1 l103: introduction to linguistics phonetics—vowels
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 1 L103: Introduction to Linguistics Phonetics—vowels](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649ce65503460f949b43ac/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
L103: Introduction to Linguistics
Phonetics—vowels
![Page 2: 1 L103: Introduction to Linguistics Phonetics—vowels](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649ce65503460f949b43ac/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Last time ...
● Consonants
![Page 3: 1 L103: Introduction to Linguistics Phonetics—vowels](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649ce65503460f949b43ac/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Today ...
● vowels● syllables
![Page 4: 1 L103: Introduction to Linguistics Phonetics—vowels](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649ce65503460f949b43ac/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Vowel Articulation
• Manner = vowel• Glottal state = voiced (generally)• Place = ????• Make this sequence of vowels, and feel how your
tongue moves around in your mouth: i u e o a æ• Place for vowels requires us to locate our tongues
inside the oral cavity, even though it’s not touching anything…
![Page 5: 1 L103: Introduction to Linguistics Phonetics—vowels](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649ce65503460f949b43ac/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Vowels
Vowel Space
Apex of Tongue
The VOWEL SPACE is
divided into a grid, based
on the position of the highest,
most front part of your tongue
as you pronounce that vowel
![Page 6: 1 L103: Introduction to Linguistics Phonetics—vowels](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649ce65503460f949b43ac/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Vowel Space
i
e
æ
Ʌ oɛ
ʊ
Ͻ
u
a
ɪ
![Page 7: 1 L103: Introduction to Linguistics Phonetics—vowels](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649ce65503460f949b43ac/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The Vowel Space
i
e
æ
Ʌ o
ɪ
ɛ
ʊ
ɔ
u
a
(ROUND)
(LAX)
(TENSE)
(UNROUND)
![Page 8: 1 L103: Introduction to Linguistics Phonetics—vowels](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649ce65503460f949b43ac/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Other sound properties - diphthongs
• Some vowels are made up of more than
one ‘part’
• For example, ‘buy’, ‘bough’, ‘boy’
• [baɪ], [baʊ], [boɪ]– or [baj], [baw], [bɔj]– or [bai], [bau], [boi]
• The term for these is ‘diphthong’
![Page 9: 1 L103: Introduction to Linguistics Phonetics—vowels](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649ce65503460f949b43ac/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Diphthongs
i
e
æ
Ʌ o
ɪ
ɛ
ʊ
ɔ
u
a
bai
boi
baʊ
([w])([j])
![Page 10: 1 L103: Introduction to Linguistics Phonetics—vowels](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649ce65503460f949b43ac/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
A weird fact
i
e
æ
Ʌ o
ɪ
ɛ
ʊ
ɔ
u
a
ə
![Page 11: 1 L103: Introduction to Linguistics Phonetics—vowels](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649ce65503460f949b43ac/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Other sound properties - length
• Finnish: [taka] ‘back’ [takka] ‘fireplace’ [ta:kka] ‘burden’
• [taka] ‘back’ vs [takka] ‘fireplace’– (the notation [kk] indicates a ‘long’ [k])– (‘long’ means, literally, longer – more milliseconds -
than a short sound)
• [takka] ‘fireplace’ vs. [ta:kka] ‘burden’– (the notation [a:] indicates a ‘long’ [a])– (some linguists write long vowels like this [aa] instead
of this [a:])
• Not all languages use length differences in their phonemic inventory
![Page 13: 1 L103: Introduction to Linguistics Phonetics—vowels](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649ce65503460f949b43ac/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Syllables
• Arrangements of consonants and vowels
• Arrangements of things based on their acoustical energy (sonority)
• Vowels > Liquids > Nasals > Fricatives > Plosives/Stops (Sonority Hierarchy)
![Page 14: 1 L103: Introduction to Linguistics Phonetics—vowels](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649ce65503460f949b43ac/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Parts of a syllable
[d a g] “dog”
SYLLABLE
RIME/Rhyme
ONSET NUCLEUS CODA
C V C
The “NUCLEUS” can also be called the “PEAK”
![Page 15: 1 L103: Introduction to Linguistics Phonetics—vowels](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649ce65503460f949b43ac/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Ideal Sonority contour
|||||||||||||||||||||||
SYLLABLE
RIME
ONSET NUCLEUS CODA
C V C
![Page 16: 1 L103: Introduction to Linguistics Phonetics—vowels](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649ce65503460f949b43ac/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
How many syllables?
• Cow [kaʊ]• Easy. 1. CVV• Cowboy [kaʊboɪ]• Still easy. 2. [kaʊ.boɪ]CVV.CVV• Cowabunga [kaʊəbʌŋgə]• Easy to count (tap it out)• 4. But - harder to parse!• [kaʊ.ə.bʌŋ.gə] or [ka.wə.bʌŋ.gə]?• CVV.V.CVC.CV or CV.CV.CVC.CV
![Page 17: 1 L103: Introduction to Linguistics Phonetics—vowels](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649ce65503460f949b43ac/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Syllable Restrictions● Every naturally occurring human language (we
think) allows this kind of syllable: CV● Only some languages allow syllables to begin
with vowels (=onsetless syllables)● Only some languages allow syllables to end with
consonants (=closed syllables)● Some co-occurrence restrictions:
– If you allow CVC and V, you’ll also allow VC– If you allow CVCC, you’ll also allow CVC– If you allow CCCV, you’ll also allow CCV
![Page 18: 1 L103: Introduction to Linguistics Phonetics—vowels](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649ce65503460f949b43ac/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Syllable restrictions
• Hawaiian: the only kind of syllable is CV– Therefore, all words will begin with a consonant, AND– All words will end with a vowel, AND– There will never be more than 2 consonants in a row
inside of a word
• English: In addition to CV, we allow onsetless syllables [aj], and closed syllables [dag].– We also allow consonant clusters in onset and coda
![Page 19: 1 L103: Introduction to Linguistics Phonetics—vowels](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649ce65503460f949b43ac/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The Maximal English Syllable?
● strengths [strɛŋkɵs]● CCCVCCCC● If CCCV, the first consonant is an [s], and
the third is a liquid or glide [r, l, w, j]● [splɪts], [skwɪʃ], [skju]● If VCCCC, the last consonant is an [s] or a
[t], and it’s an affix (plural or past tense)● [siksɵt] ‘I sixthed it’
![Page 20: 1 L103: Introduction to Linguistics Phonetics—vowels](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649ce65503460f949b43ac/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Next time...