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Lecture 5|Expansion cards and 32-bit Microprocessors

Lecturer: Lyulicheva I.А.

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Content

Recalling memory hierarchy of MPSs Expansion cards Processors line up Architecture of super scalar MP Historical overview of Intel MP Registers and instr. Set

Modern cash memory hierarhy

Here SM – single core (module) in multy-cored system, GPU – graphic unit (videoprocessor)

Expansion cards

At first EC connected to ISA or PCI slots.Now the USB format has become a de

facto expansion bus standard especially for laptop computers. All the functions of add-in card slots can currently be duplicated by USB, including Video, networking, storage and audio.

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Sound cardSome PC have different cards which may be inserted in PCI slots. We will overview a sound card at first. The description of this card is given on next slides.

Block-Diagram of one type of sound card

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Sound card

A sound card is "begun" with inputs which peripheral audiodevices are connected to microphones, tape recorders, electric guitars etc. To work with the modern musical programs a sound card must support a record in the mode of full duplex. At a record in this mode an alarm processor simultaneously can work with two threads of digital audio-data: going with ACP through a bus to other devices of computer, and actings from a hard disk on CAP. That mode of full duplex gives possibility to record data simultaneously with reproducing. Due to this mode it is possible to utilize a sound card as a multichannel recorder.

Hard disk driversThe primary characteristics of an HDD are its capacity

and performance. The two most common form factors for modern HDDs are 3.5-inch in desktop computers and 2.5-inch in laptops. HDDs are connected to systems by standard interface cables such as SATA , USB or SAS cables.

As of 2012, the primary competing technology for secondary storage is flash memory in the form of solid-state drives (SSDs). But HDDs are expected to remain the dominant medium for secondary storage due to advantages in recording capacity and price per unit of storage, and SSD are replacing rotating hard drives especially in portable electronics.

Hard disk driver controllerTypically a DSP in the electronics inside the

HDD takes the raw analog voltages from the read head...

Hard disk driversTypically a DSP in the electronics inside the HDD

takes the raw analog voltages from the read head and uses PRML and Reed–Solomon error correction to decode the sector boundaries and sector data, then sends that data out the standard interface. That DSP also watches the error rate detected by error detection and correction, and performs bad sector remapping, data collection for Self-Monitoring, Analysis and other internal tasks.

Modern interfaces connect an HDD to a host bus interface adapter (today typically integrated into the "south bridge") with one data/control cable.

TV-tuners

A TV tuner card allows television signals to be received by a computer. Most TV tuners also function as video capture cards, allowing them to record television programs onto a hard disk much like the digital video recorder (DVR) does.

The interfaces for TV tuner cards are most commonly either PCI bus expansion card or the newer PCI Express (PCIe) bus for many modern cards, but PCMCIA, ExpressCard, or USB devices also exist. In addition, some video cards double as TV tuners, notably the ATI All-In-Wonder series

LAN-adaptersA network interface controller (also known as a network

interface card, network adapter, LAN adapter) is a computer hardware component that connects a computer to a computer network.

The network controller implements the electronic circuitry required to communicate using a specific physical layer and data link layer standard such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi or Token Ring. This provides a base for a full network protocol stack. The low cost and ubiquity of the Ethernet standard means that most newer computers have a network interface built into the motherboard.

LAN-adapter example

PROCESSOR LINE-UP (ANCIENT)

16-bit processors: Intel, x86 processors8086, 8028632-bit processors: the 80386 set32-bit processors: the 80486 set32-bit processors: the Pentium ("I") P132-bit Pentium Mxx and futher(P2,P3)32-bit Pentium P4Multi-coral Pentium

1993 year

The Pentium microprocessor was released. The Pentium was the fifth generation of the ‘x86’ line of microprocessors from Intel, the basis for the IBM PC and its clones.

The Pentium introduced several advances that made programs run faster such as the ability to execute several instructions at the same time and support for graphics and music.

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Architecture of MP Pentium

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32+ bit MP

Table 1. Most widespread microprocessor architectures

Microprocessor architecture

Company-developer

X86IA-64

Power PCPower

PAAlpha

SPARCMIPSMAJC

Intel, AMD, Cyrix, IDT, TransmetaIntel

Motorola, IBM, AppleIBM

Hewlett-PackardHewlett-Packard (DEC)

SUNMIPSSUN

Basic structure of a Pentium microprocessor

A Pentium processor’s major functional components are:

Core: The heart of a Pentium is the execution unit. The Pentium has two parallel integer pipelines enabling it to read, interpret, execute and despatch two instructions simultaneously.

Branch Predictor: The branch prediction unit tries to guess which sequence will be executed each time the program contains a conditional jump, so that the Prefetch and Decode Unit can get the instructions ready in advance.

Basic structure of a Pentium microprocessor

Floating Point Unit: The third execution unit in a Pentium, where non-integer calculations are performed. Like +,-,*,/, SIN SQRT etc.

Level 1 Cache: The Pentium has two on-chip caches of 8KB each, one for code and one for data, which are far quicker than the larger external secondary cache.

Bus Interface: This brings a mixture of code and data into the CPU, separates the two ready for use, and then recombines them and sends the results of calculations back to memory.

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Pipeline of MP Pentium

The processor PENTIUM uses the five-step pipeline for processing of commands:1.Presampling (PF-Prefetch commands); 2. Instruction Decoding (D1); 3. Address Generating (D2); 4. Executing of the command in ALU and access to the cache memory (EX-Execute); 5. Recording of results (WB-Write Back).

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Features of the Architecture and the Instructions Set of 32-bit Microprocessors

Example of the processor with a superscalar architecture. Number of steps of the pipeline – 6. Blocks FPU1 – LSU may work in a parallel way. However there is a problem of their simultaneous loading by instructions.

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Pipeline of MP Pentium

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МP Pentium MMX

Result of an embodiment of concept NSP in "metal" was microprocessor Pentium MMX let out in January, 1997 (code designation P55C). The system of commands of this processor is expanded by 57 additional commands focused on effective performance of typical multimedia algorithms which number many algorithms, characteristic for digital processing of signals (operation over vectors, convolution, transformation of Fure, etc. concern also.).

This was the first essential change in the microprocessors of x86 instr. set, since issue of the microprocessor of Intel 80386 в1985 to the year, new 220 instructions!

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МP Pentium III

The basic technical characteristics Pentium IIIThe processor of Intel of Pentium III (Katmai) [61], released in the beginning of 1999, has inherited better qualities of processors of microarchitecture P6: dynamic fulfilment of commands, the system bus with plural transactions and technology of Intel MMX for image processing, the three-dimensional drawing, stream video and audio, and also speech recognition. The basic technical characteristics of the microprocessor: clock frequency from 450 MHz to 1 GHz; at manufacturing 0,25 microns technological process are used.

New groups of instructions

7. Co-processor instr from 4868. OS oriented9. MMX instr from Pentium MMX

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Instructions of Pentium III

Table 2. SIMD-commands with the fixed point

Mnemonics Action Example Commentary

Extract a word

pextrw Transfer of word from MMX-register in common register

pextrw eax, mm1, 1h

Command pextrw copies one of 16-bit words, packed in a register, in the junior word of 32-bit celochislennogo register. 16 senior digits of register of result is nulling.

What exactly from four words of MMX-register will be extracted, determined the value of two junior bits of 8-bit immediate operand

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Control questions

1. Structure of Motherboard of modern PC2. Explain a principle of operation of the superscalar

processor.3. How does pipeline of Pentium works?4. List all methods of improving of processors

productivity. 5. Give an example of block-diagrams of moderm MP6. Explain a principle of reordering of programs.7. List groups of commands Pentium MMX8. What processors provide parallelism of level

commands?