TCP/IP-based networks (RFC 1155)
Management Information Base for Network Management of TCP/IP-based Internet: MIB-II (RFC 1213)
Simple Network Management Protocol (RFC 1157)
Spring 200388Kyung Hee University
Network Management Architecture and Its Key Elements Network Management Architecture and Its Key Elements for TCP/IP Networkfor TCP/IP Network
Management station having :
a set of management application for data analysis and fault recovery
an interface for the network manager to monitor and control the network
a database of information extracted from the MIBs of all the managed entities in the network
the capability of translating the network manager’s requirements into the actual monitoring and control of remote elements in the network
Management agent
managed from a management station
providing the management station with important but unsolicited information
Spring 200399Kyung Hee University
Network Management Architecture and Its Key Elements Network Management Architecture and Its Key Elements for TCP/IP Network (cont’d)for TCP/IP Network (cont’d)
MIB (Management Information Base)
representing resources as objects
data variables representing one aspect of the managed agent
management station performs the monitoring function by retrieving the value of MIB objects
Network management protocol
linking management station and agents
key capabilities of SNMP
get : retrieving the value of objects at the agent set : setting the value of objects at the agent trap : notifying the management station of significant events
Spring 20031010Kyung Hee University
Network Management Protocol ArchitectureNetwork Management Protocol Architecture SNMP implemented on the top of UDP ( or TCP), IP and relevant
network-dependent protocol (ex, Ethernet, FDDI, X.25, ATM,…)
Agent Process User process
SNMP FTP, etc
UDP TCP
IP
Network-dependentProtocol
Manager Process
SNMP
UDP
IP
Network-dependentProtocol
Agent Process User processes
SNMP FTP, etc
UDP TCP
IP
Network-dependentProtocol
Manager Process
SNMP
UDP
IP
Network-dependentProtocol
Router
Host
Host
Management station
Networkmanager
Central MIB
Internetwork
Spring 20031111Kyung Hee University
Types of SNMP MessagesTypes of SNMP Messages
Managed resources
SNMP Manager
UDP
IP
Network-dependent protocols
Management application
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SNMP agent
UDP
IP
Network-dependent protocols
SNMP managed objects
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SNMP Messages
Applicationmanages objects
Network or Internet
SNMP agent
SNMP management station
Spring 20031212Kyung Hee University
ProxiesProxies
Manager Process
SNMP
UDP
IP
Network-dependentProtocol
Agent Process
SNMP
UDP
IP
Network-dependentProtocol
Management Process
Protocolarchitecture used by proxied device
Network-dependentProtocol
Protocol architecture
used by proxied device
Network-dependentProtocol
Mapping function Proxied device
Proxy agent
Management station
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SNMP Management InformationSNMP Management Information
Spring 20031414Kyung Hee University
SNMP Management InformationSNMP Management Information
Database containing information about the elements to be managed : MIB
Each resource to be managed, to be represented by object
MIB : structured collection of such object having the form of tree
Structure of Management Information (SMI)
Specified in RFC 1155
Providing a standardized technique for defining the structure of a particular MIB
Providing a standardized technique for defining individual objects, including the syntax and the value of each object
Providing a standardized technique for encoding object values
SMI Data Type Additions To Structure of Management Information Version 2 (SMIv2) and Structure of Management Information Version 1 (SMIv1) : draft-perkins-smi-addition-00.txt
The new data types are Integer64, Unsigned64, Float, Double, and DiscUnion (discriminated union)
Spring 20031515Kyung Hee University
Defining objectsDefining objects
MIB (Management Information Base)
a precise definition of the information accessible through a network management protocol
each device must use the format for displaying information that is defined by the MIB
RFC 1052 define an extended MIB for use with SNMP and CMIS/CMIP is no longer realistic
RFC 1065: “Structure and Identification of Management Information for TCP/IP based Internets (SMI)”
describe the syntax and type of information available in the MIB for TCP/IP networks
RFC 1066 use the rules of the SMI present the first version of the MIB for TCP/IP known as MIB-I
Spring 20031616Kyung Hee University
Defining objects (cont’d)Defining objects (cont’d)
RFC 1155 (SMI)
RFC 1065 later was adopted by the IAB as a full standard four primitive data type
– INTEGER• 32bit value in two’s complement representation• -2147483648 ~ 2147483647
– OCTET STRING• zero or more octets• 0 ~ 255• represent a text string
– OBJECT IDENTIFIER• a sequence of integers• traverse a hierarchical MIB tree
– NULL
Spring 20031717Kyung Hee University
Defining objects (cont’d)Defining objects (cont’d)
RFC 1156
allow for expansion of the MIB for vendor specific enhancement
RFC 1158
propose a second MIB (MIB-II) extend the information base defined in MIB-I Note: most network devices have software agent that support MIB-II and their own
private extensions
Each MIB would focus on a specific technology
RFC 1743: IEEE 802.5 Token Ring Interface type MIB RFC 1757: Remote Network Monitoring MIB (RMON) RFC 1513: FDDI Interface type MIB RFC 1493: Bridge MIB
Spring 20031818Kyung Hee University
MIB StructureMIB Structure
Leaf objects of the tree to be actual managed objects to represent
some resource, activity, or related information
Object identifier : a unique identifier for particular object type
Serving as the name of an object
internet OBJECT IDENTIFIER :: = { iso (1) org(3) dod (6) 1}
therefore, internet node’s object ID : 1.3.6.1
four nodes under the internet node
directory mgmt ----> mib-1, mib-2 experimental private
Spring 20031919Kyung Hee University
MIB Structure (cont’d)MIB Structure (cont’d)
Object Identifier
ISO ASN.1 (Abstract Syntax Notation One) Syntax
a subset of ASN.1 defines the syntax for the MIB use the tree architecture to organize all available information
– labeled node– object identifier (OID) and text description
Object ID consisting of sequence of integers
for example : object ID for tcpConnTable : 1.3.6.1.2.1.6.13
iso org dod internet mgmt mib-2 tcp tcpConnTable
1 3 6 1 2 1 6 13
Spring 20032020Kyung Hee University
MIB TreeMIB Tree
Traversal of the MIB tree
root node
itu-t (0), administered by the ITU-T iso (1), administered by the ISO joint-iso-itu-t (2), jointly administered by ISO and ITU-T
– internet: OID= 1.3.6.1 or {iso org(3) dod(6), 1}
ITU-T(0) ISO(1) joint-ISO-ITU-T (2)
…. org(3) …..
….. dod(6) …..
….. internet (1) …..
directory(1) …… mgmt(2) …. Experimental(3) private(4)
mib(1) enterprises(1)
Spring 20032121Kyung Hee University
MIB Tree (cont’d)MIB Tree (cont’d) directory (1)
– reserved for future use mgmt(2)
– MIB-I originally assigned OID 1.3.6.1.2.1 or {mib 1}– MIB-I has been superseded by MIB-II– system(1): network device operating system– interfaces(2): network interface specific– address translation(3): address mappings– ip(4): Internet protocol specific– icmp(5): ICMP specific– tcp(6): transmission protocol specific– udp(7): user datagram protocol specific– egp(8): exterior gateway protocol specific– cmot(9): CMIP on TCP specific– transmission(10): transmission media specific– snmp(11): SNMP specific
Spring 20032222Kyung Hee University
MIB Tree (cont’d)MIB Tree (cont’d)
experimental (3)– experimental protocols and MIB development intended to enter the standards tr
ack private(4)
– used to specify objects defined unilaterally– enterprises(1) or {private 1}
• an organization that has registered its own specific extensions to the MIB• vendor-specific MIBs are found• OID (1.3.6.1.4.1)
OIDs represent each manageable object with a unique sequence of numbers and names
SNMP uses the number as an abbreviated form of the name – to make requests for data values– to identify each response that carries the values
Spring 20032323Kyung Hee University
MIB : An ExampleMIB : An Example
tcpMaxConn OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX INTEGER
ACCESS read-only
STATUS mandatory
DESCRIPTION
“The limit on the total number of TCP connections the entity can support. In entities where the maximum number of connections is dynamic, this object should contain the value -1.”
::= { tcp 4 }
* OID :1.3.6.1.2.1.6.4
Spring 20032424Kyung Hee University
Macro object definitionMacro object definition
Object : having a type (syntactic description) and value
To extend ASN.1 to define new types and their values
Macro definition : specifying the syntax of a set of related types
Macro instance : an instance generated from a specific macro defi
nition
Macro instance value : representing a specific entity with a specifi
c value
Macro used for the SNMP MIBs : RFC1155 for MIB-I, RFC 1212 (con
cise MIB definitions) for MIB-II
Spring 20032525Kyung Hee University
Private MIBsPrivate MIBs
MIB has been designed to accommodate growth and to provide fle
xibility for adding new objects.
Private extensions can be added to the private subtree
The management station must be loaded with the private MIB stru
cture
The potential for difficulty arises when the two are from different
vendors
Most vendors supply both a text version and a formal description of their MIB extensions
But, vendors can use different formats
Spring 20032626Kyung Hee University
SNMP OperationSNMP OperationThe five SNMPv1message types (RFC1157)
Get-Request: retrieve information from device Get-Response: agent responds to the Get-Request Get-Next-Request: ask for the next specific object Set-Request: for remote configuration parameter Trap: an unsolicited message
Host
MS-DOS Router
Terminal server Device
Data Network
station
Managing host
agentagentagent
agentagent
Spring 20032727Kyung Hee University
SNMP Operation (cont’d)SNMP Operation (cont’d)Format of SNMP
SNMP
ISO presentation
ISO session
UDP
IP
ISO data link
Physical
Layer 7
Layer 6
Layer 5
Layer 4
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1
Version Community PDUtype
Request ID
0 0 Name X Value X ……..
Version Community PDUtype
Request ID
Errorstatus
Errorindex
Name X Value X ……...
Get-Request, Get-Next-Request, Set-Request
Get-Response
Version Community PDUtype
Enterprise Agentaddr
Generic trap
Specific trap
Time Name X Value X
Trap
Spring 20032828Kyung Hee University
SNMP Operation (cont’d)SNMP Operation (cont’d)
SNMP trap
an unsolicited message an agent sends to a station inform the server about the occurrence of specific event seven types of SNMP traps (MIB-II)
– coldstart of a system: reinitializing itself such that its configuration or protocol has changed
– warmstart of a system: reinitializing itself such that its configuration or protocol has not changed
– link down: a specific link has failed
stationDevice
agent
Data Network
Link failure
Trap: interface #2, link down
Managing host
Spring 20032929Kyung Hee University
SNMP Operation (cont’d)SNMP Operation (cont’d)– link up: a specific link has come up– failure of authentication: a request does not provide proper authentication– EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol) neighbor loss
• EGP is a reachability protocol used between data networks
– enterprise specific• a vendor to provide additional functionality that complements the generic tra
ps
security
community string– station sends a particular password with each message– the password is referred to as the SNMP community string
Spring 20033030Kyung Hee University
SNMP V2 & V3SNMP V2 & V3
SNMPv2
The key enhancements to SNMP that are provided in SNMPv2
Structure of Management Information (SMI) Manager-to-manager capability Protocol operations
Most noticeable change in protocol operations
GetBulkRequest PDU : enabling the manager to retrieve large blocks of data efficiently. It is well suited to retrieving multiple rows in a table
InformRequest PDU : enabling one manager to send trap of information to another
Additional types
Integer32 Counter32 Gauge32 Unsigned32 Counter64
Spring 20033131Kyung Hee University
SNMP V2 & V3 (cont’d)SNMP V2 & V3 (cont’d)
SNMPv3
Adding cryptographic algorithms
Spring 20033232Kyung Hee University
RMON 1 and 2RMON 1 and 2 Defining a remote monitoring MIB that supplements MIB-II
Providing the network manager with vital information about the internetwork
Providing significant expansion in SNMP functionality
RMON-Related RFCs
RFC 1513 : Token Ring Extensions to the Remote Network Monitoring MIB
RFC 1757 : Remote Network Monitoring Management Information Base
RFC 2021 : Remote Network Monitoring Management Information Base II
RFC 2074 : Remote Network Monitoring MIB Protocol Identifiers
RFC 2613 Remote Network Monitoring MIB Extensions for Switched Networks Version 1.0. (proposed standard) June 1999
RFC 2819 : Remote Network Monitoring Management Information Base, May 2000. (obsolete RFC1757)
RFC 2895 : Remote Network Monitoring MIB Protocol Identifier Reference, August 2000. (obsolete RFC 2074)
RFC 2896 : Remote Network Monitoring MIB Protocol Identifier Macros, August 2000. (informational)
Spring 20033333Kyung Hee University
RMON GoalsRMON Goals
Defining standard network-monitoring functions and interfaces for communicating between SNMP-based management consoles and remote monitors
Designing Goals for RMON described in RFC 1757
off-line operation : to limit or halt the routine polling of a monitor by network manager
Proactive monitoring : using running diagnostics and logging network performance
Problem detection and reporting
Value-added-data : performing analyses specific to the data collected on its subnetwork
ex) analyzing subnetwork traffic to determine which hosts generate the most traffic or errors on the subnetwork
Multiple managers
for improving reliability for performing different functions (ex, engineering and operations) for providing management capability to different units within an organization
Spring 20033434Kyung Hee University
RMON Goals (cont’d)RMON Goals (cont’d)
A system that implements the RMON MIB is referred to as an
RMON probe.
no different from any other SNMP agent
Spring 20033535Kyung Hee University
RMON Goals (cont’d)RMON Goals (cont’d)
Spring 20033636Kyung Hee University
OID Tree for RMONOID Tree for RMON
ITU-T(0) iso(1) joint-iso-ITU-T (2)
…. org(3) …..
….. dod(6) …..
….. internet (1) …..
directory(1) …… mgmt(2) …. Experimental(3) private(4)
Mib-2(1) enterprises(1)
system(1) interfaces(2) at(3) ip(4) icmp(5) tcp(6) udp(7) egp(8) cmot(9) transmission(10) snmp(11) Rmon(16)…... ……...
Spring 20033737Kyung Hee University
Network-Layer Visibility of RMONNetwork-Layer Visibility of RMON
RMON probe with RMON1 can monitor all of the traffic on the
LANs, or can capture all of the MAC-level frames and read the
MAC-level source and destination addresses in those frames.
But, no way of determining the ultimate source of incoming traffic arriving via the router or the ultimate destination of outgoing traffic leaving via the router.
With RMON2, the RMON probe has the capability of seeing above
the MAC layer by reading the header of the enclosed network-layer
protocol, which is typically IP.
analyzing traffic passing through the router to determine the ultimate source and destination.
Spring 20033838Kyung Hee University
The RMON MIBThe RMON MIB
rmon (mib-2, 16)
statistics (1)
history (2)
alarm (3)
host (4)
hostTopN (5)
matrix (6)
filter (7)
capture (8)
event (9)
tokenRing (10)
protocolDir (11)
ProtocolDist (12)
addressMap(13)
nlHost (14)
nlMatrix (15)
alHost (16)
alMatrix (17)
usrHistory (18)
probeConfig (19)
rmonConformance (20)
RMON1RMON2
Spring 20033939Kyung Hee University
XML-based Network ManagementXML-based Network Management
Spring 20034040Kyung Hee University
IntroductionIntroduction eXtensible Markup Language (XML)
A simplified subset of the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)
XML is an emerging technology for Web-based applications and has been
in the spotlight.
XML has many advantages
Simplicity, openness, extensible, inexpensive
Most people believe that XML will succeed much more than HTML, HTTP,
Web, Java
Advantages in XML-based network management
Easy to learn: not management domain specific technology
Large supporting tools and technology: Low development cost
High compatibility with legacy management technology: Integrated manageme
nt.
Spring 20034141Kyung Hee University
XML : What is XML ?XML : What is XML ? What does “XML” stands for?
eXtensible: not a fixed format, customizable.
Markup: used to define things.
Language: used to communicate or describe and encapsulate its information and pass it.
XML was designed to describe data.
Document Type Definition (DTD) or XML Schema is used.
XML is self-descriptive.
XML is free and extensible.
XML allows the author to define his own tags.
XML is a compliment to HTML.
XML will be used for describing data and HTML for displaying same data.
XML is a future Web technology.
Quick standard process, large support by vendor.
Common tool for all data manipulation and data transmission.
Spring 20034242Kyung Hee University
XML : An ExampleXML : An Example
A Telecom example
<?xml version=“1.0” ?>
<?xml:stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="schema.xsl"?>
<n-entityCreation id="1">
<ems id="TaskCenter">
<mgdEltR1 id="NE1" adminState="unlocked“ opState="enabled">
<equipHolder id="1" equipHolderType="Bay">
<equipHolder id="3" holderType="Shelf">
<equipHolder id="4" holderType="Slot">
</equipHolder>
</equipHolder>
</equipHolder>
</mgdEltR1>
</ems>
</n-entityCreation>
PI targetPI value
PI : Processing Instruction
Spring 20034343Kyung Hee University
XML : Technology MapXML : Technology Map
XML
ProgramScripts
DatabaseEditor(file)
Input
Generate
DTD, XML Schema
DefineValidate
DOM
DumpParse
Program
Process
WAP, XHTML
Standard
XSLXSLT
XPath
Input WebBrower
Input
SOAP RemoteSystem
Exchange
Input
Spring 20034444Kyung Hee University
XML : DTD and XML SchemaXML : DTD and XML Schema
DTD (Document Type Definition)
Defines the document structure with a list of legal elements
Can be declared inline in XML document, or as an external reference.
XML Schema
A successor to DTD.
Support for Data Types
Provides inclusion and derivation mechanisms
Uses XML as encoding syntax
Why use DTD/XML Schema?
Each XML file can carry a description of its own format.
To verify the data you received or your own data.
Independent groups of people can agree to use a common DTD for interchanging data.
Spring 20034545Kyung Hee University
XML : DTD ExampleXML : DTD Example
<!DOCTYPE lecturer [ <!ELEMENT lecturer (name, (email | hp)?)> <!ELEMENT name (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT email (#PCDATA)> <!ATTLIST lecturer class CDATA #REQUIRED> ]>
seminar.dtd
<?xml version=“1.0”?><!DOCTYPE lecturer SYSTEM “seminar.dtd”> <lecturer class=“XML”> <name>cshong</name> <email> … </email> </lecturer>
<?xml version=“1.0”?><!DOCTYPE lecturer SYSTEM “seminar.dtd”> <lecturer class=“XML”> <name>cshong</name> <email> … </email> </lecturer>
Description Verification
Spring 20034646Kyung Hee University
XML : DOMXML : DOM
Document Object Model (DOM)
Definition
A programming interface to access and manipulate XML documents
Objectives
To provide a standard programming interface to a wide variety of applications
can create an XML document, navigate its structure, and add, modify, or delete its elements
can be used with any programming language on any operating system
Spring 20034747Kyung Hee University
XML : DOM exampleXML : DOM example
DOMTree
lecturer
class
document
name
juht
<?xml version=“1.0”?><lecturer class=“XML”> <name> cshong </name> </lecturer>
Parsing Serialization
DOM APIApplicationswritten in
any language
Spring 20034848Kyung Hee University
Applicability of XMLApplicability of XML
Basic management tasks
Management Information Modeling.
Description framework for managed resource to managed object.
Management Information Realization.
Guarantees of consistency between managed resource and managed object.
Management Information Distribution.
Exchange of management information between management applications.
Management Information Analysis.
Process of management information production from collected information.
Management Information Presentation.
User interface for display management information or taking management command from operators.
Spring 20034949Kyung Hee University
Basic Management TasksBasic Management Tasks
Modeling
Realization
Distribution
Presentation
Manager
Agent
Analysis
Spring 20035050Kyung Hee University
Management Information ModelingManagement Information Modeling
Standard Information model
XML Schema for management information modeling
Advantages
Easy to learn, not domain specific technology. Use of powerful and convenient graphical XML editor. Modeling result is concise and easy to read. Secondary benefits – validation, sample data generation.
Disadvantage
No standard models, but easy to translate from standard information models.
SNMP TMN DMTF XML
Tool SMI GDMO CIM XML Schema
Models MIB-II G.721 CIM v.6 No standard yet
Approach Object-based Object-oriented Object-oriented Object-oriented
Spring 20035151Kyung Hee University
Management Information RealizationManagement Information Realization
Standard management frameworks leave it completely unspecified - viewed as a “local matter”.
Model specification serves as a starting point for the coding of the agents.
For Web interface and CLI, the model specification was not provided.
For SNMP, MIB compilers have been used to generate MIB stubs.
The stubs are supplemented with the code for actual access to resources.
There is no common interface or data format between managed resource and management agents such as CLI, SNMP, Web.
Large development cost and footprint.
Consistency problem by multiple access to single managed resource.
XML for management information realization
XML can be used for middleware between agents and managed resources.
Low footprint solution.
Various methods can be used for XML generation.
Spring 20035252Kyung Hee University
Management information distributionManagement information distribution Communication between management applications
Agent ↔ Manger, Manager ↔ Manager Standard management communications
North bound interface is usually based on CORBA.
XML and CORBA are interoperable technologies.
XML does not say anything about communication protocol, Implicitly HTTP is used.
Reliable, efficient by compression, highly secure, high connectivity.
Flexible by use of SOAP.
SNMP TMN DMTF XML
Protocol SNMP/UDP CMIP Operations/HTTP SOAP or HTTP
Operation Get, Set,
GetNext, Resp
onse
M-Get, M-Set , M-
Create, M-Delete, M-
Action
GetInstance, SetInstance,
GetClass, etc. (23 Operatio
ns)
Unspecified
Notification Trap M-Event_Report Unspecified Unspecified
Encoding ASN.1 ASN.1 XML XML
Spring 20035353Kyung Hee University
Management Information AnalysisManagement Information Analysis
This has not been standardized and based on data processing such as
sorting, filtering, logging and correlating.
Management platforms provide basic management functionality and
development environment.
Their price is usually very expensive.
Customization requires large amount of time and effort.
In most cases, they do not depend on standard technology.
Recently, CORBA has been used widely as an implementation platform for
management systems.
XML for management information analysis.
XML is a standard data processing tool.
Many supporting tools (such as database) are available.
Lots of developers having XML knowledge.
Spring 20035454Kyung Hee University
Management Information PresentationManagement Information Presentation
This allows user interactive access to the management system.
+: Include telnet connection.
#: MS-Windows or X-Windows
*: Without use of XML technologies.
XML for management information presentation
Separation with display and data in Web environment.
Platform independent standard display technology.
Device dependant display support.
Ubiquitous management user interface.
User-friendly graphic interface.
Text+ Windows# Web* XML
Ubiquity Best Bad Good Good
Interactivity Bad Best Good Good
Development cost Low High Middle Low
User-friendliness Worst Good Best Best
Spring 20035555Kyung Hee University
State of the Art for XML-based NMState of the Art for XML-based NM
Research work
Complimentary approaches to SNMP
eXtensible Network and System Management Instrumentation. SNMP to XML translator XML/SNMP Gateway
Improvement approaches to Web-based network management
Direct Web Interface for Device Configuration XML-based Device Configuration
New Management Architectures
XML-based Service Configuration Web-based Integrated Management Architecture XML-based Network Management Architecture
Standard Activities
Web Based Enterprise Management (WBEM)
Spring 20035656Kyung Hee University
SNMP to XML TranslatorSNMP to XML Translator
Applications of SNMP to XML translator
1. Encoding SNMP MIB data
2. Information analysis or presentation for SNMP MIB data
3. Specification translation for SNMP to XML gateway
XML/HTTP SNMP Agent
Web Server
SNMP
SNMPGW
XML
Spring 20035757Kyung Hee University
XML/SNMP GatewayXML/SNMP Gateway
What is XML/SNMP Gateway?
Relays management information and operations between SNMP agent and XML-based manager system.
While preserving the legacy SNMP agent, one can develop XML-based manager by using XML technology.
Two basic requirements for the gateway
Specification translation: SNMP MIB XML– For understanding the management information exported by SNMP
agent. Interaction translation: SNMP Operations XML Operations
– For supporting interaction between two management applications
Spring 20035858Kyung Hee University
Direct Web Interface to Managed DevicesDirect Web Interface to Managed Devices Traditional Approach
Result of embedding small Web server into network device.
Ubiquitous, simple but powerful, user-friendly device management user interface.
XML Approach (EmWeb XML parser)
XML generation by program is enough small solution to be embedded.
Separate display format and data generation.
XML parser can save development cost by generating backend stub code based on XML schema.
Embedded Web Server
HTML or Java / HTTP
Embedded Web Server
XML & XSL / HTTP
Spring 20035959Kyung Hee University
Network Monitoring Network Monitoring
Spring 20036060Kyung Hee University
Generic MetricsGeneric Metrics
Availability
Connectivity
Functionality
Loss
One way loss
Round trip loss
Delay
One way delay
Round trip delay
Delay variance
Utilization
Bandwidth
Throughput
Spring 20036161Kyung Hee University
Network Monitoring Network Monitoring Active Approach
Performed by sending test traffic into network
1) Generate Test packet periodically or on-demand
2) Measure performance of test packet or response
3) Take the statistics
Impose extra traffic on network and distort its behavior in the process
Used to monitor network performance
e.g., Availability, Delay, Loss
Spring 20036262Kyung Hee University
Network Monitoring (cont’d)Network Monitoring (cont’d) Passive Approach
Carried out by observing normal network traffic
1) Collect network flow from device or generate it after capturing
2) Perform analysis for the purpose
Using high-performance computing device (harder as traffic rates increase)
Used to perform traffic characterization analysis
Spatial, temporal and composition
Spring 20036363Kyung Hee University
Questions ?Questions ?